番茄斑萎病毒N基因的VIGS载体构建

 番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,TSWV)严重危害多种经济作物和园艺植物,其N基因与病毒的侵染力密切相关,将N基因直接构建到VIGS载体上研究其致病功能目前鲜见报道。本研究将TSWV N基因构建到pTRV-PTV00载体上,注射本氏烟,通过qRT-PCR定量分析发现先接种TSWV后注射沉默载体的植株抗TSWV效率达57.60%,先注射沉默载体后接种TSWV的植株抗TSWV效率达99.14%。结果表明先注射载体后接种TSWV的N基因沉默效率更高。TSWV N基因VIGS载体的构建可为研究N基因在病毒致病等方面的功能提供前期材料,并为TSWV抗病育种和田间绿色防控提供一定的理论依据。     

番茄斑萎病毒N基因的VIGS载体构建

 番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,TSWV)严重危害多种经济作物和园艺植物,其N基因与病毒的侵染力密切相关,将N基因直接构建到VIGS载体上研究其致病功能目前鲜见报道。本研究将TSWV N基因构建到pTRV-PTV00载体上,注射本氏烟,通过qRT-PCR定量分析发现先接种TSWV后注射沉默载体的植株抗TSWV效率达57.60%,先注射沉默载体后接种TSWV的植株抗TSWV效率达99.14%。结果表明先注射载体后接种TSWV的N基因沉默效率更高。TSWV N基因VIGS载体的构建可为研究N基因在病毒致病等方面的功能提供前期材料,并为TSWV抗病育种和田间绿色防控提供一定的理论依据。     

葡萄病毒B CP基因植物表达载体构建及烟草遗传转化

葡萄病毒B Grapevine virus B(GVB)是葡萄皱木复合病中栓皮病的病原,为开展抗GVB转基因研究,本研究利用RT-PCR技术克隆GVB外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因,与植物表达载体pRI 101-AN连接构建植物表达载体pRI-GVB CP。采用电击转化法将植物表达载体pRI-GVB CP导入农杆菌LBA4404,并利用农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法将外源基因导入西方烟‘37B’。共获得16个烟草再生株系,PCR检测其中3个株系为阳性,阳性株系播种获得的64株T_1代植株中有30株扩增到目的条带,阳性率为46.9%,表明目的基因GVB cp成功导入烟草并可成功遗传到子代。28株T_1代转基因植株接种病毒进行抗病性鉴定,其中有6株对接种病毒GVB具有抗性。     

酵母pac1基因介导对葡萄B病毒的抗性

为明确广谱性抗病毒基因—酵母pac1基因对葡萄B病毒(Grapevine virus B,GVB)的抗性效果,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化,将pac1基因导入西方烟37B,对转基因植株进行PCR鉴定及Southern blot分析,通过病毒摩擦接种观察症状以及实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测植株体内病毒含量,并对转基因植株抗病性进行初步鉴定。结果表明,目的基因pac1成功导入并整合至西方烟37B基因组,共获得10个转基因株系。不同株系的T1代烟草中阳性植株比例为16.7%~72.7%,表明目的基因可成功遗传到子代。接种病毒后转基因植株普遍延迟发病,但后期症状与非转基因对照相似,其中仅1个转基因株系B6具有不表现典型症状等抗性反应。接种植株病毒含量检测中,所有转基因植株均检测到病毒存在,但表现为抗病的B6株系中病毒含量显著低于非转基因对照,表明该转基因植株虽不能完全抵抗GVB侵染,但对GVB具有耐病性。     

