巴马小型猪在达芬奇机器人手术系统中的麻醉管理

为探讨巴马小型猪在达芬奇机器人微创手术中的麻醉管理策略,以丙泊酚麻醉作诱导,异氟醚维持麻醉的复合麻醉方法对巴马小型猪进行全身麻醉,同时用达芬奇机器人对其分别进行心脏、肺脏、肝脏和胃的微创手术,于术前、术中及术后监测巴马小型猪动脉血气和血流动力学变化。结果各组试验猪均顺利完成手术,手术平均时间(166±34)min,麻醉时间(181±38)min,气胸(气腹)时间(122±33)min,在整个麻醉过程及苏醒过程中,各组试验猪安全平稳,未出现体动表现。由此可见,该麻醉方法可用于达芬奇机器人手术系统,且为人医临床应用中的麻醉管理奠定基础。     

猪全身麻醉的临床试验

猪全身麻醉主要用于猪疝(腹股沟阴囊疝、脐疝、外伤性腹壁疝、会阴疝)和无痛去势,有时也用于母猪的剖腹产。本研究采用猪安神穴电针麻醉,药物硫喷妥钠、丙泊酚、速眠新Ⅱ、保定宁进行临床麻醉试验。试验结果表明,硫喷妥钠的麻醉效果最佳,电针麻醉效果良好,丙泊酚注射液效果一般,而速眠新Ⅱ和保定宁的效果不太理想。     

普通级巴马小型猪部分血液学指标的测定

为测定普通级巴马小型猪部分血液学指标,比较其性别间差异,试验选用3月龄～4月龄小型猪,测定其16项血清生化指标、15项血液学指标和3项血凝指标,并根据测定结果对雌、雄小型猪的测定值进行比较.结果表明巴马小型猪的所有检测指标雌雄间差异均不显著(P＞0.05).普通级巴马小型猪的16项血清生化指标、15项血液学指标和3项血...     

巴马小型猪疥螨病的诊断与防治

对新引进的24头巴马小型猪疑似感染的猪疥螨病进行确诊:临床观察可见体表出现红点、龟裂,奇痒;血常规检查结果轻微贫血;猪群在饲喂约2 h后观察,其蹭痒指数为0.46(11/24);显微镜检查发现大量猪疥螨虫体和虫卵,借助于计算机软件系统对其形态特征进行鉴定。用伊维菌素进行体内驱虫,用辛硫磷浇泼溶液进行猪体表和外环境虫体的杀灭,对个别患病严重的猪注射伊维菌素针剂,效果显著;猪舍加强通风与除湿。通过诊断和治疗,确定引进的巴马小型猪患疥螨病。     

猪脐疝手术的简便操作方法

猪脐疝是外科常遇到的病例 ,手术方法多种多样。现在笔者介绍一种在临床上常用的简便的方法。1　准备工具手术刀 ,止血钳 ,持针钳 ,肠钳 ,纱布 ,缝针 ,缝线。2　操作①保定 :仰卧保定或倒挂保定。②消毒 :局部剃毛 ,5%碘酊、75%酒精 ,消毒手术部位。③麻醉 :普鲁卡因注射液局部浸润麻醉。④疝囊切开 :纵切疝囊 ,切开皮肤 ,钝性剥离至露出囊膜 ,分离囊膜与周围组织 ,一直分离到疝环的根部。⑤还纳肠管 :提起囊膜 ,检查肠管是否可自然回到腹腔 ,如果发生粘连 ,应在未粘连处切个小口 ,然后根据粘连情况扩大创口 ,作分离还纳。⑥闭合疝环口 :将…     

