The effect of chromosome 1AL/1RS translocation on agronomic performance of 85 F2-derived F6 lines from three Triticum aestivum L. crosses

Summary The effect of the 1AL/1RS chromosome translocation on grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of 85 random F₂-derived F₆ bulks from three 1AL 1RS × 1A bread wheat crosses was determined under optimum and reduced irrigation conditions at CIANO, Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 crop production cycles. Harvest plots of 5.0 m² were arranged in an alpha lattice design with three replications. The 1AL/1RS translocation increased grain yield, above-ground biomass, spikes/m², and test weight under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Homozygous chromosome 1A lines, on the other hand, possessed longer spikes with more grains. The 1AL/1RS cultivars had an advantage in 1000-grain weight, which was detected only under optimum irrigation. The translocation lines showed later maturity and longer grainfilling period than the 1A genotypes under one irrigation treatment. A significant relationship between grain yield and test weight was detected only among the 1AL/1RS genotypes, indicating that they possess heavier and plumper grains than the 1A genotypes. These results encourage the continued use of the 1AL/1RS translocation in wheat improvement.     

小麦三雌蕊近等基因系的主要农艺性状分析

为充分利用小麦三雌蕊品系的优良性状,全面分析小麦三雌蕊基因pis1对其农艺性状的遗传效应,本研究对小麦三雌蕊近等基因系CSTP,CM28TP,MY29TP和NM9TP及其相应的轮回亲本的主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明,各近等基因系与其轮回亲本在株高、茎粗、旗叶长、旗叶宽、有效穗数、穗长以及小穗数等7个农艺性状上差异不显著,除CSTP外,其它3个近等基因系的穗粒数明显高于其轮回亲本。但千粒重和小区产量均低于轮回亲本。相关性分析表明,小区产量与千粒重呈极显著正相关。而小区产量和千粒重都与穗粒数呈不显著的正相关,即仅提高穗粒数不能有效的提高产量。因而要利用小麦TP品系进行育种研究,其首要目标是提高千粒重。聚类分析表明,近等基因系与相应的轮回亲本聚在一起,这说明构建的近等基因系是成功的。     

Genetic improvement trends in agronomic performances and end-use quality characteristics among hard red winter wheat cultivars in Nebraska

Evaluation of wheat cultivars from different eras allows breeders to determine changes in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics associated with grain yield and end-use quality improvement over time. The objective of this research was to examine the trends in agronomic and end-use quality characteristics of hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in Nebraska. Thirty historically important and popular hard red winter wheat cultivars introduced or released between 1874 and 2000 were evaluated at Lincoln, Mead and North Platte, Nebraska in 2002 and 2003. An alpha lattice design with 15 incomplete blocks of two plots and three replications was used at all locations. Agronomic (days to flowering, plant height, spike length, culm length, grain yield and yield components, and grain volume weight) and end-use quality (flour yield, SDS-sedimentation value, flour protein content, and mixograph time and tolerance) traits were measured in each environment. Highly significant differences were observed among environments, genotypes and their interactions for most agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Unlike modern cultivars, older cultivars were low yielding, and less responsive to favorable environments for grain yield and yield components. Semidwarf cultivars were more stable for plant height than traditional medium to tall cultivars. All cultivars had high grain volume weight since it is part of the grading system and highly selected for in cultivar release. Modern cultivars were less stable than older cultivars for SDS-sedimentation and mixing tolerance. However, the stability of older cultivars was attributed to their having weak mixing tolerance and reduced SDS-sedimentation values. The reduced protein content of modern cultivars was offset by increased functionality, as measured by mixograph and SDS sedimentation. In conclusion, breeders have tailored agronomic and end-use quality traits essential for hard red winter wheat production and marketing in Nebraska.     

