餐厨垃圾堆肥对城郊菜田产量及氮利用的影响

为探讨餐厨垃圾堆肥对南方城郊菜田土壤氮素供应水平、叶菜类蔬菜产量及土壤残留和氮肥利用率的影响。以不施氮肥为对照(CK),在等氮量条件下,设置了传统化肥(NPK)、传统化肥+鸡粪(NPK+M)、餐厨好氧堆肥+化肥(NPK+FWA)、餐厨厌氧沼渣+化肥(NPK+FWD)4个处理,测定叶菜类蔬菜整个生育周期的土壤无机氮动态、产量、收获后剖面土壤氮素残留及表观氮素损失的变化。多茬试验结果表明:底肥施用后一周左右,NPK处理整体土壤无机氮供应水平高于NPK+M、NPK+FWA和NPK+FWD处理;追施氮肥后NPK+FWA处理土壤无机氮供应水平处于NPK和NPK+M两个处理之间,而NPK+FWD处理土壤无机氮略低于NPK和NPK+M处理;从总产量来看,NPK、NPK+M、NPK+FWA和NPK+FWD处理间无显著差异;而随着试验进行,与NPK+FWA和NPK+FWD处理相比,NPK和NPK+M处理产量明显增产20.1%～36.7%和17.8%～26.4%。从剖面土壤无机氮含量来看,餐厨垃圾堆肥部分替代化肥处理相比传统单施化肥和化肥配施鸡粪处理能够明显降低收获后表层土壤无机氮残留;从前四茬蔬菜总表观氮素损失来看,较高的氮肥投入带来了895.8～1041.2 kg/hm²的表观氮素损失量,各处理间无显著性差异;较高的氮肥投入及表观氮素损失导致小白菜季和空心菜季各处理当季氮肥利用效率分别仅有9.9%～16.7%和27.6%～37.6%。综上分析,在等氮量条件下,相比传统单施化肥和传统化肥配施鸡粪,餐厨垃圾堆肥氮替代30%化肥氮具有更好地协调土壤氮素供应和蔬菜作物吸收的作用,随着试验进行,餐厨垃圾堆肥部分替代化肥处理表现出增产趋势。但南方多雨地区餐厨垃圾堆肥还田具有较大的氮素损失风险,当季氮肥利用率偏低,今后需加强餐厨垃圾堆肥还田对土壤氮素综合损失的影响机制研究,并探索针对性的减排措施,为餐厨垃圾堆肥安全高效利用提供科学指导。     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽试验条件下研究了苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理均可显著提高饲草产量,整个轮作期,单施化肥（NPK）、石灰和化肥配施（NPK+Lime）、有机肥和化肥配施（NPK+OM）处理的鲜草产量分别比不施肥处理（CK）增加6.1倍、6.8倍和7.3倍;在化肥基础上配合施用石灰和有机肥,鲜草分别增产9.5%和17.2%。养分吸收结果显示,不同施肥处理明显提高饲草N、P、K含量并促进饲草对养分的吸收。土壤养分分析结果表明,与CK及NPK处理相比,增施石灰和有机肥提高酸性土壤pH值,促使其向中性靠近;在NPK基础上配合施用石灰,轮作结束时土壤有效钙含量比NPK处理提高了20.7%,有效铁和有效锰含量降低了26.5%和41.2%;在NPK基础上增施有机肥,能显著提高了土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。     

碱渣处理的秸秆堆肥对红壤生物功能和花生产量品质的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究碱渣处理秸秆堆肥对红壤养分含量、微生物学性质和花生产量及品质的影响。设置不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、5%碱渣花生秸秆堆肥配施化肥(NPK+PC)和5%碱渣水稻秸秆堆肥配施化肥(NPK+RC)等4个处理,于花生收获期测定土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量、BIOLOG功能多样性变化,并同时测定花生产量、秸秆生物量和农艺性状指标的变化。结果表明,碱渣处理的秸秆堆肥配施化肥有效缓解了红壤的酸化程度,增强了土壤的保水能力,提高了土壤速效养分的含量;碱渣处理的花生秸秆堆肥配施化肥对微生物生物量氮(MBN)的提高效果较好,而水稻秸秆堆肥配施化肥对转化酶和微生物生物量碳(MBC)的效果较好;BIOLOG分析结果显示,水稻秸秆堆肥配施化肥改善了微生物碳源利用能力和功能多样性,花生秸秆堆肥配施化肥次之;花生秸秆堆肥配施化肥通过增加百果重,从而使花生增产,同时提高了花生荚果全氮、全磷含量,增加了荚果养分累积量。由此可见,碱渣处理的秸秆堆肥配施化肥不仅可以提高土壤肥力和生物功能,还可以促进花生高产、高质,具有一定的应用价值。     