大豆凝集素基因lec-s转化烟草>增强对烟草花叶病毒的抗性

 将编码大豆凝集素的lec-s基因插入植物表达载体pBI121中,构建植物重组表达质粒pBI121:: lec-s。由根癌土壤杆菌EHA105介导的叶盘法转化烟草,获得了转基因烟草株系。PCR和RT-PCR检测证明lec-s基因已转入烟草植株中。接种烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）进行抗病性试验结果表明,转基因烟草叶片上的病斑数显著减少,说明转基因烟草表现出对TMV的抗性。定量RT-PCR检测发现,接种TMV后,抗病防卫基因（PR-1a、GST1、Pal和hsr515）在转基因烟草叶片中显著上调表达。这些结果表明,大豆凝集素基因lec-s转化烟草可对TMV产生抗性,其作用机制可能在于lec-s基因参与了植物的防卫信号通路,诱导了抗病防卫基因在转基因植株体内的表达,增强了植株对TMV的系统抗性。     

伴随卫星分子的两种单组分双生病毒TbCSV和TYLCCNV之间的拮抗互作

为明确烟草曲茎病毒(Tobacco curly shoot virus,TbCSV)和中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leafcurl China virus,TYLCCNV)在不同寄主中的相互作用,将含有TbCSV分离物Y35(Y35)和TYLCCNV分离物Y10(Y10)及伴随卫星DNAβ(Y35β或Y10β)侵染性克隆的农杆菌按不同组合接种本氏烟和心叶烟,定期观察植株症状。结果表明,当Y10和Y35同时伴随Y10β或Y35β时,接种植株60天后,在本氏烟中引起的曲叶症状减轻,而在心叶烟中曲叶症状减轻的现象在侵染早期较明显,且植株表现的症状与Y35+Y10β或Y35+Y35β引起的症状相似。PCR及Southern印迹检测结果显示,在本氏烟植株中,两种病毒及卫星在整个侵染过程中均能复制,且Y10和Y35的复制水平在侵染后期均降低。在接种后15天的心叶烟植株中能检测到所有DNA组分,但接种100天后在这些植株中均不能检测到Y10的复制,而Y35的复制水平与单独伴随卫星相比差异不大。表明TbCSV与TYLCCNV在症状形成和复制水平上存在拮抗互作,且这种拮抗作用随寄主不同表现各异。     

辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达特征及RNAi效应分析

[目的]明确在多种植物病原物和植物激素处理下,辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达特性,分析CaRKNIF2基因的抗根结线虫功能.[方法]以辣椒‘HDA149’为试材,分别接种南方根结线虫毒性群体、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、辣椒青枯病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌以及信号分子水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA),实时荧光定量PCR分析了辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达模式和特征;构建了含CaRKNIF2基因片段的RNAi载体,通过烟草脆裂病毒介导的基因沉默(VIGS)同源沉默辣椒CaRKNIF2基因,来评价CaRKNIF2基因沉默的辣椒植株对线虫侵染的应答效应.[结果]信号分子MeJA抑制CaRKNIF2的表达,但TMV、辣椒青枯病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌以及信号分子水杨酸(SA)能快速而显著地诱导CaRKNIF2的表达,而毒性南方根结线虫对CaRKNIF2的表达则基本无影响;CaRKNIF2基因沉默的辣椒植株接种非毒性南方根结线虫后根部卵块数明显增加.[结论]这些结果为进一步解析CaRKNIF2的调控功能提供了重要的证据.     

高温激活RNA沉默介导的心叶烟抗病毒防御反应

 在真核细胞内,RNA沉默是一种保守的抵抗病毒及外源基因等寄生分子的防御机制。温度可以明显地影响植物体与病毒之间的相互作用。在常温状态下,常常会伴随病毒病的爆发,但在较高温度下,症状则会减轻,甚至有些感病植株新生叶片可以较快地恢复健康。目前这类现象的内在机制还不完全清楚。本文通过定量分析不同温度下马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X,PVX)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)侵染的心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosa)植株体内病毒蛋白含量,结合症状观察,确定30℃左右是PVX和PVY在心叶烟上引起症状消失即发生系统性RNA沉默的临界温度,此时的感病植株上部新生展开叶片呈现无症状态,下部已发病叶片症状不变。在常温时,由病毒激发的RNA沉默会受到抑制,病毒来源的小分子干涉RNA (small interfering RNAs,siRNAs)含量极少或根本检测不到,植株对于病毒的敏感性较强。当温度达到30或32℃时,感病植株下部症状保持叶片中,病毒起源的siRNAs含量明显增加,而上部新生健康叶片中却检测不到siRNAs的存在。这说明高温激活了RNA沉默介导的植物抗病毒防御反应,导致病毒症状减轻甚至消失。     

