III型分泌系统是欧美杨溃疡病菌Lonsdalea quercina重要的致病因子

 欧美杨溃疡病是由Lonsdalea quercina(原称Brenneria quercina,Erwinia quercina)引起的一种细菌性病害,2005年首次在我国河南发现,对我国杨树产业造成了严重影响。菌株N-5-1是从河南濮阳自然发病杨树枝条上分离到的致病菌株。根据N-5-1菌株全基因组测序的初步结果分析,发现N-5-1具有完整的III型分泌系统(Type III secretion system,T3SS)。该系统与植物病原菌Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430和Dickeya dadantii 3937的T3SS高度相似,共由26个基因编码,共约23 kb,其中9个为保守的hrc基因。将L. quercina N-5-1菌株T3SS中保守的结构基因hrcV进行缺失突变,生物测定发现ΔhrcV突变体对“中林46杨”(Populus ×euramericana ‘Zhonglin 46’)2年生枝条的致病力明显下降,而互补菌株HBhrcV致病力与野生菌株保持一致。表明该菌中T3SS是病原细菌重要的致病性因子。菌株N-5-1中hrcV基因的突变导致诱导烟草过敏性坏死反应能力丧失,但并没有影响菌株的生长速率、游动性和生物膜的形成。本研究首次证明了L. quercina N-5-1菌株的T3SS是重要的致病因子。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌在中国的适生性分析

通过分析猕猴桃溃疡病菌在中国的适生性,为科学制定有效的检疫监管措施,防范其入侵和扩散,确保猕猴桃产业健康发展提供理论依据。本研究根据前人研究结果,采用模糊数学综合评判的原理和方法,定量分析猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae)在我国各个地区的适生性。猕猴桃溃疡病菌在我国最适宜的省份主要分布在四川、云南、贵州、福建、安徽、湖南、湖北、河南、江西、陕西、浙江、重庆、西藏。鉴于该病具有发生发展迅速,危害性强,防治难度大等特点,应当加强猕猴桃种苗等繁殖材料的检疫,加强对果园的管理和病害监测,积极采取有效的防治措施并加强抗病育种方面的研究。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌的分子检测技术研究

 猕猴桃溃疡病是猕猴桃生产上的主要病害,为建立该病的快速诊断技术,本实验通过RAPD分析获得一条1 300 bp左右的致病菌的特异片段,对该片段进行克隆测序,在测序的基础上设计并合成一对特异引物F7/R7,优化特异引物扩增条件,并验证引物的特异性和灵敏性。利用该特异引物对包括猕猴桃溃疡病菌在内的14个菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增表明,只有猕猴桃溃疡病菌能扩增出1条约为950 bp的特异条带,其他菌株及对照均未扩增出特异条带。对采自果园的染病枝干组织和接种致病菌的枝干组织的检测表明,该特异引物能特异性地检测到猕猴桃溃疡病菌的存在,其在组织中的检测灵敏度为100 fg/μL。因此,利用设计合成的特异引物F7/R7,参考优化的体系和程序,结合简单的试剂盒法提取猕猴桃溃疡病菌或植物组织DNA,可以在短时间内完成对该病原菌的分子检测。     

青枯菌Po82菌株Ⅲ型分泌系统调控基因hrpB的功能研究

本文以青枯菌致病力分化菌株Po82的Ⅲ型分泌系统调控基因hrpB为研究对象,采用同源重组双交换法,构建获得青枯菌Po82菌株的hrpB基因缺失突变株Po82ΔhrpB及其互补菌株Po82ΔhrpB-pML123-hrpB,并对野生型菌株、突变株和互补菌株进行了致病力及生物学功能的验证。致病力测定结果表明,青枯菌hrpB基因缺失突变株Po82ΔhrpB的致病力较Po82野生型菌株显著下降,而互补菌株Po82ΔhrpB-pML123-hrpB能够部分恢复突变菌株的致病力。生长曲线测定结果表明,在营养贫瘠型培养基中,hrpB基因缺失突变株Po82ΔhrpB的生长速率较野生型青枯菌Po82菌株快,但是在营养丰富型培养基中,两者生长速率基本一致。野生型和突变株的运动性测定结果显示,两者的运动性无显著差异。表明hrpB基因在青枯菌致病过程中具有重要影响,并对进一步发掘鉴定Po82菌株中新的Ⅲ型效应子,进而深入解析其致病力分化的分子机理具有重要的作用。     