冬种绿肥和稻草全量还田对单季稻田土壤理化性质的影响

采用田间定位试验,研究了冬闲期种植绿肥和稻草全量还田对江汉平原单季稻田土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响。试验设置稻草不还田水稻不施肥(CK)、稻草不还田单施化肥(NPK)、稻草原位焚烧还田+化肥(RSB+NPK)、稻草全量还田+化肥(RSM+NPK)、稻草不还田单独种植绿肥+化肥(GM+NPK)以及稻草全量还田+种植绿肥+化肥(RSM+GM+NPK),共6个处理。结果表明,与不还田的CK及NPK处理相比,RSM+NPK、GM+NPK和RSM+GM+NPK处理模式均有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕层土壤养分及有机质含量,其中多以RSM+GM+NPK处理增幅最大。RSB+NPK处理较CK处理显著提高土壤pH值、土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量影响不大。GM+NPK处理与RSM+GM+NPK处理稻谷产量近似,分别较NPK处理显著增加6.9%~11.7%和6.0%~13.4%,3年平均增加9.1%和8.7%,而RSM+NPK和RSB+NPK处理的稻谷产量3年里与NPK处理无显著差异。综合考虑,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,以冬闲期稻草条带覆盖还田与种植绿肥配合还田为宜,可以改善土壤理化性质,显著提高水稻产量。     

有机无机复混肥对花生生长和品质的影响

试验以不施肥(CK)为对照处理,在同等施肥量下设置化肥处理(NPK)、有机无机复混肥处理(T1和T2),研究其对土壤养分含量、花生农艺性状和花生产量、品质指标的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,化肥处理(NPK)和有机无机复混肥处理均促进了花生生长,增加了土壤速效养分含量,且NPK、T1和T2分别增产9.5%、17.3%和19.7%;与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机复混肥处理改良了土壤pH,提高了土壤速效钾含量,明显改善花生农艺性状,T1和T2处理分别增产7.1%和9.3%,分别提高肥料偏生产力21.0%和23.5%、肥料贡献率6.0%和7.8%。因此,在等量施肥下,有机无机复混肥对土壤速效养分含量的增加、花生农艺性状的改善以及产量的提升具有更好的促进作用,肥料的偏生产力和肥料贡献率更高,是未来花生可持续生产的重要施肥措施。     

长期施肥对土黑碳积累的影响

通过长期定位试验,探讨了20年不施肥（CK）、 单施化肥（NPK）、 秸秆和化肥配施（SNPK）、 常量有机肥和化肥配施（M1NPK）以及高量有机肥和化肥配施（M2NPK）5个施肥处理对土中黑碳含量及积累的影响。结果表明: 与CK处理相比,NKP处理对黑碳含量和积累没有明显影响; 有机肥和化肥配施（M1NPK、 M2NPK）对耕层（020 cm）土壤黑碳含量的影响较大,与CK处理相比,在土壤表层（05 cm）,M1NPK、 M2NPK分别提高了黑碳含量的108%和134%, 510 cm土层中黑碳含量增幅最高,分别提高164%和176%,在整个土层,M1NPK、 M2NPK处理分别增加了1.51和1.55倍; 秸秆和化肥配施（SNPK）下表层黑碳含量也有所增加,但增加幅度相对施用有机肥来说明明显较小。施肥对黑碳含量的影响主要发生在土壤表层,深层土壤黑碳受施肥影响较小。     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲草产量、氮素吸收及土壤矿质氮的影响

利用苏丹草-黑麦草轮作的4年大田定位试验研究施肥对饲草产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮、铵态氮的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)明显增加苏丹草、黑麦草产量,2005/2006,2006/2007,2007/2008,2008/2009年度两季饲草产量分别比PK处理(不施氮肥)增加312.9%,339.8%,231.7%,223.1%,分别比NK处理(不施磷肥)增加26.9%,20.2%,23.3%,25.9%,分别比NP处理(不施钾肥)增加17.9%,17.3%,21.7%,23.2%。氮磷钾肥配施可以促进饲草的N素吸收,4个年度饲草氮素总吸收量分别为500kg/hm2,311kg/hm2,450kg/hm2,428kg/hm2,均高于其他处理。氮磷钾肥配施可以提高饲草的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力,且4个年度中NPK处理均高于NK、NP处理。氮磷钾肥配施维持轮作系统中氮素的平衡,也减少氮素在土壤中盈余,4个年度NPK处理的氮盈余量均低于NK、NP处理。苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,NK、NP、NPK处理的土壤硝态氮、铵态氮高于CK、PK处理,并且苏丹草试验期高于黑麦草试验期。     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

