黑龙江省集约化牛场奶牛维生素和微量元素缺乏的调查研究

调查试验在黑龙江省某两个集约化牛场(A场、B场)进行,每场分别在产前10 d～分娩当天(0 d)、产后30～50 d、60～80 d各选取8头,产后10～20 d选取16头,共80头奶牛,测定血中维生素E(VE)、维生素C(VC)、维生素A(VA)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)和铜(Cu)的含量。结果显示:A场VE、VC、VA、Se、Zn和Cu的缺乏率分别为50.0%、5.0%、20.0%、12.5%、27.5%、10.0%;B场的缺乏率分别为47.5%、0%、10.0%、12.5%、25.0%、10.0%。两场VE均在产后10～20 d缺乏率最高;A场在产后10～20 d时Zn和Cu的缺乏率达到最高,VA、Se和VC在产前10～0 d和产后10～20 d缺乏率最高;B场的Zn和Se在产后10～20 d和60～80 d缺乏率最高,Cu在产后30～50 d缺乏率最高,VA在产前10～0 d缺乏率最高。试验表明:两个牛场奶牛在围产期和泌乳早期存在不同程度的VE、VA、Se、Zn和Cu缺乏,产后10～20 d缺乏率最高。因此,牛场应在围产期和泌乳早期补充维生素和微量元素,避免造成经济损失。     

科技动态

奶牛加喂维生素E可改善牛奶质量科技动态张肇富译最近,加拿大的农业专家们做这样的试验,用头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,其中6头饲喂育猪,6头饲喂青贮玉米并将其作为单独饲料。每个粗料组中的母牛饲料中加维生素E（VE）或不加VE（各3头奶牛）,使用的VE是一种稳定的生育酚醋酸盐。试验4周,隔周测定一次血浆和牛奶的生育酚浓度以及牛奶质量。结果是,饲喂首稽并加VE的奶牛血浆生育酚浓度最高'其次县饲聘青贮千米加VE的奶牛,然后是饲喂甘蓿求加VE的奶牛,饲喂青贮玉米而未加VE的奶牛血浆生育酚浓度最低。对于饲喂两种粗料并加喂VE的…     

奶牛加喂维生素E可改善牛奶质量

最近,加拿大的农业专家们做这样的试验,用12头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,其中6头饲喂苜蓿,6头饲喂青贮玉米并将其作为单独饲料。每个粗料组中的母牛饲料中加维生素E(VE)或不加VE(各3头奶牛),使用的VE是一种稳定的生育酚醋酸盐。     

奶牛喂维生素E可改善牛奶质量

最近，加拿大的农业专家们做这样的试验，用12头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛，其中6头饲喂苜蓿，6头饲喂青贮玉米并将其作为单独饲料每个粗料组中的母牛饲料中加维生素E（VE）或不加VE（各3头奶牛），使用的VE是一种稳定的生育酚醋酸盐。     

蹄病患牛血清维生素A、D含量的检测分析

本试验采用荧光检测法对重庆市某奶牛场10头蹄病患牛和10头临床健康奶牛血清中维生素A、D含量进行检测分析,旨在了解该牛场奶牛蹄病的发生与血清中维生素A、D水平的关系。结果显示,蹄病患牛血清中维生素A、D含量分别为19.73±2.98μg/DL、1 830.09±46.41μg/DL,而临床健康奶牛血清中维生素A、D含量分别为29.30±0.99μg/DL、2 223.13±95.46μg/DL。蹄病患牛血清中维生素A、D水平均极显著低于临床健康组(P0.01)。检测结果表明:血清中维生素A、D水平过低可能是导致该奶牛场蹄病发生的原因之一。     

奶牛腐蹄病早期预警指标的确立与评估

为了早期预测奶牛腐蹄病的发生,在黑龙江某集约化牛场开展奶牛腐蹄病流行病学调查,检测患腐蹄病奶牛和健康奶牛血浆中的微量元素及维生素(Cu、Fe、Zn、VE、VH)、矿物质元素(Na、K、Ca、Mg、P)以及氧化应激指标(SOD、MDA、GSH-Px),阐明奶牛血浆微量元素及维生素、矿物质元素和氧化应激指标与腐蹄病的关系以及对腐蹄病发生风险的预警作用。结果表明:腐蹄病奶牛血浆Na、Mg、Zn、VE、VH、SOD和GSH-Px含量极显著降低(P0.01),血浆K、Cu和MDA含量极显著升高(P0.01)。Na、Mg、Zn、VE、SOD和GSH水平与奶牛腐蹄病呈显著正相关;血浆K、Cu、VH和MDA水平与腐蹄病发生呈显著负相关。根据受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析确定了该牛场的预警值为血浆Na149.030 mmol/L、K4.345 mmol/L、VE14.390 mg/L、GSH100.365 U/mL。结果显示,奶牛血浆Na、K、VE和GSH指标超过预警值可作为奶牛发生腐蹄病的早期风险预测依据。     

