Distribution of charred plant fragments in particle size fractions of Japanese volcanic ash soils

Abstract

To gain a better understanding of the distribution of charred plant fragment C (CPFC) and its contribution to organic C (OC) in the particle size fractions of Japanese volcanic ash soils, each of four soil samples was divided into six particle size fractions, namely three sand-sized aggregate (20–53, 53–212 and 212–2,000 µm) fractions, one silt-sized aggregate (2–20 µm) fraction, and two clay-sized aggregate (< 0.2 and 0.2–2 µm) fractions. Furthermore, after HCl–HF treatment of these aggregate fractions, sub-fractions of less than specific gravity (s.g.) 1.6 g cm^?3 (< 1.6 fraction) were isolated using s.g. 1.6 g cm^?3 sodium polytungstate solution. Microscopic observation indicated that the charred plant fragments, which are black or blackish brown, were the main components in the < 1.6 fractions. Therefore, the OC in this fraction was designated as CPFC. In all the soils studied, the quantitative distribution of the CPFC of the silt-sized aggregate fractions to total CPFC of whole soils, ranging from 59 to 84%, was greatest among the aggregate fractions. The sum of the distribution (%) values of the CPFC in the three sand-sized aggregate fractions varied from 6.9 to 33%, while that in the two clay-sized aggregate fractions ranged from 1.1 to 9.4%. Similar to the CPFC, in all soils, the quantitative distribution of the OC in the aggregate fractions was greater in the silt-sized aggregate fractions (52–76%) than in the other aggregate fractions (0.1–20%). In all soils, the quantitative contribution of total CPFC to total OC of whole soils ranged from 10 to 28%. The CPFC/OC values in the aggregate fractions were 21% or more in 10 samples from a total of 24 fractions, with a maximum value of 34%. On the basis of the findings obtained in the present study, it is assumed that in Japanese volcanic ash soils the silt-sized fraction is an important reservoir of CPFC and OC, and CPFC merits attention as one of the constituents of OC in particle size fractions.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates of soils in a rural community

In a rural community (Stephanskirchen, Southern Germany) situated near a waste incineration plant six A horizons were sampled to determine 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates (clay, silt, fine and coarse sand) and to test the suitability of alkaline saponification for PCB extraction. The PCB concentrations were higher in alkaline saponification extracts than in Soxhlet extracts. However, the extraction efficiency of up to fourfold chlorinated PCBs was lower and more than sevenfold chlorinated PCBs were destroyed. Nevertheless, alkaline saponification was suitable to determine the indicator congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 152, and 180. The sum of the PCB concentrations ranged from 8.4 to 59.5 μg kg^?1 which was as high as in soils of big cities. However, the concentrations did not reach the threshold value for agricultural purposes of 200 μg kg^?1 as proposed in literature for the sum of the six indicator congeners. The hexachlorinated PCBs 138 and 153 were the most abundant (together > 50% in all samples) whereas PCB 1 could not be detected in any sample. On the average, PCB concentrations increased as particle size decreased. When normalized to C_org, however, the fine sand fraction had the highest PCB concentrations. A slight decrease of lower chlorinated PCBs as particle size decreased indicated an increasing state of degradation. The PCB compositions in the emissions of a comparable waste incineration plant (Bamberg, Bavaria) and in Stephanskirchen soils differed markedly. Therefore, we did not get any indications that waste incineration was a main source of PCBs in the examined soils. Instead, higher chlorinated technical PCB mixtures such as Clophen A 60 or Aroclor 1260 may be the most important sources.     

颗粒大小对浙江省土壤磁学性质的影响

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading,80% shading,and 40% shading)on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under conditions of different soil water contents in summer midday.All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading,including decreased net photosynthetic rates,a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates,and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration.The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water,respectively,but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%,respectively,Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

Chemical stabilization of organic carbon pools in particle size fractions in no-till and meadow soils