巴马小型猪动物模型在医学领域的研究进展

巴马小型猪是中国原产地闭锁繁殖的优质品种,具有遗传稳定性、理想的毛色分布、体型小、多产性、饲养要求低、抗病力强等优势,且在生理学、解剖结构、药物代谢、生化指标和疾病发生机制等方面与人类相似,已用于心血管、皮肤整形、内分泌及代谢、消化、口腔医学、异种移植、中医、麻醉学、神经系统等广泛医学领域的研究,建立了心肌缺血、冠脉微栓塞、卵圆孔未闭、动脉粥样硬化、皮肤创伤、经皮给药、代谢综合征、糖尿病及其并发症、梗阻性黄疸、慢性胰腺炎、肝硬化、肝脏射频消融、牙周组织炎症、下颌骨缺损、异种器官/细胞移植、中医征候、手术麻醉、脑缺血、支架植入、休克等一系列类似于人类疾病的动物模型,表明巴马小型猪作为理想的试验动物在生物医学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。作者综述了巴马小型猪作为试验动物在各医学领域的应用进展,了解现有巴马小型猪疾病模型的种类、构建方法及病理特征,有助于进一步探索具体的病因、发病机制、并发症和防制手段等,为拓展研究范围、提高医学水平奠定了科学基础。     

中国巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的检测

目的 :对我国特有巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒 ( porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV)的存在与 m RNA的表达情况进行检测 ,了解巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的携带情况。方法 :根据以往建立的 PCR、RT-PCR检测方法 ,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的 DNA和RNA样品进行 PERV核心蛋白基因 ( gag)、多聚酶基因 ( pol)及囊膜基因 ( env)的存在与表达进行检测 ;同时 ,根据目前通用的 env基因分型方法检测 PERV env-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达。结果 :在 1 2个被检的 DNA样品中均检出了PERV特异性 DNA的存在 ;同样 ,在 1 2个被检的 RNA样品中均有 PERV特异性 RNA的表达 ,且所表达的 PERV均为 A型和 B型 ;其中有9个 DNA样品检测出 PERV-C型的存在 ,所有样品中均未检出 C型 PERV的表达。结论 :检测结果表明 1 2个被检巴马小型猪基因组中存在着内源性反转录病毒序列 ,且能以 m RNA的形式表达 ,这一结果为我国特有小型猪的开发、利用及其病毒安全性评价奠定了基础。     

广西巴马小型猪动脉粥样硬化模型的制作

本试验旨在制作广西巴马小型猪动脉粥样硬化模型,初步判断猪发生动脉粥样硬化时的指数值,以期为今后建立相关模型提供依据。试验选取广西巴马小型猪试验组和对照组各10头,通过饲喂高脂高胆固醇饲料建立动脉粥样硬化模型,检测建模过程中血液生化指标,将动脉粥样硬化指数与血管切片作关联分析,初步拟定发生动脉粥样硬化时的指数值。屠宰后血管切片结果显示,试验组有2头广西巴马小型猪发生动脉粥样硬化,对照组均正常。2头广西巴马小型猪的血管切片结果与动脉粥样硬化指数进行关联分析后,初步拟定的动脉粥样硬化指数值在3.8以上,并持续3个月以上。     

实验用巴马小型猪的遗传多样性研究

为了研究屏障环境下小规模保存实验用巴马小型猪的遗传学背景,试验运用19个微卫星基因座,对长期在屏障环境下封闭饲养的同世代、同父本但不同母本的3窝巴马小型猪(BM/HVRI猪)进行分子群体遗传学检测,计算平均等位基因数(Na)、平均观察杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He),检验Hardy-Weinberg平衡并进行遗传分化分析。结果表明:该群体的Na、Ho和He分别为3.05±0.71,0.703 7±0.019 2和0.574 6±0.023 1,3窝仔猪的He分别为0.558 3±0.029 3,0.552 0±0.037 3和0.549 2±0.030 8,且差异不显著(P>0.05);经完全枚举法检验,A窝和C窝分别有3个和5个基因座偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡;经U检验,A窝和C窝分别有4个和6个基因座存在杂合子过剩,仅C窝1个基因座表现出杂合子缺失现象。说明该猪群遗传多样性较低,处于低度杂合状态,窝系之间不存在遗传分化。     