过瘤胃维生素D预防围产期奶牛低血钙症的效果

本试验选取围产期经产健康荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为4组:T1,T2,T3和C组,每组各10头.产前7d分别每头每天饲喂过瘤胃维生素D 1.5,3.0,6.0和0g,直至分娩,产后均不饲喂过瘤胃维生素D,试验至产后7d结束.所有试验奶牛在产前7d,3d、产后3d,7d及分娩当天测定血浆钙(Ca).磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(A...     

黑龙江省规模化牛场围产期奶牛亚临床维生素E缺乏的临床病理学分析

为了探究规模化奶牛场亚临床维生素E缺乏以及临床病理学变化,在黑龙江省5个规模化牛场分别选取产前10 d、产后10 d、产后20 d的泌乳奶牛各10头,其体况、年龄、胎次均相近,检测血中维生素E、Cu、Se、Zn、MDA、ALT、AST、CEHC、T-AOC、GSH-Px等理化指标。结果显示:A场、C场、D场和E场的奶牛在产后均发生了亚临床维生素E缺乏,5个场的奶牛在产后10 d和产后20 d的平均发生率为52%和16%,并且随着维生素E含量的减少,羧基乙基羟基苯并氢化吡喃(CEHC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现规律性的升高。其他指标未发现类似的变化规律。表明规模化牛场奶牛产后10 d易发维生素E缺乏,CEHC和MDA可以作为奶牛亚临床维生素E缺乏的预测指标,为今后奶牛亚临床维生素E缺乏的早期监测和预防提供科学依据。     

β-胡萝卜素及其复合添加剂在奶牛生产中的应用

试验研究了β-胡萝卜紊及其复合添加剂对牛奶体细胞数、牛奶成分、产奶量以及奶牛繁殖性能的影响.选择胎次相同、产奶量、体重和体况评分值相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛60头.随机分为4组.4组处理分别为:对照组不使用添加剂、试验Ⅰ组添加β-胡萝卜素600 mg,(头·d)、试验Ⅱ组添加β-胡萝卜素300 ms/(头·d)+VE 1 000 IU/(头·d)、试验Ⅲ组添加β-胡萝卜素300 ms/(头·d)+VE 1 000 IU/(头·d)+蛋氨酸锌360 mg/(kg·d).预试期10 d,试验期60 d.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素及其复合物,均能提高产奶量、改善乳品质量以及提高奶牛繁殖性能,复合添加VE和蛋氨酸锌1种或2种,能显著改善奶牛繁殖性能.因此,通过营养调控手段在改善围产期和泌乳早期奶牛能量负平衡的基础上,额外补充与繁殖、免疫功能密切相关的β-胡萝卜素以及其复合添加剂能有效改善奶牛繁殖功能,增强奶牛免疫能力,提高其生产性能.     

胎衣不下奶牛血浆中矿物质及维生素含量变化

选取胎衣不下组和胎衣正常排出组奶牛各6头,通过终点法对两组奶牛血浆中矿物质指标Ca、P、Fe、Zn的含量检测,同时采用高效液相色谱法测量两组奶牛血浆中维生素指标VA、VD、VE的含量。结果表明,胎衣不下组奶牛血浆中矿物质Ca、Zn、Fe的含量较胎衣排出组正常奶牛低,而血浆中P的含量较正常奶牛的高;胎衣不下组奶牛血浆中维生素VD和VE的含量低,而血浆VA的含量与胎衣正常排出组奶牛无差异性。     

Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows

Blood indicators are used as a tool to diagnose metabolic disorders. The present work was conducted to study the relationships among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function in high-yielding dairy cows. Two groups of Holstein cows were studied: 27 early lactation cows and 14 mid lactation cows from four different herds with similar husbandry characteristics in Galicia, Spain. Blood samples were obtained to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Cows in early lactation had higher levels of BHB and NEFA than mid lactation cows. High lipomobilization (NEFA > 400 µmol/L) was detected in 67% and 7% of early lactation and mid lactation cows, respectively, while subclinical ketosis (BHB > 1.2 mmol/L) was detected in 41% and 28% of the early lactation and lactation cows, respectively. TG concentrations were low in all cows suffering subclinical ketosis and in 61% of the cows with high lipomobilization. During early lactation, 30% of cows suffered hepatic lipidosis as detected by levels of AST. Compromised hepatic function was observed in early lactation cows as shown by lower concentrations of glucose, total protein, and urea.     

