冀北山地桦木林土壤水分物理性质研究

以4种不同桦木组成比例的林分类型为研究对象,比较其土壤水分-物理性质,结果表明:土层深度与容重呈正相关,落桦混交林土壤容重最大(1.14g/cm~3),桦木混交林最小(1.00g/cm~3);土壤孔隙度整体规律基本一致,随土层深度增加而减小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤总孔隙度均是黑桦纯林最大,分别为45.0%、9.6%、53.6%;土壤持水量(除桦木混交林规律不明显外)整体规律基本一致,随土层深度的增加而减小,土壤毛管持水量均值桦木混交林最大(43.2%),土壤最大持水量均值黑桦纯林最大(49.3%);土壤入渗速率与时间呈幂函数关系,初渗速率和稳渗速率规律一致,均是桦木混交林最大、桦杨混交林最小。     

带状采伐对毛竹林土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响

为研究带状采伐后土壤质量的恢复特征,以福建省建瓯市房道镇千竹园毛竹林为研究对象,设置两种不同采伐宽度的带状采伐,即5 m(C1)和7 m(C2),以不进行采伐处理为对照(CK),研究采伐后Ⅰ时期(2018年10月)和Ⅱ时期(2019年6月)土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明:采伐后Ⅰ时期和Ⅱ时期相比,土壤质量含水量、最大持水量和毛管持水量显著增加;采伐后Ⅰ时期C1和C2的土壤容重小于CK,但采伐后Ⅱ时期则相反。土壤中的水解氮(DON)含量在采伐后Ⅰ时期表现为C2>C1>CK,在采伐后Ⅱ时期不同土层平均值表现为CK>C2>C1;土壤中的有效磷(AP)含量在采伐后Ⅰ和Ⅱ时期均表现为C1>C2>CK;土壤中的速效钾(AK)含量、电导率(EC)和p H值在采伐后Ⅰ和Ⅱ时期均表现为C2>C1>CK;与采伐后Ⅰ时期相比,采伐后Ⅱ时期的土壤蔗糖酶(S-SC)与土壤酸性磷酸酶(S-ACP)活性升高,而土壤脲酶(S-UE)活性下降。带状采伐能明显增加土壤中AP和AK含量,提高EC、土壤p H值和S-UE活性;7 m带状采伐在改善土壤理化方面优于5 m带状采伐;故通过带状采伐可以提高土壤质量,有利于毛竹林恢复地力。     

Change in river water chemistry as affected by the confluence of forest drainage water in dairy farming area on Hokkaido Island, Northern Japan

We evaluated i) the difference in river water chemistry between a watershed mainly consisting of pasture and a watershed mainly consisting of forest, and ii) how the chemistry of river draining the pasture is influenced by that of the river draining the forest. We selected one river (designated as the T-river) draining the pasture (3,587 ha), and two rivers draining a forest (738 and 879 ha) in eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan. During higher river flow due to precipitation and thawing, the concentrations of NO ₃ ⁻ , SO ₄ ²⁻ , K⁺, Fe, and Al increased, suggesting the relative importance of the shallow soil layer as their source. On the other hand, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Si decreased, suggesting the relative importance of the source in a deep soil layer. The concentrations of NO ₃ ⁻ , Cl⁻, SO ₄ ²⁻ , K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Fe were higher in the T-river than in the forest drainage waters, suggesting the contribution of the excretion components from the milk cows. The Si concentration exhibited the opposite pattern. The concentrations of NO ₃ ⁻ , Cl⁻, SO ₄ ²⁻ , K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ (p<0.001), and Fe (p<0.05) in the T-river decreased after the confluence of the forest drainage waters, while Si concentration increased (p<0.001). The reason for the change in river chemistry was the confluence of the forest drainage waters. These findings suggested the environmental role of the forest in the dilution of the polluted river. Prof. S. Ohata, and Prof. H. Takeda, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, facilitated this study. Prof. T. Sakai, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, offered this study some convenience. Dr. M. Sakimoto, and Dr. M. Katsuyama, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, offered useful advise.     