The knowledge about the relevance of physical and chemical fractionation methods to soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization mechanisms is fragmentary but needed to manage the SOC pool. Therefore, our objective was to compare the C contents of the particle size fractions coarse and fine sand, silt, and clay of the two uppermost horizons of a soil under three different management systems (meadow; no-till corn, NT; no-till corn with manure, NTm). The mineral composition was dominated by silt (48–60%). However, coarse sand and clay showed the highest enrichment of C compared to the bulk soil. In spite of an enrichment factor below 1, the high proportion of silt made this fraction the main C store. In the upper 30 cm, this fraction amounted to 27.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ in NTm and progressively less in NT (15.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), and meadow (14.9 Mg C ha⁻¹), representing 44%, 39%, and 39% of the total SOC pool, respectively. The C in the isolated particle size fractions was further investigated by an oxidizing treatment with Na₂S₂O₈ and a treatment with HF to solubilize the mineral phases. The pools of oxidizable C were comparable among particle size fractions and pedons, as indicated by Na₂S₂O₈ treatment. The pools of C preferentially associated with soil minerals were also comparable among pedons, as indicated by HF treatment. However, NTm stored the largest pool (12.6 Mg ha⁻¹) of mineral-associated C in 0–30 cm depth. The silt-associated and mineral-bound SOC pool in NTm was greater compared to NT due to increased organic matter (OM) input. Thus, the silt particle size fraction at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (NAEW) has the potential for SOC sequestration by stabilizing OM inputs. Mineralogical and molecular level analyses on a larger set of fractions obtained from entire rooted soil profiles are required, however, to compare the SOC sequestration capacity of the land uses.     

植物篱对紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征的影响

为探究植物篱对紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征的影响,该研究以三峡库区紫色土为研究对象,在3种坡面条件下（裸坡对照组CK、植物篱组P和仅地下根系组R）以不同降雨强度（60、90 mm/h）进行人工模拟降雨试验。结果表明：与CK相比,R坡面条件下侵蚀泥沙中黏粒和粉粒含量减少了0.25%～5.48%,而P坡面条件侵蚀泥沙中砂粒含量减少了30.75%～47.28%。CK坡面条件下,泥沙分选现象主要出现在降雨前期,R坡面条件只影响降雨初期的泥沙分选,而P坡面条件对降雨全程均具有分选拦截砂粒的作用,但分选拦截效果随降雨时间的增加而渐趋稳定。R坡面条件下更多团聚体被雨滴击打破碎而分散为单粒,而P坡面条件则使更多细颗粒聚集形成团聚体,但松散的团聚体在降雨中后期倾向于分散为单粒。该研究结果可深入理解植物篱对紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙分选的影响,并为区域土壤侵蚀模型构建和水土资源高效利用提供科学依据和数据支持。     

保温时间与粒度对稻秆和棉秆热解产物组成及能量转化影响

热解炭化技术的开发对秸秆的能源化利用具有重要意义。试验研究了保温时间与粒度对水稻和棉花秸秆热解产物理化特性及能源转化的影响。结果表明,保温时间从0到120 min中,秸秆生物炭产率先降低后略增加,热解气中CH_4、C_nH_m和H_2百分含量增加,其高位热值和能量转化率增加,而生物炭的pH值、电导率、灰分、固定碳、C、高位热值增加,保温时间为90 min的生物炭的炭化程度最好。秸秆中能量有1.5%~5.4%保留在热解气中,有50%~57%保留在生物炭中。不同粒度相比,粗粉秸秆的生物炭的炭产率、挥发分、H、O、N及碳转化率最高,细粉秸秆热解气中CO和CH_4百分含量、高位热值和能量转化率最高,而超微秸秆生物炭的pH值、灰分、C最高。棉花秸秆生物炭的挥发分、固定碳、C、H、碳转化率、高位热值和能量转化率高于水稻秸秆生物炭。     

塔里木盆地南缘绿洲农田土壤粒径分布分形特征及影响因素研究

本文以塔里木盆地南缘策勒绿洲为例,基于农田表层土壤样品的体积粒径分布数据,通过分形理论重点探讨绿洲农田这一主要土地利用类型下土壤粒径分布特征及变异状况,并根据粒径分布分形维数变化对其主要影响因素进行研究。结果表明:绿洲范围内农田土壤分维值存在显著性差异,其值介于2.11～2.27之间,总体偏低;土壤粒径分布分维值与小于50μm粒径土壤颗粒体积含量及土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关;农田利用年限的差异性对土壤粒径分布产生重要影响,而农田分布位置的差异性则对土壤粒径分布未体现出规律性影响。因此,保证农田长期合理的耕作管理方式将有助于土壤粒径分布属性的稳定及提高。     

Conversion of soil particle size distribution and texture classification from ISSS system to FAO/USDA system in Japanese paddy soils

