蛋白质定向进化及其在微生物代谢调控中的应用

蛋白质定向进化是非理性改造蛋白质的一种有效方法。利用蛋白质定向进化技术可以改变代谢流,扩展或构建新的代谢途径,弱化或消除不必要或有害的代谢途径,从而达到提高某种代谢产物产率或降解有害物质的目的。蛋白质定向进化技术在代谢调控中的应用有效拓宽了代谢工程的应用范围。本文介绍了主要的蛋白质定向进化技术如易错PCR技术、DNA改组技术、交错延伸技术和临时模板随机嵌合技术等,评述了蛋白质定向进化技术对微生物细胞代谢中的关键蛋白进行定向改造,从而改善其代谢能力,调控微生物代谢等的应用。     

Non-thermal Plasma as an Innovative Option for the Abatement of Volatile Organic Compounds: a Review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause global and local impacts, resulting in environmental, health, and economic adverse effects. Industrial and waste management activities are the main anthropogenic stationary sources of VOCs in the atmosphere. The traditional technologies for the treatment of VOC-contaminated air present several limitations when treating effluents with low VOC concentrations, high airflow rate, and with compounds with low solubility in water. However, a novel technology, based on non-thermal plasmas (NTPs) and catalysis, has shown promising results in air purification. In this framework, after an initial overview on NTP-catalysis principles, this review presents and discusses 20 recent papers, with a threefold purpose: evaluating the most recent applications of NTP and NTP-catalysis reactors to the treatment of air-VOC mixtures, analyzing all the parameters that may influence the abatement efficiency and the by-product formation, and providing the reader with insights into the choice of the preferable configurations to use, based on the effluent type and the destination of the treated air. As a result of this review, NTPs may represent a promising option for indoor air treatment, especially because of the lower expected byproduct formation when treating low-concentrated VOC mixtures with relatively low air flow rates. If the target is the abatement of higher VOC concentrations, the higher energy efficiency obtainable in such conditions makes NTP-catalysis a cost-effective option for industrial applications. In addition, the formation of simpler and more soluble by-products makes NTPs a suitable technology for air pretreatment upstream of water-based removal technologies, such as absorption columns and biofilters.     

Advances in nonfouling materials: perspectives for the food industry

Fouling of complex food components onto food-processing materials affects food quality, food safety, and operating efficiency. Developments in nonfouling and fouling-release materials for biomedical and marine applications enable the potential for adaptation to food applications; however, challenges remain. The purpose of this review is to present different strategies to prevent fouling and/or facilitate foulant removal with a critical point of view for an application of such materials on food-processing surfaces. Nonfouling, self-cleaning, and amphiphilic materials are reviewed, including an explanation of the mechanism of action, as well as inherent limitations of each technology. Perspectives on future research directions for the design of food processing surfaces with antifouling and/or fouling release properties are provided.     

黄土坡面的微生物矿化加固及抗侵蚀性能试验研究

[目的] 研究黄土坡面的微生物矿化加固及抗侵蚀性能,为该区域坡面土壤侵蚀的防治提供防治技术。[方法] 采用微生物矿化技术对黄土坡面进行加固,通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),从微观角度探究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术对黄土坡面矿化加固的作用机制,并结合室内人工模拟降雨测试分析了加固坡面的抗侵蚀性能。[结果] 采用微生物矿化技术固化黄土坡面,能够有效提高坡面的抗侵蚀性能;随着固化处理次数的增加,固化层厚度逐渐增加,坡面渗透性逐渐降低,坡面总产流量逐渐增加,从38.5 L/h增加到44.4 L/h,增加了15.6%,而坡面总产沙量逐渐减少,从480.64 g/h减少到17.1 g/h,减少了96.5%。固化处理7次及以上的坡面,经雨强为120 mm/h的降雨持续冲刷1 h,坡面均没有发生明显的土壤侵蚀,坡面径流量与径流含沙量几乎不随降雨历时的增加而变化,分别稳定在0.72～0.74 L/min和0.001～0.002 g/ml之间。固化处理次数达7次及以上时,固化处理次数对总产沙量有显著影响,随着固化处理次数的增加,总产沙量不断减小。[结论] MICP技术可为黄土丘陵沟壑区临时和永久边坡土壤侵蚀的防治,黄土坡面的加固提供新方法和新技术,具有较广阔的实际应用前景。     

植物离子组学: 植物营养研究的新方向

离子组是指有机体内所有离子的总和,包括所有的金属、类金属和非金属。现代高通量的元素分析手段(如ICP-MS/OES)的出现,使得同时定量分析多个元素的含量成为可能。植物离子组学正是利用这一高通量的分析手段,在全基因组的规模上对植物体内的离子组进行分析和对比研究,从而系统地研究揭示植物体内控制离子平衡的遗传网络与分子机制。近年来,该研究领域发展迅速,并广泛地应用于植物功能基因组研究等方面,成为植物营养研究发展的一个热点领域。本文从离子组及离子组学的概念、 离子组学的技术平台、 离子组学研究的技术路线、信息管理及其应用等方面进行综述,并对这一新兴研究领域进行了展望。     