有机肥替代部分化肥对谷子产量、土壤养分及酶活性的影响

减少化肥施用量、提高土壤养分的可持续性,探究有机肥替代部分化肥对谷子生长发育的影响,为谷子减肥增效,稳产、高产提供理论依据。以‘冀谷42’为材料,在总养分一致的条件下进行田间小区试验,设置无肥空白对照(CK)、常规化肥(NPK)、有机肥替代30%化肥(NPKM)、单施有机肥(M)共4个处理,探究较常规化肥减少肥料用量30%的条件下,有机肥替代部分化肥对谷子产量、生物量、根际与非根际土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响。通过连续2年的定位试验,NPKM处理的产量为6042.3 kg/hm²,较NPK、M和CK处理分别增加了10.8%、12.9%和27.2%。NPKM处理显著提高了单株生物量,比NPK、M和CK处理分别提高了12.8%、5.6%和33.8%。与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的土壤有机质含量提高了30.1%,达到显著水平,对铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和pH值无显著影响。NPKM土壤酶活性高于NPK、M和CK处理。在总养分一致化肥减量30%的情况下,NPKM处理改善了土壤养分并提高了土壤酶活性,增加了生物量和产量,有助于植株营养吸收,利于谷子生长发育,为谷子减肥增效、绿色高效提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

不同秸秆还田方式对红壤性质及花生生长的影响

通过田间小区试验研究化肥配合不同秸秆还田方式对红壤养分、生物学特性和作物生长的影响。结果表明,与其他(NPK、NPKD1、NPKD2)处理相比,氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆直接还田(NPKJG)处理土壤碱解氮降低了7.88%~31.37%,速效磷降低了7.72%~23.81%。各处理土壤脲酶活性在花生的生长期间先降低后升高,而转化酶活性先升高后降低(除NPK处理的转化酶活性持续降低外)。氮磷钾化肥配合Fe SO4促腐秸秆堆肥还田处理(NPKD2)提高了土壤脲酶活性26.14%,而配合碱渣促腐秸秆堆肥处理(NPKD1)提高了土壤转化酶活性66.13%。氮磷钾化肥配合Fe SO4促腐秸秆堆肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量较高,且提高了花生各农艺性状指标和产量。     

Ryegrass Response to Mineral Fertilization and Organic Amendment with Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Two Tropical Agricultural Soils of Mali

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of mineral fertilization and compost on the growth and chemical composition of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown on two Malian agricultural soils coming from Baguinéda, abbreviated as Bgda, (12°23′ S, 7°45′ W) and Gao (16°18′ N, 0°). Treatments included non‐fertilized control, NPK alone, NPK + C₂₅, NPK + C₅₀, NPK + C₁₀₀, PK + C₅₀, NK + C₅₀, NP + C₅₀, K + C₅₀, P + C₅₀, N + C₅₀, and C₅₀ alone, where NPK represents the non modified Hoagland's solution and C₂₅, C₅₀, and C₁₀₀ represent the different rates (25, 50, and 100 T/ha) of compost. Compost and mineral fertilization significantly increased dry matter production. The application of 50 T/ha of compost alone increased the dry matter yield by 10 and 17.5% while mineral nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) increased yield by 69.7 and 65% for Gao and Bgda, respectively. The combination of compost and mineral NPK (NPK + C₂₅ for Gao and NPK + C₅₀ for Bgda) affected the highest dry matter yield. For both soils, N concentrations in plants increased significantly with compost rate. Phosphorus and K concentrations in plants varied according to the soil. The application of compost increased the uptake of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and potassium (K from both soils). Increases in soil organic carbon, available P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, and pH were observed in treatments receiving compost. Therefore, compost appeared to be a good supplier of nutrients for tropical soils.     

Growth and Heavy-Metal Uptake by Lettuce Grown in Soils Applied with Sewage Sludge Compost

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm^–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.     