内质网应激因子NAC089突变体的创建及其对病毒侵染胁迫的响应

 有研究表明烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)或黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)侵染烟草能够激活转录因子NbNAC089,从ER膜移至细胞核。为进一步阐释内质网应激因子NbNAC089对病毒侵染胁迫的响应机制,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建敲除载体,经烟草遗传转染获得NbNAC089基因突变植株。植株接种病毒后采用qRT-PCR检测病毒CP基因和寄主UPR基因的表达。结果表明:CRISPR/Cas9系统定点敲除NbNAC089基因后,目的基因靶位点序列有碱基的置换与缺失。正常生长条件下,转基因植株与野生型无差异。植株接种TMV-GFP后24~96 h,突变体中UPR基因(BiP、bZIP28、bZIP60)的表达量显著高于野生型;接种TMV-GFP后2~6 d突变体中病毒的积累量和扩展速度显著高于野生型。表明NbNAC089为UPR的抑制因子,对病毒增殖具有负调控作用。     

番茄SlAGO1的表达分析及其抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)功能研究

 本研究运用 MEGA 7.0 进行多序列比对并构建系统进化树,利用实时荧光定量 PCR(qRT-PCR)分析SlAGO1在番茄组织中的表达水平及接种TYLCV后的防御响应;通过沉默番茄八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因SlPDS,建立‘矮番茄'沉默体系,采用 qRT-PCR 分析SlAGO1在沉默后对TYLCV表达的影响。系统进化树结果显示SlAGO1a/b(SlAGO1)氨基酸序列同源性极高,暗示其为同一个基因在染色体上的多个拷贝;qRT-PCR分析表明,SlAGO1在花、叶中显著表达,且受TYLCV的诱导表达;VIGS沉默SlAGO1后接种TYLCV侵染性克隆,植株表现出明显的病毒症状,qRT-PCR分析显示病毒含量显著高于对照,表明SlAGO1在番茄植株抗病毒中发挥重要作用。研究结果可为番茄抗病毒机制研究及番茄抗病毒育种奠定基础。     

Influence of an m-type thioredoxin in maize on potyviral infection

Expression of many host genes can be altered during virus infection. In a previous study of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection in maize (Zea mays), we observed that expression of ZmTrm2, a gene encoding thioredoxin m, was up-regulated at about 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). In this present study we determined that ZmTrm2 silencing in maize by virus-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced systemic SCMV infection. In contrast transient over-expression of ZmTrm2 in maize protoplasts inhibited accumulation of SCMV viral RNA. Furthermore, we found that in inoculated Nicotiana tabacum leaves transient expression of ZmTrm2 inhibited accumulation of the RNA of tobacco vein-banding mosaic virus (TVBMV), a potyvirus infecting dicotyledonous plants. Interestingly in ZmTrm2 transiently expressed N. tabacum leaves, we detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR a reduced level of the mRNA of class I beta-1, 3-glucanase (GluI), a protein known to have a role in cell wall callose deposition and viral movement. Our data indicate that the maize ZmTrm2 plays an inhibitory role during infection of plants by SCMV and TVBMV.     

Reaction of three potato cultivars to potato virus S and alteration of miRNAs and mRNA targets in the resistant genotypes