Bio-mediated soil improvement: The way forward

Bio-mediated soil improvement involves the usage of microbes to improve soil engineering performance through a series of bio-geochemical processes. In particular, Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP), a ubiquitous bio-geochemical process that occurs in soil and results in permanent inorganic cementation between soil grains, has received the greatest research focus. While substantial progress has been made to develop MICP as a mainstream soil improvement technique, we still need to: (a) improve our understanding of the fundamental microbial, chemical and flow processes involved; (b) achieve multi-functionality by coupling engineering performance enhancement with ecological, environmental and carbon footprint benefits; and (c) maintain ecological balance and environmental friendliness, avoid long-term deterioration and lower the energy demand.     

叶绿体转化及其用于疫苗表达研究的最新进展

随着植物转基因研究的不断深入,核基因组转化的转基因沉默现象严重影响了基因工程的应用效果.植物叶绿体遗传转化以叶绿体基因组为平台对植物进行遗传操作,外源基因定点整合及母性遗传特性能较好地解决＂顺式失活＂和＂位置效应＂等类的基因沉默问题和转基因逃逸等安全问题,成为植物基因工程发展的新方向,在工业、农业及医药生物领域发挥了重要作用,也为生产廉价、安全的植物疫苗提供了新思路.本文在简要介绍叶绿体转化的原理、转化方法与优势的基础上,重点综述了近年来通过该技术表达的一些重要的病毒抗原和细菌抗原.最后,对叶绿体转化技术在表达外源基因方面存在的问题进行分析.未来随着叶绿体基因表达、调控机制研究的逐渐深入及相关技术体系的日臻完善,叶绿体转化有望成为疫苗生产的生力军.     

微生物固化风沙土的保水性能试验研究

[目的]研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)固化风沙土的性能,为MICP技术在固化风沙土以及恢复生态等方面提供理论依据。[方法]采用MICP技术对风沙土进行不同次数的固化处理,通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜对固化风沙土的微观结构进行分析,并测试分析固化试样的基本物理性质和保水性。[结果]通过MICP处理的风沙土,在风沙土颗粒之间有碳酸钙晶体生成,将沙土颗粒胶结在一起,使松散的风积沙固化成具有一定强度的整体;随着固化次数的增加,固化风沙土的厚度、干密度、碳酸钙含量逐渐增大,渗透系数逐渐减小,固化厚度由3.38 mm增加至11.28 mm,干密度由原沙的1.61 g/cm³增加至2.05 g/cm³,碳酸钙含量由8.99%增加至13.08%,渗透系数由原沙的1.06×10^-3 cm/s减少至2.35×10^-4 cm/s;当固化处理次数不大于5次时,保水率随固化处理次数的增加而增大,固化试样的保水性能有所改善,固化处理超过5次后,保水性能则有所下降。[结论]采用MICP技术固化的风沙土,可明显改善风沙土的干密度...     

Application of microbially induced calcite precipitation to prevent soil loss by rainfall: effect of particle size and organic matter content

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil loss by rainfall is a serious problem in civil and environmental engineering. In this study, microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) was applied to...     

A Review on Genetically Modified Plants Designed to Phytoremediate Polluted Soils: Biochemical Responses and International Regulation

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding sustainable strategies for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils. The objective of this review is to examine the biochemical principles of specific genetic modifications in plants, their applications in the field for specific contaminants as phytotechnologies, and their international regulation. In addition, the review presents some biological aspects of rhizosphere-related phenomena, the interactions of organic and inorganic pollutants with plants, and the performance of the phytotechnologies across the continents. During the last few decades, at least eight genera of genetically modified plants (GMPs) have been tested and used for soil remediation with outstanding results. Arabidopsis, Nicotiana, and Oryza are the plant genera most widely studied. Specific plant genes such as metal transporters, chelators, metallothioneins, phytochelatins, and oxygenases have been transferred to plants to improve the elimination of contaminants in soil. We discuss some important aspects of gene manipulation and its application for removal of diverse contaminants. A key challenge faced by phytotechnologies is the final disposal of the generated biomass, from a safety aspect. We argue that the commercial success of phytotechnologies depends on the generation of valuable biomass on contaminated land and its use for bioenergy generation. The use of such technologies would promote a broader understanding of the importance of plants, especially GMPs, in the environment and their contribution to environmental sustainability.     