长期施肥下黑土不同团聚体氮组分的植物有效性差异

【目的】 土壤团聚体组分形成机制不同,其所含有的氮的转化和有效性也不同。阐明不同团聚体中氮素有效性差异,可为科学施肥、培育高效的土壤结构、提高氮肥利用率提供重要的理论依据。 【方法】 依托吉林黑土长期定位试验,于2014年进行了室内土壤培养试验和黑麦草盆栽试验。供试土壤选择的定位试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 秸秆 (NPKS)、氮磷钾 + 农家肥 (NPKM)。采集1000 g土样于2 L塑料瓶内,加入15N丰度为20.12%的尿素0.247 g,置于25℃培养箱中恒温控湿培养40天。培养完成后将土样风干,将有机物分为粗游离颗粒有机物 (cfPOM,> 250 μm)、微团聚体有机物 (iPOM,53～250 μm) 和矿物结合有机物 (MOM,< 53 μm),矿物结合有机物又进一步分为团聚体内矿物结合有机物 (MOMi) 和团聚体外矿物结合有机物 (MOMo),分析了不同团聚体组分中15N的固持量。称取各粒级土壤样品40 g,分别与20 g细石英砂混匀,于80 mL小塑料盆中,每盆黑麦草定苗7株于温室内培养,20天时加入适量磷、钾营养液。培养30天后,分别采集黑麦草地上部和根系,烘干、称重、研磨,测定养分含量及15N丰度。 【结果】 在NPK处理和NPKM处理的土壤中,植株生物量分别在MOMo和cfPOM下最高,分别为每盆100.2 mg和99.8 mg。黑麦草尿素氮含量在MOMo的NPK处理最大,在其他三个组分均表现为CK > NPK > NPKS > NPKM,其中cfPOM组分氮固持量与黑麦草氮含量表现一致;黑麦草吸收的氮素主要来自cfPOM和MOMo组分中 (0.1～0.21 mg/pot),在其他组分下不足0.05 mg/pot;cfPOM、iPOM、MOMi和MOMo中的氮素利用率分别为14.1%～19.3%、5.5%～15.4%、3.1%～4.9%和12.7%～23.6%,在NPKM处理下,以cfPOM组分中最高,为19.3%,在NPK处理下以MOMo组分最高,为23.6%。 【结论】 施用有机肥可促进外源氮肥保存在粗游离颗粒中,其固持的氮有效性最高,有利于后季养分的供应。单施化肥处理团聚体外部矿物结合有机物中固持氮的有效性最高;团聚体内部矿物结合有机物组分虽固持氮含量较高,但氮有效性很低。      

The effect of winery solid waste compost application on maize growth,biomass yield,and nutrient content under greenhouse conditions

A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the fertilizer value and determine the optimum application rate of five winery solid waste (WSW) composts containing varied filter material (FM) mixed proportions with grape marc and pruning canes using maize. The composts comprised of 4, 10, 20, 30, and 40% FM (w/w) designated C4FM, C10FM, C20FM, C30FM, and C40FM, respectively. Application rates of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 t ha^?1 were used; while unamended control and inorganic NPK fertilizer treatments were included as references. The results showed that application of composts with 20% FM or more at 80 t ha^?1 significantly increased the dry matter yield more than NPK fertilizer but full potential was not reached due to inadequate nitrogen supply. Maize shoot K content from compost treatments exceeded the critical nutrient level while the shoot Zn content from compost treatments with 20% FM or less also exceeded the critical level. The results revealed that these composts could serve as potential good sources of K and Zn for maize production, particularly, in sandy soils where these nutrients are often reported to be deficient. Quantitative estimate of the optimum rate of the composts for dry matter production ranged from 75 to 307 t ha^?1.     

施入~(15)N标记氮肥在长期不同培肥土壤的残留及其利用

采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

Effect of peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on a loamy sand soil

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on a limed loamy sand soil. A control, four rates of compost applied alone and in combination with three rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer were evaluated. Applications of compost to limed soil substantially enhanced the growth of barley over the control. When considering all treatments, the main effect of compost rates on straw yield, numbers of tillers, plant height, and number of ears was more important than that of fertilizer. A significant interaction on barley growth parameter values was obtained with compost and fertilizer rates. A combination of moderate application of compost and fertilizer gave in some instances, more yield than compost or fertilizer applied alone. Nutrient content of barley increased with rate of compost applied to soil over the control. A significant relationship was found between soil organic carbon (C) and straw yield, number of tillers, plant height and number of ears whereas grain yield was correlated with soil total N. Results from this study indicate that peat moss‐shrimp wastes compost could represent a potential means of renovating low fertility sand soils.     