不同植被类型对沙地土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨不同植被类型与沙地土壤理化性质的影响,对我国辽西北沙地不同植被类型下土壤容重、土壤养分、水分含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明：辽西北沙地8种典型植被类型土壤容重大小依次为荒草地〉油松纯林〉弃耕地〉樟子松林〉山杏林〉榆树疏林〉松杨混交林〉杨树纯林;沙地经过人工固定后土壤的养分含量发生了变化,土壤有机质含量和全氮含量有不同程度的提高,全磷、全钾则有不同程度的下降。在雨季,针叶树林地土壤含水量高于其他植被类型,农业弃耕地在7月份和10月份中土壤表层含水量较高,山杏林地在不同时期含水量均表现为最低。     

Influence of sheep grazing on soil chemical properties and growth of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Malaysia

In a rubber estate in Kelantan, Malaysia, sheep grazing increased N, P, Ca and Mg levels and soil pH. Foliar N, P, Ca, Mg and Na also increased with grazing, but K decreased. The girth of rubber trees under grazing had a higher increment than in the ungrazed areas.     

树龄及管理措施对新疆核桃园土壤化学性质的影响

为制定合理的核桃园管理制度,以新疆林业科学院佳木试验站6个核桃园为对象,研究了不同树龄及管理措施对核桃园土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明:土壤有机质和速效氮含量以树龄最高且不施肥的1号核桃园最高,其值分别为23.97和86.67 mg/kg;土壤全氮和全磷含量以施肥量最高且采用免耕法的5号核桃园最高,其值分别为1.13和0.82 g/kg;土壤速效磷及全钾含量以树龄及施肥量较高且采用落叶覆盖的3号核桃园最高,其值分别为61.5和62.59 g/kg;土壤速效钾含量以施肥量最高且采用少耕法的4号核桃园最高,其值为158.93 mg/kg。基于隶属函数法的土壤肥力质量综合指数评价结果显示,6个核桃园土壤质量综合指数由大到小依次为5号(0.81)、1号(0.71)、4号(0.56)、3号(0.37)、6号(0.20)、2号(0.02);基于主成分分析法的土壤质量评价结果显示,6个核桃园综合排名为:5号(1.97)、1号(1.02)、4号(0.31)、3号(0.10)、6号(-1.44)、2号(-2.10)。2种评价方法结果一致,且土壤质量与有机质含量基本呈正相关。从土壤质量来看,高施肥量及免耕法的管理措施较利于土壤持续利用,其次落叶覆盖的无人为干扰的树龄最高的核桃园土壤质量也较好。     

保定市不同绿地土壤动物群落与土壤理化性质的关系

对保定市4种绿地类型：苗圃绿地（Nursery Greenland）、道路绿地（Road Greenland）、防护林绿地（Shelterforest Greenland）、公园绿地（Park Greenland）中的土壤动物群落组成和数量进行了调查,并分析了4种绿地的环境要素与土壤动物群落的关系。结果表明：4种绿地类型中的土壤动物个体数表现为苗圃绿地（526头）〉公园绿地（431头）〉道路绿地（326头）〉防护林绿地（179头）,但土壤动物类群数相差不大。土壤理化性质对土壤动物的影响不同。土壤动物群落的个体数在一定范围内与土壤含水量的变化呈正相关关系;pH值对土壤动物的分布关系不密切;0～10cm土层和10～15cm土层的土壤动物的数量与有机质都呈正相关关系。     

西大洋水库原水部分化学指标变化规律及原因分析

水质管理是供水企业一项非常重要的工作,研究水质指标的变化规律对供水企业安全供水及预防水质事故的发生有重要意义。保定市西大洋水库自2000年作为保定市主要水源以来,为市区供水已有10年,因此有必要对原水水质变化规律及原因进行分析总结。本研究对西大洋水库原水的部分常规化学指标(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮、总硬度、氯化物)的变化规律及原因进行了分析和探讨。统计结果表明,几项指标都有逐年上升的趋势。     

