反刍动物瘤胃甲烷生成的营养调控研究进展

反刍动物排放的甲烷是温室气体主要来源之一,在瘤胃发酵过程中2％～12％的日粮总能以甲烷的形式被损失掉.营养调控会影响瘤胃发酵模式和终产物类型.目前,甲烷减排的日粮营养调控策略主要包括调整日粮结构、提高牧草质量、使用瘤胃发酵调节剂、添加植物次生代谢产物和化学抑制剂等.文章综述反刍动物甲烷排放现状、瘤胃甲烷生成机制和甲烷减...     

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的调控措施

综述了近几年对反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的产生所采取的各种调控措施,如通过饲养管理调控甲烷产生、控制乙酸和丙酸的比例、提供电子释放的新途径、添加抑制剂及引入其他菌等几个方面。其中部分措施在目前应用中存在着一定的局限性,因此笔者对未来调控反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的措施进行了展望。     

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的营养调控

甲烷是仅次于CO2的全球第二大温室气体,其中,反刍动物年产CH4约7.7×107 t,占大气中的CH4总量的25%,而且每年还以1%的速度递增。因此研究反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的营养调控对甲烷的生成影响有重要意义。本文综述了瘤胃甲烷的产生机制、瘤胃产甲烷菌与瘤胃微生物的关系和反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的营养调控措施。     

植物次生代谢产物调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵及甲烷产生的研究进展

论文主要阐述了植物次级代谢产物的种类,及其对反刍动物瘤胃微生物（原虫、真菌、细菌）的影响,进一步综述了其对瘤胃发酵参数（瘤胃液pH、氨态氮的浓度、挥发性脂肪酸浓度）、瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成及甲烷产量的影响.     

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产量预测模型

本文综述了反刍动物瘤胃甲烷(CH4)产生的基本过程、瘤胃CH4产量预测模型的类型及特点,分析了现有模型存在的问题,指出了研究瘤胃CH4产量预测模型的重要性.     

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生及调控的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷气体的排放是一种能量损失,也加剧了全球温室效应。因此,减少瘤胃内甲烷的产生对提高饲料能量利用率和改善环境具有重要的意义。文章从甲烷产生的机制、测定方法、以及控制瘤胃内产生甲烷的措施进行了综述。     

反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的产生及甲烷抑制剂的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃发酵所产生的甲烷通过嗳气经口排出体外,不仅会使饲料的利用率降低,也会加剧温室效应。因此,减少反刍动物瘤胃甲烷的排放量对经济和环境双方面都具有重要意义。主要对反刍动物的甲烷产生机制、甲烷排放量的影响因素以及甲烷抑制剂种类等方面进行了综述。     

反刍动物瘤胃内环境的调控

瘤胃在反刍动物营养代谢过程中有着不可代替的重要作用,大部分营养物质在瘤胃中消化,然后被消化道吸收利用。因此,为提高营养物质的利用率,对瘤胃内环境的调控是一个研究热点。本文综述了瘤胃在反刍动物三大营养物质代谢中的重要作用、神经内分泌对瘤胃代谢的调节以及影响瘤胃内环境的人工因素。     

Regulation of lactate metabolism in the rumen

The regulation of lactic acid production, the regulation of lactate fermentation and the role of lactate as intermediate in the rumen metabolism was studied.The pH had a pronounced effect on all three processes and therefore buffer capacity of the rumen contents is also described.Starch gave much less rise to lactic acidosis than soluble sugars, as glucose and fructose. Most bacteria grow faster and therefore produce more lactic acid when amino acids and/or soluble proteins are present in the diet.Activity of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) of mixed rumen microorganisms is regulated by the NADH/NAD (H) balance and the ATP concentration. About 60% of the LDH in mixed rumen microorganisms is fructose-1, 6-diphosphate independent. Megasphaera elsdenii ferments 60 to 80% of the lactate fermented in the rumen of dairy cattle.Lactate accumulates only when the glycolytic flux (hexose units fermented per unit time per microorganism) is high. During adaptation, the glycolytic flux is increased and lactate may accumulate. After adaptation to a certain diet, the number of microorganisms is changed and the glycolytic flux again is normal and lactate is only a minor intermediate in rumen metabolism.     

Effects of pure plant secondary metabolites on methane production,rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria populations in vitro

In this study, the effects of seven pure plant secondary metabolites (PSM s) on rumen fermentation, methane (CH₄) production and rumen bacterial community composition were determined. Two in vitro trials were conducted. In trial 1, nine concentrations of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate, α‐ pinene, thymoquinone and thymol were incubated on separate days using in vitro 24‐hr batch incubations. All compounds tested demonstrated the ability to alter rumen fermentation parameters and decrease CH₄ production. However, effective concentrations differed among individual PSM s. The lowest concentrations that reduced (p  <  .05) CH₄ production were as follows: 8 mg/L of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 120 mg/L of thymoquinone, 240 mg/L of thymol and 480 mg/L of α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate and α‐ pinene. These concentrations were selected for use in trial 2. In trial 2, PSM s were incubated in one run. Methane was decreased (p  <  .05) by all PSM s at selected concentrations. However, only 8‐hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone decreased (p  <  .05) CH₄ relative to volatile fatty acids (VFA s). Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, different PSM s changed the composition of bacterial communities to different extents. As revealed by Ion Torrent sequencing, the effects of PSM s on relative abundance were most pronounced in the predominant families, especially in Lachnospiraceae , Succinivibrionaceae , Prevotellaceae , unclassified Clostridiales and Ruminococcaceae . The CH ₄ production was correlated negatively (?.72; p  <  .05) with relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and positively with relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae (.86; p  <  .05). In summary, this study identified three pure PSM s (8hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone) with potentially promising effects on rumen CH₄ production. The PSM s tested in this study demonstrated considerable impact on rumen bacterial communities even at the lowest concentrations that decreased CH₄ production. The findings from this study may help to elucidate how PSM s affect rumen bacterial fermentation.     