ABSTRACT

The conversion between the two different systems, ISSS and FAO/USDA, of particle size distribution and soil texture classification is useful to characterize soil physical properties and usage of each published. The objective of this study is to test some functions that have been published for conversion from ISSS to FAO/USDA system for Japanese paddy soils and to select the best method. We tested the topsoils of 267 Japanese paddy fields using the log-linear method, log-normal method, multiple regression method, Skaggs et al.’s method, and Minasny and McBratney’s method. The least AIC was obtained using multiple regression method, and the equation derived was given as follows:

si_FAO/USDA = 1.305si_ISSS + 0.396fs_ISSS?0.100cs_ISSS ? 12.323

where si, fs, and cs are the percentage of silt, fine sand, and coarse sand respectively; ISSS and FAO/USDA is the fractionation system; and its RMSE was 3.1%. For the case that only the total sand content (s) is available instead of fine sand and coarse sand, the following equation was obtained:

si_FAO/USDA = 0.314si_ISSS + 1.533s_ISSS ? 20.903 (RMSE = 3.7%)

Among the non-empirical methods, the best estimation method was Skaggs et al.’s method, and its RMSE was 3.3%. The soil texture classification by FAO/USDA system using estimated particle size fractions by the above equation can be classified to correct categories. The accuracy ratio of the classification was 93-97%.     

Sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy reveals differences in sulfur speciation of bulk soils, humic acid, fulvic acid, and particle size separates

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra at the sulfur (S) K-edge (E=2472 eV) were compared for bulk soil material, humic and fulvic acid fractions, and different particle size separates from Ah horizons of two arable Luvisols, from an O and a Bs horizon of a Podzol under Norway spruce forest, and from an H horizon of a Histosol (peat bog). In the bulk soil samples, the contribution of reduced organic S (organic mono- and disulfides) to total sulfur increased from 27% to 52%, and the contribution of ester sulfate and SO₄²⁻-S decreased from 39% to 14% of total S in the following order: arable Luvisols Ah—forested Podzol O—Histosol H. This sequence reflects the increasing organic carbon content and the decreasing O₂ availability in that order. Neither sulfonate nor inorganic sulfide was detected in any of the bulk soil samples. For all samples except the Podzol Bs, the XANES spectra of the bulk soils differed considerably from the spectra of the humic and acid fractions of the respective soils, with the latter containing less reduced S (16-44% of total S) and more oxidized S (sulfone S: 19-35%; ester sulfate S: 14-38% of total S). Also the S speciation of most particle size fractions extracted from the Ah horizon of the Viehhausen Luvisol and the Bs horizon of the Podzol was different from that of the bulk soil. For both soils, the contribution of oxidized S species to total S increased and the contribution of sulfoxides and organic mono- and disulfides decreased with decreasing particle size. Thus, sulfur K-edge XANES spectra of alkaline soil extracts, including humic and fulvic acids or of particle size separates are not representative for the S speciation of the original soil sample they are derived from. The differences can be attributed to (i) artificial changes of the sulfur speciation during alkaline extraction (conversion of reduced S into oxidized S, loss of SO₄²⁻ during purification of the extracts by dialysis) or particle size separation (carry-over of water-soluble S, such as SO₄²⁻), but also to (ii) preferential enrichment of oxidized S in hydrophilic water-soluble soil organic matter (ester sulfate) and in the clay fraction of soils (ester sulfate, adsorbed SO₄²⁻).     

Influence of cultivation on the distribution of phosphorus in three soils from NE Scotland and their aggregate size fractions

Abstract. The effect of cultivation on the P properties of whole soils and aggregate sizes separated from them was investigated for soil developed on three types of parent material. Cultivation, with associated fertilizer additions, increased both the total soil P content and extractable P of the whole soils. When the soils were separated into aggregate sizes (< 2, 2-52, 53-150 and 151 2000 μm), total soil P and resin extractable P increased with decreasing aggregate size. Water extractable inorganic P exhibited the opposite trend, while concentrations of water extractable organic P were similar from each aggregate size. Eroded aggregates can adsorb P or release P to solution, the extent of which will be dependent upon a combination of soil attributes and the prevailing solution conditions. The resulting equilibrium P concentration (EPC) of the eroded material will be markedly different from that of the whole soil. By increasing the P content, particularly of the smaller sized aggregates it is likely that the EPC of the eroded material would favour greater P desorption.     