The persistence of secondary forests on colonist farms in the BrazilianAmazon

While slash-and burn farmers convert forest to agriculture, they also regenerate significant areas of secondary fallow forests on their farms. Under what conditions does secondary forest cover persist on slash-and-burn farms? Survey data from Pará, Brazil show that secondary forests occupy 20% of farm area even after a century of settlement. In addition to restoring soil fertility, secondary forests contribute over 20% of farmers' income through products such as charcoal, fruit, game animals and firewood for on-farm processing. Econometric analysis shows that slow rates of population growth and increases in agricultural incomes through on-farm processing of agricultural products enable farmers to maintain long fallows and result in diversified systems compatible with secondary forest cover in the study area. On the other hand, declining agricultural productivity, subsidized credit, declines in the growth rate of secondary forests and policies favoring speculative land acquisition threaten secondary forest persistence. In older settlement areas, secondary forests are often the only forest resource available to the rural poor. Fallow areas should therefore be managed not only for agricultural productivity, but also for conserving forest resources.     

不同经营模式对马尾松天然次生林土壤理化性质的影响

以慈利县二坊坪乡马尾松天然次生林为研究对象,比较其在不同经营模式下土壤理化性质的变化规律。结果表明:马尾松次生林经过1年的经营改造,Ⅱ处理(马尾松密度为900株/hm2)的土壤理化性质得到了改善,表现在土壤养分的提高,特别是土壤速效养分得到了较大的增加;而传统经营模式的土壤理化性质基本上所有指标均存在递减趋势。这说明合理的经营模式对马尾松次生林土壤肥力的维持和提高起到了积极作用,过大或过小的林分密度不利于土壤结构的改良和养分的循环与累积。     

间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响研究

为了了解间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响,利用试验测定和定量统计的方法,分析比较了河北省塞罕坝机械林场间伐和未间伐华北落叶松人工林凋落物层和土壤层(0~10cm、10~20cm)的理化性质,结果显示:与未间伐林分相比,50%强度间伐6a后林分内凋落物层生物量、质量含水量、有机质含量和全氮含量分别提高了17.25%、6.05%、9.08%、31.94%;土壤层的质量含水量、土壤容重和有机质含量有所上升(0~10cm土壤层分别增加4.84%、11.11%、15.67%;10~20cm土壤层分别增加10.25%、12.50%、28.97%),而全氮含量呈下降趋势(0~10cm土壤层减少20.83%;10~20cm土壤层减少16.67%);土壤pH值亦有所下降。研究进一步证实,通过间伐能够增加地表凋落物生物量,改变有机质分解速率,从而在一定程度上影响土壤的理化特性。     

红锥4种林型土壤理化性质及微生物量差异分析

【目的】研究广西国有高峰林场不同红锥人工林对土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的影响,旨在为该区红锥人工林合理经营和持续生产发展提供科学依据。【方法】以红锥纯林、红锥+湿地松混交林、红锥+米老排混交林、红锥+火力楠混交林4种红锥林型人工林0~60 cm土层为研究对象,分析4种红锥林型的土壤理化性质和微生物生物量差异以及变化规律。【结果】4种林型3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60 cm)间土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、容重(ρb)、含水率(θg)以及微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)均差异显著,且随着土层深度的增加,4种林型的SOC、TN、全磷(TP)、θg均表现为逐渐降低,ρb表现为逐渐增大。0~60 cm土层4种林型间SOC、TN、TP、θg、pH值、ρb均差异极显著。其中红锥+米老排混交林土壤SOC、TN、TP、θg和MBC、MBN均最大,pH值和ρb最小;红锥纯林土壤SOC、TN、TP和MBC、MBN均最小,pH值和ρb最大。相关分析表明,MBC与SOC、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;MBN与SOC、TN、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;SOC、TN、TP与ρb呈显著负相关。【结论】红锥混交林能够有效提高土壤养分,改善土壤质地,且红锥阔叶混交林较红锥针阔混交林的效果更佳。     