大蒜素对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量的影响

大蒜素能调控瘤胃发酵模式,明显降低瘤胃甲烷产量,降低氨态氮浓度.本文综述了大蒜素及其抑茵机制,以及大蒜素对甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵的影响.     

酵母培养物对瘤胃酸中毒的调控

瘤胃酸中毒是反刍动物现代集约化养殖中常见的一种代谢疾病。酵母培养物作为一种天然的微生物添加剂受到越来越多的关注。酵母培养物能够改善瘤胃发酵模式、维持瘤胃微生物区系稳定。本文通过阐述瘤胃酸中毒的发生机制、酵母培养物对瘤胃酸中毒的调控作用以及影响酵母培养物在反刍动物生产上应用效果的因素,以期为酵母培养物更好地在反刍动物生产中发挥调控作用提供参考。     

茶籽饼和香蕉叶用于瘤胃原虫的调控

<正>牛、羊等反刍家畜消化道的一个最重要特点,是有一个由四个形态学上明显不同的部分组成的完整的胃,即由瘤胃、网胃(蜂巢胃)、瓣胃(腺胃)、皱胃(真胃)组成。瘤胃是第一大胃,它是整个胃中最大的部分,占胃总容积的80%左右。而且瘤胃内含有大量的     

体外法研究延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物发酵活力及甲烷产量的影响

为探讨延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃甲烷产量及瘤胃微生物发酵活力的影响,本研究共设计了3个试验来阐明该问题。试验1采用体外批次培养,研究了不同日粮条件下(高牧草日粮、中等水平牧草的日粮和低牧草日粮)添加延胡索酸二钠(0,4和7mmol/L)对山羊瘤胃微生物发酵及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明,较对照相比,添加延胡索酸二钠显著提高了累积产气量、pH值和TVFA产量(P<0.05),降低了甲烷产量(P<0.05),其中高牧草日粮组下降幅度最大。试验2探讨了延胡索酸二钠对黄化瘤胃球菌发酵粗饲料活力的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比;添加延胡索酸二钠显著提高了黄化瘤胃球菌数量及其对黑麦草的降解率(P<0.05);试验3探讨了延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃真菌发酵粗饲料活力的影响,结果显示,延胡索酸二钠显著降低了厌氧真菌发酵的总产气量、干物质消失率及羧甲基纤维素酶酶活(P<0.05)。结果说明,延胡索酸二钠在降低甲烷产量方面与发酵底物的天然特性有关,其中对高牧草日粮的作用效应最为显著;延胡索酸二钠可提高瘤胃混合微生物与瘤胃纤维降解菌发酵粗饲料的能力,但对瘤胃真菌的发酵活力具有抑制效应。     

脂肪酸添加剂对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷的影响

21头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组,每组3头,对照组饲喂全混日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组每天饲喂TMR加50.0 g、100.0 g、150.0 g、200.0 g、250.0 g、300.0 g/头复合脂肪酸日粮,主要探讨复合脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)产量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度和pH值及产奶性能的影响。结果,TMR中每天添加150.0~200.0 g/头复合脂肪酸,明显(P<0.05)提高奶牛乳脂率和瘤胃乙酸浓度,显著(P<0.05)降低奶牛的CH4释放量、CH4能/GE值和瘤胃NH3-N浓度,对奶牛的标准乳(FCM)、乳干物质、乳蛋白和乳糖均有提高趋势,能有效地提高奶牛的经济效益和生态效益。     

Identification of rumen microbial biomarkers linked to methane emission in Holstein dairy cows

Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is relevant for reducing the environmental impact of ruminant production. In this study, the rumen microbiome from Holstein cows was characterized through a combination of 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Methane production (CH₄) and dry matter intake (DMI) were individually measured over 4–6 weeks to calculate the CH₄ yield (CH₄y = CH₄/DMI) per cow. We implemented a combination of clustering, multivariate and mixed model analyses to identify a set of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) jointly associated with CH₄y and the structure of ruminal microbial communities. Three ruminotype clusters (R1, R2 and R3) were identified, and R2 was associated with higher CH₄y. The taxonomic composition on R2 had lower abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Methanosphaera, and higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Metagenomic data confirmed the lower abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Methanosphaera in R2 and identified genera (Fibrobacter and unclassified Bacteroidales) not highlighted by metataxonomic analysis. In addition, the functional metagenomic analysis revealed that samples classified in cluster R2 were overrepresented by genes coding for KEGG modules associated with methanogenesis, including a significant relative abundance of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase enzyme. Based on the cluster assignment, we applied a sparse partial least-squares discriminant analysis at the taxonomic and functional levels. In addition, we implemented a sPLS regression model using the phenotypic variation of CH₄y. By combining these two approaches, we identified 86 discriminant bacterial OTUs, notably including families linked to CH₄ emission such as Succinivibrionaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Rikenellaceae. These selected OTUs explained 24% of the CH₄y phenotypic variance, whereas the host genome contribution was ~14%. In summary, we identified rumen microbial biomarkers associated with the methane production of dairy cows; these biomarkers could be used for targeted methane-reduction selection programmes in the dairy cattle industry provided they are heritable.