An association between the level of oxidative stress and the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the plasma of ketotic dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative status in ketotic cows. We observed changes in the oxidative status and correlations between the oxidative and metabolic status in non‐ketotic (n = 10), subclinical ketotic (n = 10) and ketotic cows (n = 10). Plasma samples were analysed by standard biochemical techniques and ELISA to determine traditional metabolic parameters: triglyceride (TG), phosphonium (P), calcium (Ca), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immune globulin (Ig), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); energy metabolism indices: glucose, β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA); and indices of oxidative status: malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), vitamin C, vitamin E, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). The results of this study showed that plasma glucose levels were lower in ketotic and subclinical ketotic cows than in non‐ketotic cows; however, the plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations were higher. In addition, significant decreases in TC, HDL and VLDL and significant increases in AST, ALT and LDH were observed in the plasma of the ketotic cows. The ketotic cows showed decreased plasma SOD, CAT, vitamin C and vitamin E, inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity and increased plasma H₂O₂ and MDA. There were positive correlations between the plasma NEFA and ALT, AST, LDH and MDA and negative correlations between the plasma NEFA and TC, HDL, VLDL, SOD, vitamin C, vitamin E, 1542280 uric acid and inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity. In addition, there were positive correlations between BHBA concentrations and ALT, AST and LDH and negative correlations between plasma BHBA concentrations and TC, HDL, VLDL, vitamin E and inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity. Overall, ketotic dairy cows experience oxidative stress, which is presumably associated with hyperketonemia and higher NEFA.     

围产期奶牛脂肪肝生物标志物受试者工作特征曲线分析

【目的】通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线筛选诊断脂肪肝生物标志物的最佳临界值。【方法】随机采集77头产后7 d中国荷斯坦奶牛血清,测定生理生化指标。根据Reid方程计算的Y值将奶牛分为正常组(Y>1)和脂肪肝组(Y<1),比较两组奶牛血清指标的差异,并与Y值进行相关性分析,筛选组间差异与相关性显著的指标作为生物标志物,用ROC曲线评估生物标志物的AUC值、诊断敏感性与特异性和最佳临界值。将Reid方程诊断脂肪肝的准确率作为标准,用非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的最佳临界值检测461头奶牛患脂肪肝的情况。【结果】生理生化检测结果表明NEFA、葡萄糖(Glu)、AST、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)在2组间差异极显著(P<0.01),总蛋白(TP)组间差异显著(P<0.05),其他指标两组间无显著差异(P>0.05);NEFA、Glu、AST、ALT、TP、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胰岛素(Ins)、胰高血糖素(Gln)与Y值显著相关(P<0.05),可...     

上海地区奶牛产后低钙血症及酮病发病率调查

本研究对上海地区9个牧场奶牛产后低钙血症和酮病的发病率进行了调查,结果表明:奶牛产后12 h内的低钙血症发病率平均为86.1%,血钙平均浓度为(1.82±0.02)mmol/L,产后3~7 d低钙血症发病率平均为35.2%,血钙平均浓度为(2.05±0.01)mmol/L,表明随着泌乳天数的增加,低钙血症有缓解趋势。奶牛产后12 h内酮病发病率平均为5.5%,血液β-羟丁酸(BHBA)平均浓度为(0.68±0.04)mmol/L,产后3~7 d酮病发病率平均为16.3%,血液BHBA平均浓度为(0.98±0.07)mmol/L,表明随着泌乳天数增加能量负平衡有加重趋势。奶牛产后12 h内高游离脂肪酸(NEFA)发生率平均为49.4%,血液NEFA平均浓度为(0.76±0.03)Meq/L,产后3~7 d高NEFA发生率平均为41.3%,血液NEFA平均浓度为(0.71±0.03)Meq/L,表明泌乳初期高NEFA发生率远高于酮病发病率,随着泌乳天数增加血液NEFA浓度有下降趋势。奶牛产后血液中钙的浓度与NEFA浓度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),血液中NEFA浓度与BHBA浓度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