Reactions of three Polish potato cultivars to potato virus S (PVS) were investigated at 22°C. Cultivars Tajfun and Tonacja exhibited partial resistance with systemic infection detected in some inoculated plants; cultivar Bryza was susceptible to PVS with systemic infection detected in all inoculated plants. The virus was not detectable by ELISA at 23 days postinoculation (dpi) but was detected after 40 dpi. Infection rate and viral accumulation were significantly lower in Tonacja and Tajfun than in Bryza, but no statistically significant difference between Tajfun and Tonacja was detected. Both susceptible and resistant genotypes displayed various, either common or cultivar-specific, symptoms. Delayed systemic infection at 56 dpi was observed in some cases in Tonacja and Tajfun. Resistance-related alteration of a set of miRNAs and mRNA targets in the tested cultivars in response to PVS at 22°C exhibited inter- and intracultivar variability. The majority of tested genes were altered only in the partially resistant Tajfun and Tonacja but not in the susceptible Bryza. Enhanced expression of AGO1-2, DCL1, stu-miR482 and its target Gpa2 was observed in Tonacja and plants of Tajfun in which PVS was detected, with the highest induction of Gpa2 in Tajfun (30.2-fold). However, their expression remained unchanged or decreased in plants of Tajfun in which PVS was undetected. Increased expression of stu-miR168a and stu-miR172e was observed in Tonacja and the PVS-undetected plants of Tajfun, respectively, but not in the PVS-detected plants of Tajfun. This is the first report on cultivar-specific alteration of miRNA in a potato–PVS resistance interaction.     

瞬时表达靶向TMV外壳蛋白基因的siRNA能干扰病毒侵染

 RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是与内源性mRNA编码区某段序列同源的双链RNA导入细胞后,该mRNA发生特异性降解,从而导致该基因表达沉默的现象。小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)作为RNAi途径的重要中介,已被广泛应用于动、植物抗病毒治疗研究。本文以烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)外壳蛋白基因为靶位,设计合成表达小干扰RNA的寡核苷酸,亚克隆到植物双元表达载体pBI121中,直接转化根癌农杆菌。通过根癌农杆菌介导的瞬时表达法,研究了同源于TMV外壳蛋白的siRNA对TMV侵染的干扰作用。结果表明,瞬时表达的siRNA能够特异性干扰TMV侵染。含有重组表达载体pBI121/siRNA的根癌农杆菌渗入普通烟植株,在TMV接种后14d其上部叶片没有表现典型的花叶症状。对这些叶片进行Northern杂交试验也没有检测到TMV病毒的RNA积累或仅有很少量的积累。在枯斑寄主心叶烟上,siRNA的瞬时表达可使TMV侵染后的枯斑数明显减少,甚至不产生枯斑。此外,同源于TMV外壳蛋白的siRNA瞬时表达对非同源的黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)没有抑制作用,表明siRNA的干扰作用具有高度的同源依赖性。     

Effect of Figaren, an Antiviral Protein from Cucumis figarei, on Cucumber mosaic virus Infection

Local lesion formation on cowpea leaves was more than 50% inhibited by treatment with a 23 kDa RNase-like glycoprotein from Cucumis figarei, figaren, from 24 hr before to 1 hr after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). CMV accumulation detected by ELISA in tobacco leaves treated with figaren 6 or 0 hr before inoculation with CMV was suppressed. When upper leaves of tobacco plants were treated with figaren and inoculated 10 min later with CMV, mosaic symptoms were delayed for 5–7 days on most of the tobacco plants, and some plants remained asymptomatic. From fluorescence in situ hybridization, infection sites were present in figaren-treated cowpea or melon leaves after inoculation with CMV, though the sites were reduced in number and size compared with those in water-treated control leaves. The amount of CMV RNAs and CMV antigen in melon protoplasts inoculated with CMV and subsequently incubated with figaren similarly increased with time as did that in the control. ELISA and local lesion assays indicated that CMV infection on the upper surfaces of the leaves of tobacco, melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor whose lower surfaces had been treated with figaren 5–10 min before CMV inoculation was almost completely inhibited. Figaren did not inhibit CMV infection on the opposite untreated leaf halves of melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor, whereas it almost completely inhibited CMV infection on the untreated halves of leaves of tobacco. CMV infection was not inhibited in the untreated upper or lower leaves of the four plants. These data suggest that figaren does not completely prevent CMV invasion but does inhibit the initial infection processes. It may also induce localized acquired resistance in host plants. Received 10 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 6 February 2001     