小麦主要农艺性状的相关性及聚类分析

为了解小麦产量与农艺性状间的关系。采用变异性分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,对18份小麦新品系的产量及各农艺性状间的关系进行统计分析。结果表明,不同小麦品系的产量与其农艺性状间存在显著差异,株高和千粒重变异系数较大,产量与茎蘖数呈极显著正相关,有效穗数与产量、茎蘖数呈显著正相关,穗粒数与千粒重、株高呈负相关。聚类分析结果显示,18份小麦品系可划分为4个类群,依据各类群的特点提出了不同的改良目标。在小麦育种选配亲本时,应注意亲本间农艺性状的相关性和协调性。     

新疆冬小麦品种农艺及产量性状遗传多样性分析

Grain yield is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding, and agronomic or yield-related traits can directly reflect the characteristics of varieties. In order to determine the evolution of genetic diversity in agronomic traits of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties and their adaptabilities to different ecological environments, 134 winter wheat landraces and 54 moderns bred varieties from Xinjiang were selected for agronomic trait investigation. They were planted in three different ecological environments (Urumqi and Yining in Xinjiang province, and Tai’an in Shandong province) for two consecutive growth seasons, and nine agronomic and yield-related traits were surveyed and analyzed. The estimated broad sense heritability of nine agronomic and yield traits was in descending order: plant height > grain width > grain length/width ratio > spike length > spikelet number > thousand- kernel weight > grain number per spike > grain length > fertile spikelet number. Correlation analyses of nine agronomic and yield traits showed that these traits were correlated with each other. It was found that the plant height, spike length and grain length/width ratio of landraces were higher than that in modern bred varieties, but the grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain length and grain width in landraces were less than that in modern bred varieties. However, the correlation coefficient of these nine traits was higher in modern bred varieties than that in landraces. These variations reflected the evolution of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties in agronomic traits in recent years. This study may provide important information for breeders to select the breeding parents in different winter wheat regions.     

1BL/1RS易位对小麦产量性状和白粉病抗性的影响及其QTL分析

用PH82-2/内乡188杂交后代240个F_5:6家系,按照α-lattice设计,分别种植在安阳、焦作和泰安,对产量和抗白粉病等性状进行了考察。利用SSR和蛋白标记对群体进行部分连锁作图,分析1BL/1RS易位对产量及其相关性状的遗传效应。结果表明,1BL/1RS易位系对产量、穗数/m²和抽穗期的影响不显著;易位系的千     

矮秆超大穗小麦亲本与多抗丰产小麦主要农艺性状的配合力评价及遗传分析

为了进一步挖掘矮秆超大穗小麦亲本在遗传育种中的应用潜力,为小麦高产、超高产育种选择优良亲本和最优杂交组合提供理论依据,选用5个矮秆超大穗小麦品种（系）作为父本,8个多抗丰产小麦品种（系）作为母本,按NCII遗传交配设计,采用8×5不完全双列杂交法,配制了40个杂交组合,对小麦亲本及杂种F1的株高、主穗长、单株穗数、结实小穗数、主穗粒数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重8个性状进行了考察,并在基因型方差分析显著的基础上进行了配合力评价及遗传力分析。结果表明：父本中A1、A3、A4是综合性状优良的亲本,其多数性状的一般配合力均较高,特别是穗长、主穗粒数、结实小穗数、主穗产量、单株产量的一般配合力高,而株高的一般配合力效应值较低,是很理想的矮秆超大穗多粒亲本材料。母本中B5、B6单株穗数一般配合力较高,株高的一般配合力效应值较低,可作小麦高产杂交育种的矮秆多穗型亲本使用。结合特殊配合力效应分析：组合B5×A3单株穗数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重特殊配合力效应最高,株高特殊配合力效应较低,可作为的矮秆、多穗、粒重高且高产的重点杂交组合。B2×A4主穗长、单株产量、单株穗数特殊配合力效应都较高,而株高特殊配合力效应低,可作为矮秆大穗高产的重点杂交组合。遗传力分析表明：单株产量、千粒重、主穗长、主穗产量皆在70%以上,表明这4个性状的广义遗传力较大,受环境影响较小,而狭义遗传力的分析除主穗长、主穗粒数、主穗产量、株高大于50%,其余4个性状均低于50%,说明受环境影响大,不宜早期选择,应该适当推迟选择的代数。     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