Assessment and monitoring of soil quality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)

Soil degradation processes have dramatically increased in their extent and intensity over the last decades. Progressively, actions have been taken in order to evaluate and reduce the major threats that have already wreaked havoc on soil conditions. Efficient and standardized monitoring of soil conditions is thus required but soil quality research is facing an important technological challenge because of the number of properties involved in soil quality. The objective of the present review is to examine critically the suitability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a tool for soil quality assessment. We first detail the soil quality-related parameters (chemical, physical and biological) that can be predicted with NIRS through laboratory measurements. The ability of imaging NIRS (airborne or satellite) for mapping a minimum data set of soil quality is also discussed. Then we review the most recent research using soil reflectance spectra as an integrated measure of soil quality, from global site classification to the prediction of specific soil quality indices. We conclude that imaging NIRS enables the direct mapping of some soil properties and soil threats, but that further developments to solve several technological limitations identified are needed before it can be used for soil quality assessment. The robustness of laboratory NIRS for soil quality assessment allows its implementation in soil monitoring networks. However, its routine use requires the development of international soil spectral libraries that should become a priority for soil quality research.     

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀对干旱半干旱区铜尾矿污染治理效果

为明确微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术（microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation,MICP）在干旱半干旱高风蚀地区重金属尾矿治理效果,以研究区生境土中筛选的碳酸盐矿化细菌—纺锤型赖氨酸芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillus fusiformis）为研究对象,通过在尾矿渣中加注纺锤型赖氨酸芽孢杆菌菌液和由1 mol/L的尿素及氯化钙配制成的胶结液进行室内模拟试验,研究MICP处理前后尾矿坡顶、坡中、坡底（坡顶—细颗粒（K1<5 mm）、坡中—中颗粒（5 mm15 mm））不同粒径尾矿渣中重金属元素含量、pH、电导率及酶活性等基础理化性质的变化,利用双因素方差分析和相关性热图比较分析揭示基于生境微生物的MICP修复技术对区域不同粒径尾矿渣污染物治理的效果及确定MICP技术对不同粒径尾矿渣修复的菌剂用量。结果表明,采用MICP技术对尾矿渣中重金属含量、pH、电导率及酶活性等基础理化性质有显著影响。MICP处理下细颗粒（K1<5 mm）尾矿渣中As降低21%,中颗粒（5 mm15 mm）中Pb降低22%。K1、K3中的pH降低5%,K2降低4%。K1中全钾、脲酶均升高33%（p<0.05）,K2中全碳升高39%（p<0.05）,K3中蔗糖酶升高7%（p<0.05）,微生物碳氮在K1、K2、K3中显著升高（p<0.05）。同时MICP处理下Ni与Pb、As与Cu、电导率与Pb等呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）,pH与Pb呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）,在MICP技术处理后,全碳、全氮、全钾、全磷及有机质和重金属元素含量间的相关性增强。综上所述基于生境微生物的MICP修复技术能够降低尾矿渣重金属元素含量,调节尾矿渣土体养分状况从而调节污染土体质量,降低由矿产开发导致的环境污染风险。同时,进一步确定不同颗粒尾矿渣达到修复治理水平所需菌剂用量,具有污染土质治理修复应用价值。     

计算智能方法在灌排工程中的应用研究进展

现代灌排工程是一个多阶段、多目标、多层次、多属性、多功能的复杂系统，传统理论与方法处理该问题时已日显掣肘。作为现代人工智能技术研究前沿之一的计算智能，与古老而又现代的灌排系统工程相结合，是灌排工程日益增加的复杂性和人工智能技术快速发展的必然结果。该文在对灌排工程的发展现状和计算智能的基本概念进行简要介绍的基础上，分别就计算智能中常用的理论方法如模糊集理论、人工神经网络、遗传算法、模拟退火算法、粗集理论以及混沌理论等，在灌排工程的系统规划、建模预测、工程设计、综合评判以及优化运行等方面的应用研究现状进行了简要回顾与综合评述，最后对计算智能在灌排系统工程应用中存在的问题及其发展前景进行了展望。     

微生物成矿技术在环境砷污染治理中的应用研究进展

近年来,微生物成矿技术成为环境污染治理领域研究热点之一。结合典型矿化菌与砷的成矿关联规律对微生物成矿作用固定砷的机制及环境污染治理中的应用进行归纳:(1)环境中的碳酸盐矿化菌、铁锰氧化菌及硫酸盐还原菌可通过诱导成矿的方式,直接促进含砷矿物的形成或生成其他矿物间接吸附砷,通过对砷的成矿产物和成矿因素分析,揭示微生物成矿机理、特征及形成条件;(2)总结了国内外应用微生物成矿技术处理水体和土壤中砷污染的研究,利用微生物成矿技术可降低水体及土壤中溶解性或可提取态砷浓度、减少砷的生物可利用性;(3)微生物对重金属的成矿作用受环境因素影响,环境中砷的初始浓度、共存金属离子、pH、温度、营养盐浓度等均会影响微生物成矿的效率。加强微生物成矿过程微界面反应机制研究,并筛选重金属耐性和成矿能力强的微生物以提高成矿效率,同时研究成矿作用固定的砷在环境中的溶出和迁移规律进而减少矿物中砷的再次溶出,将成为未来该领域的重点研究方向之一。     