Virus transmission by aphids in potato crops

This paper reviews the contribution of vector activity and plant age to virus spread in potato crops. Determining which aphid species are vectors is particularly important for timing haulm destruction to minimize tuber infection by potato virus Y (PVY). Alate aphids of more than 30 species transmit PVY, and aphids such asRhopalosiphum padi, that migrate in large numbers before flights of the more efficient vector,Myzus persicae, appear to be important vectors. Differences in methodology, aphid biotypes and virus strains prevent direct comparisons between estimates of vector efficiencies obtained for aphids in different countries in north western Europe. M. persicae is also the most efficient vector of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), but some clones ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae transmit PLRV efficiently toNicotiana clevelandii and potato test plants. The removal of infected plants early in the season prevents the spread of PLRV in cool regions with limited vector activity. The proportion of aphids acquiring PLRV from infected potato plants decreases with plant age, and healthy potato plants are more resistant to infection later in the season. Severe symptoms of secondary leafroll developed on progeny plants of cv. Maris Piper derived from mother plants inoculated with PLRV in June or July of the previous year. Progeny plants derived from mother plants inoculated in August showed only mild symptoms, but the concentration of PLRV in these plants was as high as that in the plants with severe symptoms.     

Effect of temperature on resistance to Potato virus Y in potato cultivars carrying the resistance gene Rychc

The effect of cultivation temperatures on the resistance reaction to three Potato virus Y strains (PVY^O, PVY^N and PVY^NTN) in potato cultivars carrying Ry_chc was examined. When potato plants carrying Ry_chc were cultivated at 22 °C, a few small necrotic spots developed on inoculated leaves by 5 days after mechanical inoculation (dpi), and systemic infection of a few symptomless plants was confirmed at 28 dpi by IC‐RT‐PCR. At 28 °C, distinct necrotic spots developed on inoculated leaves by 5 dpi, and systemic symptoms occasionally appeared at 28 dpi. Thus, high temperature weakens Ry_chc‐conferred resistance. However, the incidence of systemic infection and the titre of virus in resistant cultivars at 28 °C were lower than in a susceptible cultivar. In graft inoculation under high summer temperatures, some plants developed necrosis on the leaves and stem, but PVY was barely detected by RT‐PCR in leaves on potato carrying Ry_chc. When seedlings from progeny tubers of plants that were inoculated with PVY and grown in a greenhouse at >30 °C in the daytime were examined by ELISA and IC‐RT‐PCR, PVY was not detected in cultivars carrying Ry_chc. These results show that Ry_chc confers an extreme resistance to PVY strains occurring in Japan.     

Effect of temperature on RNA silencing of a negative‐stranded RNA plant virus: Citrus psorosis virus

Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), genus Ophiovirus, causes a bark scaling disease of citrus. CPsV virions are kinked filaments with three negative‐stranded RNA molecules (vRNA) and a 48 kDa coat protein. The effect of temperature on symptom expression, virus accumulation and RNA silencing was examined in sweet orange seedlings (Citrus sinensis) graft‐inoculated with three different CPsV isolates and grown in a glasshouse at 26/18°C or 32/26°C (day/night). Most plants kept in the cooler glasshouse showed a shock reaction in the first flush with shoot necrosis, and then moderate to intense chlorotic flecking and spotting in young leaves, whereas plants incubated at 32/26°C did not exhibit shoot necrosis, and young leaf symptoms were milder. Virus titre estimated by ELISA and by northern and dot blot hybridization paralleled symptom intensity, with significantly higher virus accumulation in plants incubated at 26/18°C. The amount of CPsV‐derived small RNAs (CPsV‐sRNAs) slightly increased at 32/26°C, with the ratio of CPsV‐sRNA/vRNA being higher at 32/26°C than at 26/18°C. These results suggest that (i) CPsV infection induces RNA silencing in citrus plants, (ii) symptom intensity is associated with virus accumulation, and (iii) temperature increase enhances the RNA silencing response of citrus plants and decreases virus accumulation.