小麦-黑麦6RS/6AL易位染色体的遗传稳定性及其在配子中的传递

小麦-黑麦6RS/6AL易位系HM812-41携带抗白粉病基因Pm56。为评价其育种利用潜力,以HM812-41为亲本分别与推广品种蜀麦580、蜀麦830和蜀麦969杂交,杂种F1与中国春进行正反交,研究6RS/6AL易位染色体在不同背景中的遗传稳定性及其通过雌雄配子的传递规律。同时,利用"双顶交"法改良易位系的综合农艺性状。基因组原位杂交结果表明, 6RS/6AL易位染色体在传递过程中结构稳定。6RS/6AL易位染色体可以高频率地通过雌、雄配子传递,其传递率分别为45.05%～53.33%和43.94%～53.04%。初步分析"双顶交"F2分离群体表明, 6RS/6AL易位染色体对主要农艺性状如株高、穗长、小穗数和自交结实率没有明显的不利影响。用"双顶交"法可以快速地改良易位系的综合农艺性状。     

ω-黑麦碱基因沉默对小麦1B/1R易位系加工品质的影响

ω-黑麦碱是造成小麦1B/1R易位系加工品质差的一个重要因素,为探索解决这一问题,构建了ω-黑麦碱基因沉默表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导转化小麦品种金禾9123,获得3个T_0代转基因植株,再经连续的扩繁和PCR检测,获得纯合转基因T_4代株系。酸性PAGE检测结果表明,这些纯合转基因株系中ω-黑麦碱的总表达量平均下降53%。这些ω-黑麦碱基因沉默的转基因株系的面筋指数、沉降值和稳定时间均显著提高,而其农艺性状,如株高、穗粒数、千粒重和小区产量,均没有受到不良影响,说明沉默ω-黑麦碱基因可以在不影响产量的前提下提高小麦1B/1R易位系的加工品质。     

普通小麦中国春–簇毛麦易位系T1DL•1VS和T1DS•1VL的农艺和品质特性

为明确普通小麦中国春–簇毛麦整臂互补易位系T1DS?1VL和T1DL?1VS对农艺特性和加工品质的效应, 于2008-2010年在陕西杨凌连续2个生长季对这2个易位系和CS的主要农艺性状和加工品质性状进行了研究, 并采用SDS-PAGE法对簇毛麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因进行了进一步的染色体臂定位。结果表明, 这2个易位系的抽穗期和成熟期相同, 但比CS晚1~2 d, T1DS?1VL其他农艺性状与中国春相似, T1DL?1VS的春季单株分蘖、千粒重和单株粒重显著高于中国春;2个易位系的籽粒蛋白质含量与中国春无显著差异, T1DS?1VL的Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质仪质量指数显著降低;相反, T1DL?1VS的这些性状值显著提高。说明T1DS?1VL易位系对小麦的面团强度有显著的负向效应, 而T1DL?1VS易位系显著增强面筋强度。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明, 簇毛麦的1VS和1VL上均含有簇毛麦的HMW-GS基因Glu-V1, 但该基因在T1DL?1VS中的表达可能强于在T1DS?1VL中。     

Heterotic effects of wheat-rye chromosomal translocations on agronomic traits of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under an adequate moisture regime

Translocated chromosomes T1BL⋅1RS and T1AL⋅1RS have been widely used in many wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs to develop high yielding cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heterotic effects of T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, T1BL⋅1RS, and T1AL⋅1RS on yield and yield components of hybrid wheat grown under adequate moisture regimes. Thirteen hybrid wheats and seven parents with different chromosome constitutions relative to T1AL⋅1RS and T1BL⋅1RS were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Variable performance was observed among the hybrids tested. Two of the three hybrids with T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, produced 25.26% and 44.64% more grain than the hybrids with only T1BL⋅1RS. This was due to increased biomass, harvest index (HI) and spike density. However, the combination of these two translocations resulted in reduced kernels/spike, spikelets/spike and spike length compared to the T1BL⋅1R Stranslocation alone. When comparing closely related parents, the parent with T1AL⋅1RS produced 23.51% more grain yield than the non-translocated parent. The presence of T1AL⋅1RS resulted in 10.37% heterotic advantage for yield due to increased biomass, KW, and spike density. When the two wheat-rye translocated chromosomes are present in the same hybrid, T1AL⋅1RS seems to have a positive effect on yield through spike density and HI, but masks the effects of T1BL⋅1RS for some agronomic traits. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bread-making quality and yield performance of 1BL/1RS wheat isogenic lines