冀北山地华北落叶松、桦木林土壤水分物理性质研究

华北落叶松和桦木是冀北山区最主要的造林树种。为探讨二者的纯林或混交林对土壤水分物理性质的影响,以冀北山地华北落叶松林、落叶松白桦混交林、桦木林、黑桦林为研究对象,对其土壤水分物理性质进行比较,结果表明:土层越深,土壤容重越大,由大到小依次为华北落叶松林(1.14g/cm~3)、黑桦林(1.03g/cm~3)、落叶松白桦混交林(1.01g/cm~3)、桦木林(0.98g/cm~3),土壤总孔隙度由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林(53.04%)、华北落叶松林(51.84%)、桦木林(51.40%)、黑桦林(51.14%);土壤最大持水量由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林(55.53%)、桦木林(52.81%)、黑桦林(51.33%)、华北落叶松林(48.22%);土壤稳渗速率由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林、桦木林、黑桦林、华北落叶松林。营造华北落叶松和桦木混交林有利于土壤涵养水源和保持水土。     

日本北海道东部高位泥沼远东红皮云杉、库页冷杉和日本桤木树干茎流化学及其对沼泽孔隙水化学的影响(英文)

在日本北海道高位泥沼池,调查了远东红皮云杉(Piceaglehnii)、库页冷杉(Abies sachalinensis)和日本桤木(Alnusjaponica)树干茎流液的化学性质和泥炭孔隙水的化学性质,包括了横切和纵切面孔隙水化学性质。沼泽森林树干基部茎流对泥炭孔隙水化学性质有明显的作用,而且树基部的泥炭孔隙水化学性质具有物种特异性。远东红皮云杉茎流液和泥炭孔隙水中盐分含量最高,日本桤木则最低;盐分从茎基部向树冠形成浓度梯度。树冠下泥炭孔隙水化学受化学过程控制,孔隙水充沛条件下,控制作用减弱,因地势平缓(1°)茎流移动缓慢。事实上,泥炭孔隙水充足会使茎流化学物质浓度降低。微生物活动、优势树冠的营养再生介导的表面水和茎流对森林沼泽地微生境化学环境的空间异质性有贡献。图2表2参44。     

The effect of cattle grazing on soil physical and chemical properties in a silvopastoral system in the Peruvian Amazon

In a six-year-old peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantation, centrosema (Centrosema macrocarpum), a leguminous forage plant, was established as a cover crop which was eventually grazed. This experiment was designed to monitor probable changes in soil physical and chemical properties and measure peach palm fruit production and live-weight gain of cattle grazing this silvopastoral system. The experiment was installed on land that was previously cleared by a D7 bulldozer having a straight blade that mixed the thin layer of topsoil with the acid subsoil (20–40 cm) and severely compacted the soil. The results demonstrated that the centrosema cover crop reduced soil bulk density, increased water infiltration rates and reduced mechanical resistance. In general soil physical properties were improved with the use of Centrosema as forage and cover crop. Soil acidity and aluminum saturation decreased considerably, while potassium concentrations increased. Calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased over time as these minerals were stored in the pasture biomass, translocated to fresh peach palm fruits and/or exported to animals. A strong competition for nutrients was observed between the peach palm plants and Centrosema. The low production of peach palm fruits was in response to mechanized land clearing during initial establishment of the plantation, and also probably due to deficits of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil instead of being a consequence to the presence of cattle. The average increase in live-weight gains of the cattle was at a rate of 445 g/animal/day during the four-years of the study. Such an increase is substantially greater than those registered in the area under traditional grazing systems used in the region. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

油茶幼林不同液态肥施用方式对土壤理化性质影响的研究

开展幼林油茶不同液态施肥方式下的土壤理化性质研究。初步结果表明：①采用淋灌+100%施肥量和滴灌+60%施肥量的施肥方式均能有效提高油茶幼林林地土壤的pH值,且淋灌+100%施肥量效果显著;两种处理方式下林地表层土壤的pH值分别比滴灌不施肥高0.57和0.16;而深层土壤pH值分别比滴灌不施肥高0.41和0.39。②滴灌+60%施肥量能显著改善油茶林地的土壤含水量,且林地表层、深层土壤含水量较滴灌不施肥表层、深层土壤的含水量分别提高1.10%和1.18%。③淋灌+100%施肥量和滴灌+60%施肥量的施肥方式均能显著降低林地土壤容重和全N、全P含量,且滴灌+60%施肥量的效果优于淋灌+100%施肥量;两种措施的表层土壤容重较滴灌不施肥方式分别降低0.03 g/cm3和0.04 g/cm3;而深层土壤容重则分别降低0.04 g/cm3和0.06 g/cm3。④滴灌+60%施肥量能显著提高油茶幼林地土壤孔隙度与速效N、速效P和速效K,表层和深层土壤孔隙度则分别提高4.31%和5.00%,深层土壤中速效N、速效P和速效K增幅分别达到42.8%、88.9%和19.7%。水肥一体化的施肥方式能显著改善油茶幼林林地土壤的理化性质。     

