1株大鲵源葡萄牙柠檬酸杆菌的全基因组测定及毒力基因和耐药基因的分析

葡萄牙柠檬酸杆菌是一种新发现的条件性致病菌,为明确重庆地区大鲵源多重耐药葡萄牙柠檬酸杆菌的基因组及其耐药特征,本试验对患病大鲵分离菌进行鉴定、药敏试验、全基因组测序及毒力、耐药基因的分析。分离菌首先通过16S rDNA进行初步鉴定,腹腔注射健康小鼠观察其致病性;利用Kirby-Bauer(K-B)纸片法进行9类共35种抗生素的敏感性试验;再利用二代测序技术进行全基因组测序,通过生物软件和数据库对分离菌的毒力基因和耐药基因进行分析。结果显示,分离菌鉴定为葡萄牙柠檬酸杆菌,将其命名为CQ-CP1,该菌对小鼠具有较强的致病性。药敏试验显示CQ-CP1对多种抗生素不敏感,为多重耐药菌株。全基因组测序该菌株共有5 006 960 bp, G+C含量为51.8%,共编码有4 722个结构蛋白,基因组信息在GenBank中的登录号为RZIH00000000.1。病原毒力因子数据库(VFDB)比对发现CQ-CP1中共有49个与毒力相关的基因,与细菌的运动、黏附、转录等相关;耐药基因数据库比对结果显示,该菌携带6个耐药基因(ARG),分别是氨基糖苷类aadA1,喹诺酮类qnrS1、qnrB32,β内酰胺...     

1株山鸡源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定

为查明秦皇岛市某山鸡养殖场山鸡大批量死亡病因,试验对分离到的致病优势菌株进行生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,并测试分离菌对21种抗生素的敏感性,进一步采用PCR方法检测分离菌的耐药基因。利用清洁级昆明小鼠和SPF鸡胚分别对分离菌进行致病性试验,并采用PCR方法检测分离菌的毒力基因。结果显示：分离菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,在伊红美蓝培养基上生长出有金属光泽的菌落,生化特性与大肠杆菌生化特性符合率高达99%。BLAST分析发现,分离菌16S rRNA序列与大肠杆菌的基因相似性高达99.8%。分离菌对恩诺沙星和阿米卡星高度敏感,对青霉素、头孢曲松等15种药物耐药。分离菌的磺胺类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类的耐药基因与耐药表型基本相符,其余耐药基因与耐药表型不符,提示该分离菌可能存在其他的耐药机制。致病性试验结果显示,分离菌具有较强致病性,共检测到12种大肠杆菌主要毒力基因。研究表明,分离菌为山鸡源致病性大肠杆菌,且耐药情况复杂,具有较强的毒力和致病性。     

猪丹毒丝菌不同年代分离菌株流行病学特征及部分生物学特性比较研究

比较新近分离到的4株猪丹毒丝菌与4株20世纪50—80年代猪丹毒丝菌参考菌株的流行病学特征及部分生物学特性。观察菌株的生长形态特征,绘制生长曲线,测定生理生化特性、药物敏感特性、半数致死量(LD50)及疫苗免疫保护作用,同时用PCR方法扩增8株猪丹毒丝菌4个毒力因子的7个毒力基因片段,并以GXBY-1代表株进行毒力基因的遗传进化分析。结果显示,8株菌表现出一致的形态特征、生长曲线和生理生化特性;LD50结果显示,新近分离到的4株菌LD50高于4株参考菌株,表明新近分离菌株毒力有所下降;免疫保护试验结果表明,免疫GC42株活疫苗的昆明小鼠在注射不同年代的猪丹毒丝菌后仍能保持80%~100%存活;对8株菌进行30种常用抗菌药物的药物敏感试验,结果显示,8株菌对β-内酰胺类、氯霉素类、大环内酯类、硝基呋喃类和双萜类药物仍保持高敏,但对四环素、林可霉素、诺氟沙星敏感性出现差异,4株新近临床分离菌株对上述3种药物的敏感性显著低于4株老菌株,表现为耐药。多数菌株对氨基糖苷类、多肽类、磺胺类、硝基咪唑类、利福霉素家族药物表现为耐药。8株菌均能扩增出7个毒力基因,与参考菌株相比新近临床分离菌株毒力基因中仅CPS A、CPS C发生变异,而SpaA、Sialidase、CPS B、RspA、RspB为保守基因,同源性近100%。结果表明,不同年代猪丹毒丝菌具有较为一致的生物学特性,但其中菌株LD50、药物敏感特性、毒力基因遗传性出现了差异。     