堆肥, 石灰和磷酸二铵对铜尾矿土壤重金属的植物有效性的影响

Soil samples from a historic copper mine tailing site at the Parys Mountain,North Wales (UK) were amended with green waste compost (GC),GC+30% sewage sludge (GCS),lime and diammonium phosphate (DAP),to determine the effect of amendments on DTPA-and Ca (NO₃) ₂-extractable metals in the mine tailing and on the phytoavailability of heavy metals by a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).Both compost were added at the rate of 10% by weight,lime was added as calcium carbonate equivalent (pH = 7) and DAP at a 2300 mg kg^-1 soil level.The experiment was arranged in randomised complete design with three replicates in pots under control environment.Addition of lime resulted in the largest reduction in metal extractability with DTPA and Ca (NO₃) ₂ and phytoavailability of Cu,Fe and Zn while DAP was effective in lowering Pb extractability and phytoavailability.With exception of Zn,all other metals extracted decreased with time after amendment applications.The distribution of heavy metals between and within the four procedures of potentially bioavailable sequential extraction (PBASE) varied significantly (P < 0.001).Stronger relationships were noted between the metals extracted with PBASE SE1 and Cu,Pb (P < 0.01) and Fe (P < 0.001) in the lettuce.These results indicate that addition of lime is sufficient to restore the vegetative cover to a high metal mine waste while DAP is good for stabilizing Pb,but its detrimental role on plant growth and the risk associated with presence of N in DAP (through N leaching) may restrict its chances for remediation of contaminated sites.     

Effects of animal manure and mineral fertilizer on the total carbon and nitrogen contents of soil size fractions

Summary Soil was sampled in autumn 1984 in the 132 field (sandy loam soil) of the Askov long-term experiments (started in 1894) and fractionated according to particle size using ultrasonic dispersion and sedimentation in water. The unmanured plot and plots given equivalent amounts of N (1923–1984 annual average, 121 kg N/ha) in either animal manure or mineral fertilizer were sampled to a depth of 15 cm, fractionated and analysed for C and N. Mineral fertilizer and animal manure increased the C and N content of whole soil, clay (<2 m) and silt (2–20 m) size fractions relative to unmanured samples, while the C content of the sand size fractions (fine sand 1, 20–63 m; fine sand 2, 63–200 m; coarse sand, 200–2000 m) was less affected. Clay contained 58% and 65°70 of the soil C and N, respectively. Corresponding values for silt were 30% and 26%, while sand accounted for 10% of the soil C. Fertilization did not influence this distribution pattern. The C : N ratio of the silt organic matter (14.3) was higher and that of clay (10.6) lower than whole-soil C:N ratios (12.0). Fertilization did not influence clay and silt C : N ratios. Animal manure caused similar relative increases in the organic matter content of clay and silt size fractions (36%). In contrast, mineral fertilizer only increased the organic matter content of silt by 21% and that of clay by 14%.     

在法国前铅和锌冶炼厂附近的城市土壤重金属的污染、分离和利用

smelters in Northern France were studied by analysing the chemical forms of these metals and evaluating their phytoavailability. These metals were determined using flame or electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry （FAAS or ETAAS）, depending on their concentration levels. After optimisation of the ETAAS method, characteristic mass of In in water and aqua regia were 9.9 and 18 pg, respectively, showing the high sensitivity of the analytical Soil contamination by metals from anthropogenic activities （e.g., mining and smelting） is a major concern for the environment and human health. Environmental availability of cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn）, copper （Cu）, and indium （In） in 27 urban soils located around two former Pb and Zn smelters in Northern France were studied by analysing the chemical forms of these metals and evaluating their phytoavailability. These metals were determined using flame or electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry （FAAS or ETAAS）, depending on their concentration levels. After optimisation of the ETAAS method, characteristic mass of In in water and aqua regia were 9.9 and 18 pg, respectively, showing the high sensitivity of the analytical procedure. Metal partitioning was conducted using a four-step sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that Cd and Zn were mainly in the acid-extractable and reducible forms in the urban soils studied. In contrast, Pb and In were largely in the reducible fraction. However, in some samples, the amount of In extracted in the residual or exchangeable fraction was higher than that in the reducible fraction. Copper was mainly found in the reducible and residual fractions. A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse with seven soils （six contaminated and one uncontaminated） and two plant species, ryegrass and lettuce. The results showed transfer of metals from the contaminated soils to the shoots of ryegrass and the edible part of lettuce. The metal bioconcentration factor was in the order of Cd Cu > In > Zn Pb for lettuce leaves, whereas for ryegrass shoots, three orders were found, Cd > Zn > Cu In > Pb, Cd ≥ In > Zn > Cu Pb, and Zn > Cd > Cu > In > Pb, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the soils, such as pH, cation exchange capacity, carbonates, and organic matter. It was established that the metal toxicity was related to the contamination levels and the physico-chemical properties, including pH, organic matter, and in a lesser extent, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus contents, of the soils. However, it was shown that lettuce could grow on soils having high Cd and CaCO₃ contents. Cadmium was one of the most available metals while Pb was always the least available in the soils studied.     