水电工程水土保持监理的实践与体会

 水土保持监理制度在水电工程建设中所起到的作用不可或缺,然而,限于诸多因素制约,水土保持监理制度如何有效实施、监理工作如何顺利开展,目前并无成熟方案形成。通过水电工程水土保持监理实例,总结实施水土保持监理的一些体会,并提出相应建议。     

生物垃圾厌氧消化的强化机理探讨

综合分析了生物垃圾厌氧消化的各种强化技术与机理.由于传统化石燃料的枯竭和造成的生态环境问题,清洁再生能源的生物气体日益受到人们的青睐.但是,消化时间长,产气量较低,垃圾利用率不高等原因,导致生物垃圾厌氧发酵技术没有得到充分的开发与推广.研究认为,通过强化处理能够改善生物垃圾的物化性质,提高微生物对难降解有机物的分解能力,增加生物气产量,缩短水力停留时间,减轻后续处理的负担,优化垃圾厌氧消化过程.     

New frontiers of land and water commodification: socio‐environmental controversies of large‐scale land acquisitions

A growing number of regions in the developing world are targeted by transnational investors who are acquiring large amounts of land and natural resources. Driven by the increasing global demand for agricultural products, such investments are often considered an opportunity for economic development in the target country. However, there are concerns about the social and environmental impacts on local communities. In this brief review, we discuss some key socio‐environmental controversies surrounding large‐scale land acquisitions (LSLAs). LSLAs often target common property systems and lead to privatization and commodification of land through long‐term land concessions. There is a debate between supporters of foreign land investments as a means to attract modern agricultural technology that would decrease the yield gap in underperforming agricultural land and those who question such a development model because it is seldom coupled with policy instruments that would ensure that the benefits improve food security in local populations. Large‐scale land investments displace a variety of systems of production ranging from small‐scale farming to (arguably) “unused” land such as forests and savannas on which local communities often depend. Moreover, LSLAs entail an appropriation of water resources that may negatively impact local farmers or downstream human and natural systems. In most cases, investors keep the land fallow but, when they put it under productive use, they typically change land cover and land use to start intensified commercial farming, often for nonfood crops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于计算机视觉的水产动物视觉特征测量研究综述

作为水产养殖集成信息化管理的主要信息源,水产动物视觉属性信息的测量不仅是判定水产动物生长状况,调控水质环境的主要信息依据,也是对水产动物进行喂养、用药、捕获、选别和分级等操作的前提基础。近年来,计算机视觉技术作为一项快速、客观、无损的检测方法,已被逐渐用于水产动物视觉属性的测量中,许多研究学者开展了大量的研究工作。该文更新和总结了国内外近20多年来有代表性的相关研究和解决方案,在描述计算机视觉检测系统的概念和组成结构的基础上,围绕尺寸测量、形状分析、颜色识别和质量估计等方面详细分析了计算机视觉技术在水产动物(以鱼类为主)视觉属性测量方面的国内外研究现状,着重阐述总结了研究人员在水产动物视觉检测的图像采集、轮廓提取、特征标定与计算等方面的具体改进措施,并对基于计算机视觉测量的水产动物疾病诊断,识别分类等综合应用现状也进行了分析探讨,以评估计算机视觉技术在水产动物视觉质量检测领域的总体应用情况和现存的主要问题,同时给出了今后的研究趋势与发展方向。     

水媒法提取食用油技术研究进展

该文提出了水媒法提油技术的概念。水媒法提油技术是指以水为主要媒介的提油技术(水媒法),可辅以或不辅以与水互溶的可食用物质(例如乙醇)、食品级酶、超声波、微波等处理以破坏油料细胞壁和/或破乳的食用油提取方法。水媒法的提油过程主要分为分成破碎、提取、破乳和分离四个阶段。水媒法发展至今60余年,已全面发展了水代法、水酶法和乙醇水提法等多种制油技术。目前水媒法的产业化还存在一些问题,如油料的预处理、酶的种类与成本等。但是,水媒法绿色健康、符合可持续发展要求,随着工艺设备、分离技术等的发展,该技术将更加完善,成为未来未来取代传统工艺的新主流。该文将水媒法研究领域的成果进行归纳总结并为其未来发展提供理论参考。     

大田农业节水物联网技术应用现状与发展趋势

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