High non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations promote expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 in calf hepatocytes cultured in vitro

Negative energy balance is considered as the pathological basis of energy metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. Serum non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are one of the most important indicators of energy balance status. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a hepatokine involved in regulation of metabolic adaptations, such as promoting hepatic lipid oxidation and ketogenesis, during energy deprivation. However, the direct effects of NEFA on FGF21 expression and secretion in bovine hepatocytes are not entirely clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different NEFA concentrations on FGF21 expression and secretion in calf hepatocytes cultured in vitro. NEFA were added to the culture solution at final concentrations of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 mmol/L. After 24 hr of continuous culture, FGF21 mRNA and protein expression levels in the hepatocytes were determined by real‐time PCR and Western blot respectively. FGF21 secretion in the supernatant was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that expression and secretion of FGF21 at 0.6 mmol/L NEFA‐treated hepatocytes was higher than that of the control group (p < .05). The FGF21 expression and secretion were similar at 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 mmol/L NEFA‐treated hepatocytes and significantly higher than those observed for controls (p < .01). These data suggest that high concentrations of NEFA significantly promote FGF21 expression and secretion in bovine hepatocytes. In particular, this promotion occurs in a dose‐dependent manner and may be involved in the pathological processes of energy metabolism disorders of dairy cows in the peripartum period.     

Adiponectin links adipose tissue function and monocyte inflammatory responses during bovine metabolic stress

The periparturient period of dairy cows is characterized by intense lipid mobilization from adipose tissue leading to increased plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). High NEFA are a predisposing factor for inflammatory based diseases. A major component of these diseases is uncontrolled macrophage/monocyte inflammatory responses. Changes in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue during the periparturient period could impact macrophage function by modifying the secretion of adipokines including adiponectin. Currently, the effects of adiponectin on monocyte activation in dairy cattle are unknown. In humans and rodents, this adipokine regulates monocyte phenotype and alterations in its plasma levels are linked with the development of inflammatory diseases. The objectives of this study were to establish associations between plasma adiponectin expression dynamics and different markers of lipid mobilization during the periparturient period of dairy cows and to characterize the effects of adiponectin on the inflammatory response of bovine monocytes. Plasma adiponectin, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat depots depth were measured during the periparturient period of dairy cows. In vitro, bovine monocytes were cultured with adiponectin to assess changes in pro-inflammatory responses following LPS stimulation. Results from this study demonstrate that alterations in plasma adiponectin levels in periparturient cattle are inversely correlated with the concentrations of plasma NEFA, an important marker of lipid mobilization. Furthermore, adiponectin exposure significantly decreased monocyte expression of TNFα after LPS stimulation thus markedly reducing their inflammatory response. Reduced plasma adiponectin during the periparturient period could predispose dairy cows to the development of uncontrolled monocyte inflammatory responses.     

Influence of Body Condition on Serum Metabolic Indicators of Lipid Mobilization and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period

The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of body condition of cows on metabolic and antioxidative status, as well as to investigate the relationship between metabolic indicators of lipid mobilization and oxidative stress during transition period. The study was conducted on 24 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows divided into 2 groups according to their body condition score (BCS) as optimal (n = 12; BCS from 3.25 to 3.75) or adipose (n = 12; BCS ≥4). Metabolic status (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, NEFA and BHB), paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) and apolipoprotein A‐I (ApoA‐I) were analysed in sera taken on days ?30, ?10, ?2, 0, 5, 12, 19, 26 and 60 relative to parturition. Adipose cows had significantly higher glucose concentration at parturition being significantly decreased after parturition on days 12 and 19. Total cholesterol and HDL‐C concentrations were the lowest at parturition and significantly higher on days 26 and 60 after parturition in both groups of cows. Both investigated groups had significantly higher NEFA concentration from parturition until day 19 after parturition, indicating energy deficit and an increased lipid mobilization after calving. There were no significant differences in BHB concentration during transition period in both groups. No significant differences were found in PON1 activity and ApoA‐I concentration during transition period in both groups of cows. However, in adipose cows, although not significantly different, PON1 was decreased from calving until day 19 after parturition indicating a disturbance in antioxidative status in adipose cows. PON1 significantly positively correlated with total cholesterol and HDL‐C concentrations and negatively with NEFA indicating a strong relationship of PON1 with lipid metabolism. Significant positive correlation between NEFA and BHB in both groups of cows points out on energy deficit during transition period that cows tend to overcome by lipid mobilization providing alternative source of energy needed for parturition and lactation.     