植被恢复与重建过程中小流域降雨及水沙变化特征研究

以女儿寨小流域为研究对象，着重研究了植被恢复与重建过程中小流域系统的降雨和水沙变化特征，并对植被恢复过程中的总体减沙水平做了分析。结果表明：①受大气环流的影响，小流域年际降雨量差异较大；小流域降雨年内时间分布极为不均，集中性很大，主要集中在汛期（4-8月），但年内降雨量的月间分布趋势基本一致。②小流域迳流年际变化很大，迳流年内分配不均。迳流集中是该小流域迳流变化的一个显著特征：小流域的植被恢复与重建对洪峰的出现和洪峰流量具有明显的延缓和削减作用。③径流（Qi）主要来源于降水（Pi），二者呈明显的一元线型关系：Pi=115．7678＋2．7386Qi。④小流域的年输沙模数与年迳流量的变化规律基本一致，小流域年内产沙也高度集中，且与降水、迳流关系密切，小流域的土壤侵蚀主要由汛期的强降水引起。⑤随着小流域大面积、高标准的生态环境建设，1990年至2004年间小流域的输沙模数呈锐减之势，植被恢复与重建起到了显著的减沙效应。     

Effects of the physical properties of sphagnum peat on water stress in containerized picea mariana seedlings under simulated field conditions

Containerized black spruce seedlings, grown in Sphagnum peat at two degrees of humification (light and moderate) and two artificially created textural grades (with or without particles <1.3 mm), were subjected to controlled degrees of water stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 0, 20, 75 and 175 g PEG kg^?1 H₂O, with and without dialysis membranes. After a 4‐day exposure, shoot water potential and water potential at the soil‐root interface were strongly affected by the humification of the peat at the highest PEG concentration. Differences in fine particle content of the peats had little effect on the physiological variables measured. Needle conductance was affected greatly by the presence of the dialysis membrane itself. The results suggest that high aeration, one of the most desirable physical properties of a growing medium for nursery production, may become undesirable once the seedlings are outplanted.     

The effects of alley cropping withLeucaena leucocephala and of different management practices on the productivity of maize and soil chemical properties in lowland coastal Kenya

The effects of leucaena hedgerows, mulching with leucaena foliage (0,50 and 100% of harvested foliage), cowpea intercropping and adition of dairy cattle slurry (55 t ha^–1 per maize crop) on the yield of maize from a sandy soil were assessed. The four-year results from five maize crops are reported.Except in the first year, yields of maize grain and stover were significantly reduced by 30% in the presence of leucaena hedgerows. Use of leucaena mulch eliminated this effect; application of all the harvested leucaena mulch (100%) increased the total maize grain yield of the five crops by 44% over sole maize. Hedgerow and mulching management required an additional 36 mandays labour ha^–1 which was more than compensated by the increased maize yields. Furthermore leucaena hedgerows substantially depressed the growth of weeds between cropping seasons.Intercropping with cowpea significantly depressed yields of maize grain and stover when both crops were sown together, but not in later seasons when cowpea was sown four weeks after the maize. Application of slurry increased the total yields of maize grain and stover by 35 and 37%, respectively. The grain yield of maize in leucaena hedgerow treatments fertilized with slurry did not respond to application of more than 50% of leucaena foliage, which suggested that half of the foliage could be spared for feeding to livestock. The cumulative yield of maize grain from the highest yielding organic system was 85% of the yield from the fertilizer treatment.The study, which is continuing, demonstrates that large increases in agricultural productivity are possible through the intercropping of maize with woody forage and grain legumes and the integration of dairy cattle production into the system. It thus shows the importance of exploiting crop/livestock interactions.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties

A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest.It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters.A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.