生物炭提高花生干物质与养分利用的优势研究

【目的】 以秸秆为原料生产生物炭可用于改良土壤和提高养分利用率,其与秸秆直接还田以及传统的制作堆肥后还田相比是否具有优势需要用试验来验证,本研究可为生物炭的高效利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 以传统猪厩肥和秸秆直接还田为对照,连续进行了8年的花生田间微区 (2 m2) 试验。在氮磷钾总投入量相等的条件下,共设4个处理,分别为秸秆还田 (CS)、猪厩肥 (PMC)、生物炭 (BIO) 和基于生物炭的炭基花生专用肥 (BF),每个处理重复3次,随机区组排列。试验于2016年在花生苗期、开花下针期、结荚期和饱果成熟期进行采样,测定植株茎叶、根和荚果的干物质和氮磷钾养分积累量,并计算对应的分配情况,探讨其对花生产量的影响。 【结果】 生物炭处理的花生产量显著高于其它处理,达到7231.7 kg/hm2;生物炭复合肥和猪厩肥处理则相对较低,分别是生物炭处理的82.4%和83.8%,秸秆处理产量最低,为5623.9 kg/hm2。猪厩肥处理的出仁率显著高于其它处理。生育前期各处理的干物质和养分主要在茎叶中积累,从结荚期开始逐渐向荚果中转移。与对照处理相比,复合肥处理的干物质和氮磷钾养分整株积累量在各时期均较高,尤其在结荚期以前保持了良好的荚果干物质和养分分配系数;生物炭处理则至饱果成熟期时呈现出明显优势,干物质积累量达到6295.0 kg/hm2,分别高出专用肥、秸秆和猪厩肥处理43.1%、36.1%和50.8%,茎叶分配比例高达34.5%,氮、磷、钾积累量持续增长至236.4 kg/hm2、 21.7 kg/hm2、77.8 kg/hm2,显著高于其它处理,但此时期荚果的氮、钾分配系数仅有0.83和0.52,低于对照处理(CS、PMC处理) 0.02～0.03和0.15～0.21。 【结论】 在氮磷钾养分投入量相等、不考虑有机碳投入量的前提下,施用生物炭、炭基复合肥和猪厩肥效果均显著好于秸秆直接还田;生物炭可显著提高花生整株的干物质量和氮磷钾积累量,特别是提高生育后期的干物质和养分分配量,促进产量的提高,对花生高产增效有良好的促进作用;炭基复合肥在花生进入结荚期后,对花生干物质及养分积累分配的促进作用减弱,效果与施用猪厩肥相当。因此,在本试验条件下,生物炭直接施用具有维持其养分长期稳定释放,提高花生产量和肥料养分利用率的作用。      

Yield and Performance and Soil Properties of Organically Fertilized Fodder Crops

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimental amendments on yields of Trifolium subterraneum L., Pisum arvense L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam., and on soil characteristics. A two-year research was carried out comparing anaerobic digestate (AD) and olive-pomace compost (OPC) with mineral fertilizer (Min), commercial organic-mineral fertilizer (Org-min), and unfertilized control (Cont). Anaerobic digestate and OPC were firstly analyzed for their chemical characteristics. The most important parameters were recorded and soil properties were investigated. Anaerobic digestate showed the highest dry weight for ryegrass, the best yield in pea, and good level of dry matter in clover. Good responses were achieved by OPC. Anaerobic digestate increased total soil organic carbon by 14.4, 8.1 and 7.6% than Min, Org-min and Cont, respectively. Olive-pomace compost increased the same parameter by 16.3, 10.0, and 9.5%. The findings indicated the possibility to substitute mineral fertilizers with organic ones without decreasing yields and support soil fertility.     

Use of urea to correct immature Urban composts for agricultural purposes

Abstract

Municipal solid waste composts are often inadequately stabilized for agricultural purposes. In addition, compost quality may be even more reduced by loss of nitrogen (N) during the composting process. We have utilized a compost with a high content of soluble sugars (11 mg g^‐1, DM, indicating immaturity) and a low ? concentration (0.95%, DM). The compost had a low level of heavy metals. Results obtained in a germination bioassay conducted with cress, ryegrass and sunflower in a compost‐sand mixture reflected the immaturity of the compost. Such composts should be fortified with ? (in a complete fertilizer, when possible), at the same time avoiding an intimate contact with the soil (e.g., plowing down). When the compost (and raw wastes and wastes at the 4th week of composting) was mixed with a soil at a heavy rate (2.5 % w:w), ryegrass seedling emergence in pots was not affected, but the plantlets’ fresh weight in the compost treatment was significantly lower than that in the control (soil) and lower than that in the raw wastes, probably due to the lower ? concentration. As expected, plantlet fresh weight was notably increased by the combination of compost and wastes with a complete fertilizer. The application of compost in combination with a complete fertilizer or urea did not affect either dry matter production or nutrient uptake of ryegrass, despite the combination's being applied just at sowing (in pots). Results obtained in these experiments indicate that combining immature composts with urea [supplemented with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), when possible] at a ratio of about 50:1 (about 200 kg urea per 101 compost) could be sufficient to prevent negative results in crop establishment. Such practices could contribute to overcoming the limited fertilizing capacity of the composts.