甜瓜细菌性果斑病菌致病性突变体筛选与hrcR基因的克隆

 细菌性果斑病(Bacterial Fruit Blotch,BFB)是西瓜和甜瓜的重要病害。本实验从发病甜瓜果实上分离得到致病菌株MH21,经鉴定为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)。利用转座子Mini-Tn5构建MH21菌株的突变体库,Southern印迹杂交结果显示Mini-Tn5在菌株MH21染色体上可随机、单拷贝插入。通过浸种处理甜瓜种子进行突变体的致病性检查,筛选得到1株致病性完全丧失的突变体M543。对M543中转座子插入基因的克隆和测序表明其突变基因为燕麦食酸菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)中的保守基因hrcR。推测菌株MH21中hrcR基因编码的蛋白定位于细菌内膜,是分泌通道主要成分之一。hrcR基因互补菌株的致病性检查结果显示其致病力恢复到野生型的84%。研究同时发现hrcR基因突变后MH21菌株丧失了在烟草上诱导过敏性坏死反应的能力。本研究从遗传学角度说明TTSS是西甜瓜果斑病菌致病性的重要因子。     

进境新西兰猕猴桃中猕猴桃果腐病菌的检测与鉴定

对来自新西兰的猕猴桃进行了病原菌的分离培养,结果在果实中分离到2株疑似猕猴桃果腐病菌的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Na-3419和Na-4756在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,菌株Na-3419与Gen Bank中登录号EU482221.1和EU482220.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%,菌株Na-4756与Gen Bank中登录号AY359230.1、AY359226.1和KR859079.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种猕猴桃3 d后开始发病。根据上述试验结果,将分离获得的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756鉴定为猕猴桃果腐病菌(Neofabraea actinidiae)。这是上海口岸首次在进境的猕猴桃果实上截获该有害生物。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌Ⅲ型效应蛋白HopAZ1功能研究与互作蛋白鉴定

细菌Ⅲ型分泌系统可向寄主植物细胞分泌多种效应蛋白,在丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Psa)侵染猕猴桃致病中发挥关键作用.但是,尚不清楚Psa如何利用这些效应蛋白与寄主互作.Psa的5个生物型群体具有不同种类的效应子,但其中共有的14个效应子可能是参与病菌与寄主亲和互作的关键因子.本研究系统调查了其中HopAZ1的功能.结...     

水稻条斑病菌hrpB1基因决定寄主致病性和非寄主过敏反应的功能研究

水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzicola,Xoc)的hrp基因决定了病原菌在非寄主植物上的过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR)和在寄主植物上的致病性(pathogenicity),基因产物形成Ⅲ型分泌系统(type-Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)将致病性效应分子注入寄主细胞从而引起水稻产生抗病性或者感病性反应。以位于hrpB操纵单元的首个hr-pB1基因为对象,通过基因敲除方式对其进行了突变,发现hrpB1突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在烟草上激发HR的能力,并且在水稻组织中的生长能力显著降低。RT-PCR测定结果表明,hrpB1的转录表达受HrpG和HrpX的正调控。免疫杂交结果显示,HrpB1蛋白可通过T3SS进行分泌。这些结果不仅明确了hrpB1基因在病原菌致病性中的功能,而且提示了hrp结构基因不仅仅局限于形成Ⅲ型分泌系统,部分hrp基因产物本身也通过Ⅲ型系统分泌到胞外,并且可能起到效应分子的功能。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌biovar 3群体MLVA分型技术的建立与应用

 丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种生物型3(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3,Psa3)是猕猴桃溃疡病菌的世界流行群体,但仅在中国存在复杂的遗传多样性。开发适于Psa3群体分型的MLVA(multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis)技术是探索中国Psa3起源与流行学特性的基础。本研究对7个Psa3菌株进行了全基因组测序,结合已公布的86个全基因组数据,进行比较分析发现,中国Psa3至少存在7个亚群;在各亚群间存在多态性的24个串联重复序列中,其中10个可以通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳区分开且变异指数合适,据此建立了适于Psa3的MLVA技术。采用该技术对分别来自贵州和陕西的62和9个Psa3菌株进行群体分型,分型结果与全基因组分析高度一致,证明该MLVA体系分型准确。MLVA分型结果表明:贵州主产区修文县Psa3有3个MLVA群体,其中亚群4的组内分化明显,代表最早发生的群体;而亚群 1和3的结构单一,且多在新果园发现,是新传入群体。总之,本研究建立了一套可用于Psa3群体分型的MLVA技术,将有助于解析中国各猕猴桃产区Psa3群体结构,以及探索中国Psa3的起源、传播和流行学特征。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌biovar 3群体MLVA分型技术的建立与应用

 丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种生物型3(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3,Psa3)是猕猴桃溃疡病菌的世界流行群体,但仅在中国存在复杂的遗传多样性。开发适于Psa3群体分型的MLVA(multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis)技术是探索中国Psa3起源与流行学特性的基础。本研究对7个Psa3菌株进行了全基因组测序,结合已公布的86个全基因组数据,进行比较分析发现,中国Psa3至少存在7个亚群;在各亚群间存在多态性的24个串联重复序列中,其中10个可以通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳区分开且变异指数合适,据此建立了适于Psa3的MLVA技术。采用该技术对分别来自贵州和陕西的62和9个Psa3菌株进行群体分型,分型结果与全基因组分析高度一致,证明该MLVA体系分型准确。MLVA分型结果表明:贵州主产区修文县Psa3有3个MLVA群体,其中亚群4的组内分化明显,代表最早发生的群体;而亚群 1和3的结构单一,且多在新果园发现,是新传入群体。总之,本研究建立了一套可用于Psa3群体分型的MLVA技术,将有助于解析中国各猕猴桃产区Psa3群体结构,以及探索中国Psa3的起源、传播和流行学特征。     

四种杀菌剂防治猕猴桃溃疡病的效果及田间应用技术

为探究猕猴桃溃疡病的化学防治技术,采用离体枝条室内生测及田间试验的方法,对72%农用链霉素SPX、46%氢氧化铜WG、20%叶枯唑WP及1.5%噻霉酮EW的预防和治疗效果以及施药的时期和方法进行了研究。结果显示,供试杀菌剂对猕猴桃溃疡病均有显著的预防效果和一定的治疗效果,在浓度为4.0 mg/m L和2.0 mg/m L时,对病害病斑15 d的预防效果分别达到100%和68.0%以上,较相同浓度的治疗效果高2~3倍,预防和治疗效果均达到90%时的杀菌剂浓度分别为3.07~3.35 mg/m L和8.32~10.81 mg/m L,药效持效期约为11~14 d。田间全树喷雾和树干涂药试验表明,农用链霉素和氢氧化铜预防效果较好,超过60%;秋冬季枝干发病前施药4~5次预防效果可达70%左右;枝干发病显症初期采用病斑划道后涂药治疗效果较好,但对大于15 cm的中大型病斑治疗效果较差,而枝干发病后采取药剂注射及药剂涂抹法治疗病斑效果均较差。表明秋冬季是预防猕猴桃溃疡病的关键期,而发病初期为治疗最佳时期。     

实时荧光定量PCR法检测十字花科细菌性黑斑病菌

为有效防控我国的检疫性有害生物十字花科细菌性黑斑病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv.maculicola在国内的传播与蔓延,通过设计1对特异性引物3539,利用132株靶标和非靶标菌为模板进行PCR扩增,建立了实时荧光定量PCR法,并进行了模拟种子带菌试验。结果显示,引物3539为只针对十字花科细菌性黑斑病菌扩增出的特异性产物;在模拟种子带菌检测中,常规PCR对菌悬液的检测限为10~5CFU/m L,实时荧光定量PCR的检测限为10~3CFU/m L,其中10~8CFU/m L菌液的Ct值最低,为22.90,10~3CFU/m L菌液的Ct值最高,为35.73,且不同浓度菌液间的Ct值均有显著差异;不同带菌率模拟种子的检测结果表明,常规PCR和实时荧光定量PCR能检测到的带菌率分别为0.5%和0.1%。研究表明,实时荧光定量PCR法不仅可用于病种的检测,也可用于病害的早期诊断。     

Polyphosphate kinase is essential for swarming motility, tolerance to environmental stresses, and virulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605

Polyphosphate kinase (PPK), encoded by the ppk gene, is a principal enzyme responsible for synthesis of inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) from ATP in many Gram-negative bacteria. In order to elucidate the functions of poly P in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, an in-frame deletion mutant of the ppk gene (ppk) was constructed. The ppk mutant did not accumulate poly P, whereas the wild-type strain accumulated a large quantity. The mutant had reduced swarming motility, even though it retains swimming motility like the parental strain. The mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to prolonged incubation and environmental stresses, such as heat shock and oxidative stress and reduced exopolysaccharide (EPS) production compared to the wild-type. Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of the rpoS gene, encoding the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS, was reduced in ppk in the logarithmic phase, indicating that rpoS is regulated by the ppk gene. The poly P deficient mutant had significantly reduced ability to cause disease in its host tobacco plant and in planta growth of the mutant was also significantly reduced in host tobacco leaves as compared to the wild-type strain. Thus, our results suggest that poly P plays an important role in the virulence of P. syringae pv. tabaci 6605.     