The effect of general anesthesia and abdominal surgery upon plasma thromboxane B concentrations in horses

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of anesthesia alone with anesthesia and abdominal surgery on plasma thromboxane B(2) concentrations in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Non-randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Six male mixed-bred horses (5-12 years, 350 +/- 18 kg). METHODS: All horses were anesthetized for 2.5 hours using halothane, and a month later abdominal surgery was performed using the same anesthetic technique with a similar duration. The schedule of anesthesia included pre-medication with diazepam (0.1 mg kg(-1) IM), followed by xylazine (2.2 mg kg(-1) IV), and 10 minutes later anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg kg(-1) IV). After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Blood samples for the determination of thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) were obtained before, at induction, at 60 minutes after halothane was first inspired, and at recovery from anesthesia as well as at the corresponding stages of the experimental abdominal surgery (before induction, prior to laparotomy, enterectomy, enteroanastomosis, abdominal wall closure). RESULTS: Baseline value for the anesthesia group was 76 +/- 12 pg mL(-1) and increased (p < 0.001) after 1 hour of anesthesia to 265 +/- 40 pg mL(-1). With surgery, the corresponding value was 285 +/- 21 pg mL(-1) (hour 1, p < 0.001) and 210 +/- 28 pg mL(-1) (hour 2, p < 0.001), respectively. These were not different from anesthesia alone. CONCLUSION: The increased concentrations of thromboxane B(2) between 1 and 2.5 hours of halothane anesthesia and during the corresponding stages of the surgical intervention suggested that the anesthetic technique caused a significant increase in thromboxane B(2) and that surgery did not appear to contribute to this response.     

An inhaler device using liquid injection of isoflurane for short term anesthesia in piglets

OBJECTIVES: To test a novel inhaler for administering isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia to piglets during castration and other surgical procedures of short duration. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. Animals Fifty-seven male piglets aged 6-10 days, body weight 1.1-3.5 kg. METHODS: An inhaler was developed which consisted of a mask, center body with open-close valve, vaporization chamber with wick and injection port, and a rebreathing bag. Liquid ISO required for induction of anesthesia and surgery was calculated, based on a desired alveolar ISO concentration of 1.82%. Dose was calculated using a square root of time model and metabolic size (B.W. 0.75). For practical use the calculated dose was expressed in relation to scale weight (kg). Isoflurane was delivered into the liquid injection port, followed by oxygen to fill the rebreathing bag and initiate vaporization. After the mask was fitted over the piglet's nose, the sliding open-close valve was opened to allow respiratory flow to move gases in and out of the inhaler and rebreathing bag. Fifty-seven male piglets received anesthesia prior to castration. Morbidity and mortality were assessed relative to unanesthetized litter mates. Induction, recovery and total anesthetic times were measured. End-tidal CO2 was measured immediately after mask removal by capnography. Costs of equipment and anesthetic agent were calculated. RESULTS: Mean induction time was rapid, 47.5 +/-8.7 seconds, generally with minimal or no struggling. Surgery usually lasted less than 30 seconds and was always completed prior to the 120 seconds allotted for induction and surgery. Anesthesia was adequate and recovery time was 122 +/- 44 seconds. Total time from start to standing was 260 +/- 51 seconds. The end-tidal CO2 was 5.2 +/- 1.1 kPa (39.4 +/- 8.4 mmHg). No morbidity or mortality was associated with either group. Inhaler construction costs were below $100, and liquid ISO cost ranged between $0.02 and $0.03 per piglet. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isoflurane delivered in a novel inhaler has the potential to provide economical, safe, rapid anesthetic induction and safe, smooth recovery in piglets.     