吉林省猪源沙门菌毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为了解吉林省规模化猪场猪群中沙门菌的携带、毒力基因分布及耐药性等情况,本试验于2013年间采集吉林省规模化猪场猪直肠拭子540份,经细菌分离、生化鉴定、分子生物学鉴定,共检出猪源沙门菌18株,检出率3.33%,同时对菌株进行药敏试验、毒力基因检测及致病性试验。结果显示,18株分离株对链霉素耐药率为72.22%,对四环素耐药率为72.22%,其他药物耐药率普遍高于22.2%,且多重耐药严重。此外,共检测10种毒力基因,其中sseC、spvA、spvR三种基因检出率分别为72.2%、72.2%、83.3%。小鼠致病性试验中,有11株分离株对小鼠具有较强的致病性(61.1%)。表明分离沙门菌存在多重耐药现象,且致病力的增强可能与毒力岛和毒力质粒的存在有关。     

陕西地区羊源致病性大肠杆菌耐药性分析与毒力基因检测

旨在了解陕西省部分地区腹泻羊源致病性大肠杆菌(E. coli)耐药性及毒力基因携带情况,本研究从10个养殖场采集54份腹泻羊拭子样品,经分离纯化、生化鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列分析,共分离得到50株E. coli,对分离菌进行药敏试验、耐药基因及毒力基因检测。结果显示,分离菌对氨苄西林、氟苯尼考和磺胺异噁唑耐药率达90%以上,且98%(49/50)为多重耐药菌,对8~11种抗生素耐药的菌株占68%(34/50),仅对美罗培南敏感。所有菌株均携带1~6种不同的耐药基因,其中,Sul1(64%)、TetA(34%)、bla_CTX-M(32%)携带率较高,未检测到bla_SHV。有5株产ESBLs的E. coli携带mcr-1耐药基因。毒力基因检测结果显示,98%(49/50)的菌株携带毒力基因,其中,etrA检出率最高,为80%(40/50)。综上表明,陕西省羊源E. coli多重耐药情况严峻,β-内酰胺类耐药基因与耐药表型不符,提示可能存在其他耐药机制,同时,分离菌具有复杂的毒力谱。本研究为陕西省羊源致病性E. coli感染的防控提供科学依据。     

冀北地区致犊牛腹泻奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性研究

为鉴定冀北地区养殖场中引起犊牛腹泻的病原菌,本实验于2021年～2023年采集冀北地区养殖场中患腹泻病奶肉犊牛的肛拭子、粪便及肝脏等病料样品247份,采用细菌分离培养、形态学观察、生化鉴定和ureR基因的PCR扩增等方法进行细菌的分离鉴定,结果显示,从采集的247份患腹泻病的奶肉犊牛病料样品中分离并鉴定到102株奇异变形杆菌(PM)。将分离菌人工感染小鼠(0.20 m L/只,含菌量为108cfu/mL),检测PM对小鼠的致病性。结果显示其中72株PM引起小鼠发病与死亡,为致病性PM,小鼠的死亡率在40%～100%。采用PCR方法及K-B药敏纸片法分别检测分离菌的毒力基因、相关耐药基因及耐药性,采用SPSS19软件中的Fisher确切概率法分析PM耐药表型与相关耐药基因之间的相关性。结果显示,毒力基因fliL、zapA、pmf A、atfA、rsb A、ureC、atfC在72株致病性PM中的检出率在63.4%～100%,其他毒力基因的检出率在2.7%～8.1%;72株致病性PM对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、安普霉素等12种药物耐药的菌株占51.4%以上,对其他药物耐药的菌株占6.9%～33....     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌DGL1促燕麦生长分子机制及代谢通路探究

分离自青海大格勒干旱沙地的解淀粉芽孢杆菌DGL1(Bacillus.amyloliquefaciens)被证实能够促进青海本地燕麦(Avena sativa)品种‘青燕1号’的生长。为了揭示DGL1促进燕麦生长的分子机制,本研究通过Illumina高通量转录组测序技术分析燕麦根部与菌株DGL1菌悬液分别互作2h,4h,8h,12h的处理组与对照组(CK)间的转录组差异表达基因,并通过GO富集、KEGG Pathway富集分析燕麦地上部分差异表达基因的相关代谢通路及关键基因。结果表明：燕麦根部与DGL1菌悬液互作2h,4h,8h和12h,燕麦叶部分别有1894,6130,8033和12215个差异表达基因,显著富集在氨基酸代谢、植物光合作用、次级产物代谢通路和与燕麦生长发育调控等相关代谢途径;通过KEGG富集分析发现IAA合成的色氨酸代谢途径中生长素早期响应蛋白编码基因AUXI、茉莉酸信号途径中核心受体编码基因COI1,铵转运蛋白编码基因AMT等基因显著上调,推测菌株DGL1对燕麦的促生机制是通过促进燕麦光合作用、激素代谢、次生代谢物合成、氨基酸代谢等多个途径相互协调的结果。     