间歇式流加补料对丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Z2-6冠菌素产量的影响

为提高具有诱导植物抵御逆境等多种生理功能的冠菌素的产量,基于传统分批发酵法建立丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea Z2-6间歇式流加补料发酵方式,并对补料方法中的起始补料时间、补料体积和补料中的合成前体L-异亮氨酸含量进行了优化。结果表明,利用间歇式流加补料发酵方式,于接种后第8天开始每隔24 h补加新鲜GC培养基(含0.75 g/L的L-异亮氨酸和0.3 g/L的丙酮酸钠)1次,每次补料体积占发酵液总体积的2.0%时,丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Z2-6的冠菌素产量最大,达241.5 mg/L,较传统分批发酵方式下的产量(152.5 mg/L)提高了58.4%,合成速率达到20.1 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。表明此种补料发酵方式既可以使细菌高效、持续地利用营养物质,又可解除产物的反馈抑制,大幅提高冠菌素产量,最终达到高产目的。     

A functional gene-for-gene interaction is required for the production of an oxidative burst in response to infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana

An early event correlated with the gene-for-gene hypersensitive response (HR) is the accumulation of active oxygen species (AOS), also known as the oxidative burst. We present data that genetically demonstrates that the oxidative burst is a downstream component of the RPS2- avrRpt2gene-for-gene signal cascade. An in planta AOS assay using the fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was modified for use with the Arabidopsis thaliana / Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (P. syringae pv. tomato) model system. An oxidative burst occurred between 8 and 15 hpi with avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato(avrRpt2), but not with virulent P. syringae pv. tomato. This burst preceded cell death and was not observed in the RPS2 Arabidopsis mutantsrps2-101C and rps2-201 inoculated with avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato. An HR-like response has been observed when plants undergoing a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response are challenged with a normally virulent pathogen (manifestation stage of SAR), however an HR-like oxidative burst was not detected by the in planta AOS assay during this stage of SAR.     

Identification and in planta detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato using PCR amplification of hrpZPst

A rapid detection method based on PCR amplification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato chromosomal sequences was developed. Primer design was based on the P. syringae DC3000 hrpZ_Pst gene, which maps on a pathogenicity-associated operon of the hrp/hrc pathogenicity island.A 532 bp product corresponding to an internal fragment of hrpZ_Pst was amplified from 50 isolates of P. syringae pv. tomato belonging to a geographically representative collection. The amplification product was also obtained from three coronatine-deficient strains of P. syringae pv. tomato.On the other hand, PCR did not produce any such products from 100 pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Rhizobium and 75 unidentified bacterial saprophytes isolated from tomato plants. The method was tested using leaf and fruit spots from naturally-infected tomato plants and asymptomatic nursery plants and artificially contaminated tomato seeds. The results confirmed the high specificity observed using pure cultures.     

Tn5 transposon mutagenesis in Acidovorax citrulli for identification of genes required for pathogenicity on cucumber

An Acidovorax citrulli–cucumber pathosystem was established through which A. citrulli mutants with altered pathogenicity, generated by transposon mutagenesis, were identified on cucumber cotyledons. The A. citrulli group I strain FC440 was shown to grow faster in cucumber leaf tissues than a group II strain and was used for Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. A total of 2100 Tn5 insertional mutants were generated, and analysis of the mutant library showed that the transposon insertions were single, independent and stable. A conserved non‐flagellar type III secretion system (NF‐T3SS) ATPase gene hrcN was identified and confirmed to be essential for pathogenicity and functionality of NF‐T3SS in A. citrulli. Comparative sequence analysis of the HrcN protein and its homologues in other representative bacterial plant pathogens revealed that the NF‐T3SS of A. citrulli is close to that of Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris, but distant from that of Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia amylovora. The generated Tn5 insertional mutant collection is valuable for identification of genes required for A. citrulli pathogenesis, and the established A. citrulli–cucumber pathosystem will facilitate an improved understanding of A. citrulli biology and pathology.     

西瓜品种资源抗细菌性果斑病苗期鉴定

为筛选高抗瓜类细菌性果斑病的西瓜资源,以24份西瓜品种资源为试材,采用苗期喷雾接种法分别接种分离自甜瓜上的瓜类嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli菌株pslb96和ZZ-1,鉴定各品种资源对瓜类细菌性果斑病的苗期抗性。结果表明,24份西瓜品种资源中未发现有对2株菌株表现免疫的材料,有7份资源对菌株pslb96表现高抗,12份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现高抗;9份资源对菌株pslb96表现中感或感病,7份资源对菌株ZZ-1表现中感和感病;对2株菌株均表现高抗的品种资源有野生型种质资源A9及商品种华欣、申蜜968、申选958和申抗988,占总品种资源的20.83%。部分品种资源A4、A13和申蜜7号对菌株pslb96和ZZ-1的抗性表现出明显的差异,表明相同寄主来源的2株不同菌株致病力存在差异。