犬硬膜外阻滞对腹部手术应激的初步研究

8例犬间隔1个月分别施行2次腹部手术,第1次采用硬膜外阻滞(试验组,n=8),第2次采用硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉(对照组,n=8)。分别于麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)、切开腹壁时(T2)、手术30min(T3)、手术完毕时(T4)、手术后24h(T5)、手术后48h(T6)7个时间静脉采血,采用放射免疫法测定血浆皮质醇、白细胞介素-2浓度,采用比色法测定血糖浓度。结果:(1)对照组血浆皮质醇浓度平均值显著高于试验组(P<0·05),尤其在T3、T4时显著高于试验组(P<0·05)。对照组在T3、T4时血浆皮质醇浓度显著高于T0(P<0·05),而试验组各时间与T0比较均无显著差异(P>0·05);(2)对照组血浆白细胞介素-2浓度平均值极显著低于试验组(P<0·01),尤其在T1、T2、T5和T6时显著低于试验组。对照组在T5时、试验组在T3、T4时其血浆白细胞介素-2浓度均显著低于T0;(3)对照组血糖浓度平均值显著高于试验组,尤其在T4时显著高于试验组。对照组在T3、T4、T5和T6时、试验组则在T4时其血糖浓度均显著高于T0。结论:硬膜外阻滞组与硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉比较,硬膜外阻滞能够更有效缓解犬腹部手术的应激反应。     

Epidural anesthesia in dogs undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery: effects of two injection sites

This prospective clinical trial evaluated the effects of epidural anesthesia (EA) placed at the lumbosacral compared to the L5–L6 junction in dogs undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery. In all, 98 dogs were randomly assigned to receive injection at either L7–S1 (LS group) or L5–L6 (LL group) at the same local anesthetic regimen (1 mg/kg bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.1 mg/kg morphine 1%). Fentanyl (1 µg/kg) was the intraoperative rescue analgesia (iRA) administered if mean arterial pressure increased by 30% above pre-stimulation value. Procedural failure, iRA, hypotension, motor block resolution, and postoperative side effects were recorded. There were 7/47 (15%) epidural procedural failures in the LS group and 8/51 (16%) (P=1.00) in the LL group; iRA was administered in 21/40 (52%) LS group dogs and in 13/43 (30%) LL group dogs, respectively (P=0.047). The incidence of hypotension was 10/40 (25%) and 16/43 (37%) in the LS group and the LL group, respectively (P=0.25). Proprioceptive residual deficit at 8 hr after EA was recorded in 3/26 (12%) in group LS dogs and in 13/26 (50%) group LL dogs, respectively (P=0.01). The proprioceptive residual deficit at 24 hr in one dog (LL group) resolved within 36 hr. No episodes of postoperative urinary retention, pruritus or neurological damage were recorded. The L5–L6 EA decreased significantly iRA but delays the proprioceptive recovery time. Further studies are needed to determine whether a lower bupivacaine dose reduces the duration of the residual block retaining the same incidence of iRA.     

Eugenol for anesthesia of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of anesthesia attained in Xenopus laevis frogs with eugenol at different doses and by different routes of administration. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Sixty X. laevis nonbreeding female frogs weighing between 90 and 140 g. METHODS: Three different routes of administration were tested - subcutaneous injections into the dorsal lymph sacs, topical administration using a gauze patch, and immersion in a bath containing eugenol. Following the determination of the best route of administration, the acetic acid test, the withdrawal reflex, righting reflex, heart rate, and respiratory frequency were used to evaluate central nervous system depression following eugenol bath administration. In an additional group, the response to a surgical incision of the abdominal wall was evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of eugenol were determined following bath immersion administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following blood concentration determination by tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS: It was not possible to induce anethesia with subcutaneous and patch administration, independent of the eugenol dose administered. The immersion bath was the only efficacious route for anesthesia inducing surgical anesthesia for at least 30 minutes with postoperative analgesia. Histopathology of selected tissues (heart, lung, liver, kidneys, eyes) showed no evidence of lesions 24 hours following bath immersion. The elimination half-life (T(1/2)) was 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS: When administered as a single-bath immersion (dose 350 mg L(-1)) for 15 minutes, eugenol may serve as an effective anesthetic in X. laevis frogs for short surgical procedures.     

Comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane for short-term anesthesia in piglets

OBJECTIVES: To compare isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO) short-term anesthesia in piglets during castration. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. ANIMALS: A total of 114 male piglets aged 6-10 days, body weight 1.3-5.0 kg. METHODS: Piglets were randomly selected from multiple litters and randomly assigned to being anesthetized with ISO or SEVO prior to castration. To calculate appropriate doses for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, a square root of time model was used, with calculations based on metabolic size and attainment of 1.3x minimum alveolar concentration. The equipotent target alveolar concentration of ISO was 1.82% and for SEVO 4.03%. After doses were calculated, a table listing piglet weights and agent requirements was produced. Anesthetics were delivered via liquid anesthetic injection into a previously developed rebreathing inhaler that was filled with oxygen prior to use. Piglets were anesthetized, castrated and allowed to recover prior to return to the sow. Times for induction, recovery and total time to standing were recorded, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2) tensions were measured by capnography immediately after mask removal. Each response variable was analyzed in sas using the Proc Mixed procedure, with piglet weight and days of age as covariates. Castration problems and mortality were assessed relative to unanesthetized littermates. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in age, weight or total anesthetic time between the anesthetics. Induction time was shorter, recovery time longer, and Pe'CO2 lower with ISO. No morbidity or mortality was associated with either group. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isoflurane and SEVO, delivered in a novel inhaler, provided economical, safe, rapid anesthetic induction and maintenance. Optimal conditions were provided for castration and recoveries were brief and smooth. Statistically significant differences in times would be of minor clinical importance. The cost of anesthesia was much less with ISO than with SEVO.     

Use of the Anderson Sling suspension system for recovery of horses from general anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To describe a sling recovery system (Anderson Sling) for horses and to evaluate outcome of high-risk horses recovered from general anesthesia by a sling. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Horses (n=24) recovered from general anesthesia. METHODS: Complete medical and anesthetic records (1996-2003) for horses recovered from general anesthesia using the Anderson Sling system were evaluated retrospectively. Information retrieved included anesthetic protocol, surgical procedure, recovery protocol, recovery time, and quality of the recovery. Horses were recovered from anesthesia supported by the Anderson Sling in a standing position within a traditional padded equine recovery stall. RESULTS: Twenty-four horses had 32 assisted recoveries; 31 events were successful. No complications associated with the sling or recovery system protocol occurred. One horse was intolerant of the sling's support and was reanesthetized and recovered successfully using head and tail ropes. CONCLUSION: The Anderson Sling recovery system is an effective and safe way to recover horses that are at increased risk for injury associated with adverse events during recovery from general anesthesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The Anderson Sling system should be considered for assisted recovery of equine patients from general anesthesia.     

重组N蛋白间接ELISA检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体

用纯化的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒重组N蛋白作为包被抗原，建立了检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体的间接ELISA方法，并确定了ELISA最佳工作条件：抗原包被浓度为0．27μg/ml，37C1h加4C过夜，血清(1：40)和酶标免抗猪IgG(1：400)分别在37℃温育30min，底物溶液37℃显色15min。经重复性试验、交叉试验、阻断试验等试验结果表明该方法重复性好、特异性强、灵敏度高；与美国IDEXX试剂盒相比较，特异性和敏感性分别为97．6％和92．1％，无显著性差异。用已建立的方法检测临床血清样本187份，总阳性率为30．5％。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒重组N蛋白间接ELISA方法的建立

用纯化的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组核衣壳(N)蛋白作为包被抗原,建立了PRRSV抗体检测的间接ELISA方法,并优化确定了ELISA最佳工作条件:重组抗原包被浓度为13.3 μg/mL,37℃1h或4℃过夜;5％脱脂乳37℃封闭2h;血清1:40稀释,37℃作用90 min;酶标二抗1∶4000稀释,37...