肉牛溶血性大肠埃希菌分离鉴定和毒力与耐药基因检测及药敏试验

为了解肉牛溶血性大肠埃希菌毒力基因和耐药基因分布情况及药物敏感性,从河北省围场县采集的健康肉牛鼻腔棉拭子中分离鉴定溶血性大肠埃希菌,采用PCR检测大肠埃希菌的4个毒力基因和12个耐药基因,并采用K-B法进行药敏试验。结果表明,从116份健康的肉牛鼻腔中分离鉴定出23株溶血性大肠埃希菌,分离率为19.8%;毒力基因检测结果显示,6株菌同时携带LEE(Ler、eaeA)毒力基因,携带率26.1%,18株同时携带高致病性毒力基因HPIirp2、fyuA,携带率78.3%,6株同时携带LEE和HPI毒力基因,携带率为26.1%;耐药基因检测结果显示,blaTEM、aadA1耐药基因的携带率最高,为100%;药敏试验结果显示,23株溶血性大肠埃希菌对头孢氨苄、复方新诺明、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶耐药。结果表明,溶血性大肠埃希菌普遍存在于健康肉牛鼻腔中,HPI毒力基因和β-内酰胺类和耐链霉素类耐药基因携带率高。对河北省围场县肉牛溶血性大肠埃希菌毒力基因和耐药基因进行了研究,并进行药物敏感性分析,结果提示溶血性大肠埃希菌对肉牛养殖存在潜在威胁。     

金黄色葡萄球菌在生物被膜态与浮游态的转录组差异表达分析

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛细菌性乳腺炎的主要原因，生物被膜的形成是金黄色葡萄球菌在不利环境条件下持久性存在的关键因素。探索同一株菌在生物被膜态与浮游态生长状态下的耐药性与其生长状态的相关性，可为进一步探究金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性机制奠定基础。本研究培养了金黄色葡萄球菌的生物被膜，使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察其形成过程。测定并比较了9种抗菌药物对32株金黄色葡萄球菌在生物被膜态和浮游态的最小抑菌浓度，并对两种状态下的金黄色葡萄球菌进行转录组学测序，筛选出具有显著性差异的细胞信号通路和表达基因，同时对主要差异表达的基因进行RT-qPCR验证。结果发现，在生物被膜形成前期，随着培养时间的延长，显微镜下观察到的生物被膜态菌聚集面积越来越大，结构也越来越紧密，培养至72 h后，生物被膜逐渐开始分散。MIC测定结果显示浮游态菌的抑菌浓度低于生物被膜态菌。转录组结果显示两种状态菌的差异表达基因共1 512个，其中，生物被膜态菌中上调基因760个，下调752个。GO与KEGG富集分析显示，相比于浮游态菌，生物被膜态菌中与代谢相关的通路显著富集，其次为氨基酸的生物合成和ABC转运蛋白通路。与生物被膜形成相关的基因，如编码ABC转运蛋白的基因表达上调，而与代谢途径相关的基因下调。RT-qPCR验证了10个主要差异基因，其表达差异趋势与转录组测序结果一致。这些差异可能对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜态的高耐药性和细菌毒力的研究有所帮助。     

1株朱鹮源致病性拟肺炎克雷伯菌的分离鉴定与分子特征分析

为确定浙江省德清县下渚湖国家湿地公园1只野外朱鹮的死因及病原特性,对从肺、肝脏和腹水中分离出的病原菌进行形态特征、生化特性、16S rDNA鉴定,进而采用麻鸭腹腔接种鉴定其致病性、K-B纸片法药敏试验检测其耐药情况,并采用全基因组测序分析其耐药与毒力基因携带情况及ST型和分子血清型。结果显示,从朱鹮腹水和肺脏等样本分离到1株多重耐药致病性拟肺炎克雷伯菌,并暂定名为ZH200912。该菌株ST分型为ST3244,血清型为K165:O12,对1日龄麻鸭的LD₅₀ 为1×10^6.5 CFU;携带耐药相关基因24个,其中,bla_OKP-B-1,fosA6耐药基因与氨苄西林、哌拉西林和磷霉素耐药表型一致;对头孢噻肟耐药可能为携带多重耐药外排泵基因acrBD和耐药基因转录调节因子marAR等所致,虽然鉴定到oqxAB耐药基因但对喹诺酮类药物均不耐药;携带毒力基因67个,其中包括Ⅰ型菌毛蛋白基因fimACD、Ⅲ型菌毛蛋白基因mrkD、铁摄取相关基因肠杆菌素操纵子entABCEFS和fepABC,以及铁运输操纵子iroEN等核心毒力基因...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.