不同季节添加复合水溶性维生素对奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化和抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合水溶性维生素对春、夏季奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响。采用2×2因子随机区组设计,选取胎次、体重相近的健康成年奶牛80头,随机分为4个处理,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,4组均饲喂基础日粮,Ⅲ、Ⅳ处理在春季补充复合水溶性维生素,Ⅱ、Ⅳ处理组在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素,各组添加量均为0.02%(日粮干物质为基础),预试期7 d,正式期70 d。结果表明:在春季添加复合水溶性维生素极显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量和日产奶量(P<0.01);在夏季显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量(P<0.05),极显著提高日产奶量(P<0.01);均能极显著提高乳脂率(P<0.01),极显著降低体细胞数(P<0.01);均能显著影响淋巴细胞总数(P<0.05)。在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素能极显著增加血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶(P<0.01),极显著降低乳酸脱氢酶、白蛋白、总蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白和磷酸肌酸激酶含量(P<0.01)。综上所述,复合水溶性维生素可以提高奶牛的生产性能,增强奶牛非特异性免疫,改善奶牛抗氧化性能,减少夏季热应激。     

Effects of Supplemental Complex Water Soluble Vitamin on Production Performance,Blood Biochemical Parameters and Oxidation Resistance of Dairy Cows

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of supplemental complex water soluble vitamins on production performance, blood biochemical parameters and oxidative resistance of dairy cows in spring and summer.The experiment was designed by 2×2 factorial randomized blocks design.Eighty healthy dairy cows with similar parity and body weight were randomly divided to four groups, with 7 days of adaptation and 70 d experimental phase.The dairy cows in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in spring.The dairy cows in group Ⅱ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in summer.The results showed that the ADFI and daily milk yield of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin in spring were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The ADFI of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin was significantly higher in summer (P<0.05) and daily milk yield were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The butterfat rate was extremely significantly increased and SCC was extremely significantly decreased in spring and summer (P<0.01);Supplementation of water soluble vitamin was also significantly increased LYM (P<0.05).In summer, T-AOC, T-SOD were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and TP, CK, LDH, TP, HDL and ALB were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) by water soluble vitamin supplementation than that of control group.In conclusion, complex water soluble vitamins could increase the production performance and non-specific immune function, improve the oxidative resistance and relieved the heat stress of the dairy cows.     

Prevalence of subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle in the Southwestern Iran and detection of cutoff point for NEFA and glucose concentrations for diagnosis of subclinical ketosis

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is simply a condition marked by increased levels of circulating ketone bodies without the presence of the clinical signs of ketosis. Subclinical ketosis can cause economic losses through decreased milk production and association with preparturient diseases. Limited information is available regarding the prevalence of SCK in dairy herds in Southwestern Iran. The objectives of this study were (i) determination of the cutoff point of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glucose concentrations for diagnosis of SCK using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and (ii) determination of prevalence of subclinical ketosis in apparently healthy dairy cattle in Southwestern Iran. From October to December 2009, a total of 100 clinically healthy multiparous Holstein cows (3-8 years old) were randomly selected from 16 dairy herds around Kazerun, Fars Province, Iran. The cows had two-six lactations, with body weight ranging from 500 to 650 kg. Blood samples for each cow were taken at 2, 4 and 6 weeks post parturition and 3-4h after the morning feeding. The optimal cutoff point was set, by the ROC method, to >0.26 mmol/L for NEFA, and < 2.26 mmol/L for glucose with corresponding 82.54% sensitivity and 91.89% specificity for NEFA and 44.44% sensitivity and 78.38% specificity for glucose. Cows with BHB concentrations higher than 1200 μmol/L were classified as having SCK. In 2, 4 and 6 weeks post parturition 63%, 68% and 59% of the tested cows were subclinically ketotic. Overall, 97% of tested cows (97/100) were considered subclinically ketotic in at least one sample period. Thirty percent of tested cows (30/100) suffered from subclinical ketosis in all of the 2, 4 and 6 weeks postpartum. The results suggest that, a cut-off point of 0.26 mmol/L for NEFA concentrations can be used during early lactation for diagnosis of subclinical ketosis and making management decisions for prevention and treatment. Glucose cannot be a good criterion for diagnosis of SCK and it does not appear to be useful for monitoring subclinical ketosis.