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on rice straw biochar properties and corresponding effects on dynamic changes in bispyribac-sodium adsorption and leaching behavior in soil

Bispyribac-sodium is a weakly acidic herbicide with high water solubility and is thus a potential source of groundwater contamination. Considering the risk inherent to the use of this herbicide, this study assessed the impacts of rice straw(RS) and biochar amendments on the adsorption and leaching behavior of bispyribac-sodium in soil. Biochars were produced from RS at different pyrolysis temperatures and characterized using various spectral techniques.Rice straw had a surface area of 3.996×10     

Use of long-term monitoring data to derive a relationship between nitrogen surplus and nitrate leaching for grassland and arable land on well-drained sandy soils in the Netherlands

The decrease in nitrogen (N) use in agriculture led to improvement of upper groundwater quality in the Sand region of the Netherlands in the 1991–2009 period. However, still half of the farms exceeded the European nitrate standard for groundwater of 50 mg/l in the 2008–2011 period. To assure that farms will comply with the quality standard, an empirical model is used to derive environmentally sound N use standards for sandy soils for different crops and soil drainage conditions. Key parameters in this model are the nitrate-N leaching fractions (NLFs) for arable land and grassland on deep, well-drained sandy soils. NLFs quantify the fraction of the N surplus on the soil balance that leaches from the root zone to groundwater and this fraction represents N available for leaching and denitrification. The aim of this study was to develop a method for calculating these NLFs by using data from a random sample of commercial arable farms and dairy farms that were monitored in the 1991–2009 period. Only mean data per farm were available, which blocked a direct derivation of NLFs for unique combinations of crop type, soil type and natural soil drainage conditions. Results showed that N surplus leached almost completely from the root zone of arable land on the most vulnerable soils, that is, deep, well-drained sandy soils (95% confidence interval of NLF 0.80–0.99), while for grassland only half of the N surplus leached from the root zone of grassland (0.39–0.49). The NLF for grassland decreased with 0.015 units/year, which is postulated to be due to a decreased grazing and increased year-round housing of dairy cows. NLFs are positively correlated with precipitation surplus (0.05 units/100 mm for dairy farms and 0.10 units/100 mm for arable farms). Therefore, an increase in precipitation due to climate change may lead to an increase in leaching of nitrate.     

毛乌素沙地风沙土粒径和矿物组成对固定态铵含量的影响

固定态铵是土壤氮素的一种重要形态,对植物生长具有十分重要的作用;然而,风沙土中固定态铵的含量及其影响因素目前并不清楚,限制着对沙地土壤肥力来源及其维持机制的认识。该研究测定了毛乌素沙地裸沙地、沙柳(Salix psammophila)和油蒿(Artemisiaordosica)林地风沙土固定态铵的含量,并分析了土壤粒径及矿物组成对其的影响。结果显示,1)研究区土壤固定态铵平均含量为18.63 mg/kg,占土壤氮库的8.77%,不同植被下土壤中固定态铵含量存在明显差别,油蒿林地土壤固定态铵含量(23.03±1.88mg/kg)显著高于裸沙地(16.63±0.61mg/kg)和沙柳林地(16.82±1.25 mg/kg);2)风沙土粒径组成与固定态铵含量显著相关,粒径越细,固定态铵含量越高,粒径越粗,含量越低;3)风沙土矿物组成与固定态铵含量间无显著关系。研究表明,毛乌素沙地风沙土中固定态铵含量取决于土壤物理构成而非矿物化学组成,植被主要通过影响粒径组成而影响其含量。固定态铵是荒漠土壤肥力的重要组成部分,通过合理的植被建设增加土壤细粒物质,有利于提高固定态铵含量,对土地荒漠化治理和生物生...