Isogenic lines were developed in order to assess the precise effects of the 1BL/1RS translocation on quality characteristics and agronomic traits. Results showed that the translocation has a detrimental effect on sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation volume, in any background. Yield was similar between translocated and non-translocated lines; however, lines carrying lBL/1RS showed a significant increase in grain weight, together with a decrease in spike number per plant.     

不同抗条锈基因小麦品种(系)农艺性状分析

运用变异性分析、相关分析、偏相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析方法,对含有不同抗条锈病基因的15个小麦新品系进行遗传性状的分析,以探讨抗性品种产量的影响因素之间的相互关系。结果表明,各农艺性状与产量的相关系数为:每公顷穗数(0.8240)>穗粒重(0.7490)>千粒重(0.4035)>单穗结实小穗数(0.1346)>穗粒数(-0.0575)>株高(-0.1892);偏相关系数为:每公顷穗数(0.5705)>穗粒重(0.3766)>千粒重(-0.2565)>穗粒数(-0.2396)>株高(-0.2296)>单穗结实小穗数(-0.0646);直接通径系数表示为:每公顷穗数(0.6100)>穗粒重(0.3717)>千粒重(-0.1728)>穗粒数(-0.1347)>株高(-0.1335)>单穗结实小穗数(0.0369)。产量因素与产量的回归方程Y=1475.106+2332.5384X4+5.7208X5。通径分析结果表明:千粒重,穗粒数,每穗结实小穗数是通过单穗产量提高产量。分析表明,抗锈小麦品系产量的提高应协调各产量因素的关系,这对抗条锈病基因聚合以及高产抗病育种具有重要意义。     

Chromosomal location of genes controlling grain size in a large grained selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Grain size in wheat is the most stable yield component and has a favorable effect on flour yield. To identify the chromosomes associated with the large grains of line G603-86, (grain weight over 60 mg and grain length of about 9 mm), F₃ lines, extracted from F₂ populations obtained from F₁ monosomics of crosses between G603-86 (P₁) and the monosomic set of Favorit (P₂) were tested in the field. ANOVA showed significant differences among parents for grain weight and grain length, but not for grain width or the factor expressing the difference in grain form and density. Homoeologous groups had significant effects on grain weight and on all components of grain weight, while genomes were not significantly different for any of these characters. Grain weight was significantly increased by chromosomes 6D and 4A of G603-86. Grain length was significantly increased by chromosomes 4A, 4B, 2B, 3A and 1B, grain width by chromosomes 1A and 1B, and the factor form-density by chromosomes 6D and 6A. The high grain size in G603-86 results from the effects of genes located on many chromosomes which affect grain dimensions, form and density.     

30份春小麦品系主要农艺性状的聚类分析

为了合理利用春小麦种质资源,给小麦新品种选育提供材料,对30份供试材料的9个农艺性状进行主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,有效分蘖数、生物产量、单株产量、穗粒数、穗长、千粒重、株高7个农艺性状的变异系数超过10%,是影响春小麦特征特性的主要农艺性状;参试材料分为3类,第Ⅱ类材料的综合表现较优,该组材料的生物产量、单株产量较大,千粒重、穗粒数适中,是综合性状表现较为理想的育种选择材料。     

Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits in winter triticale

Hybrid breeding is a widely discussed alternative for triticale. Heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated for eight agronomic traits. The experiment comprised 24 F₁ hybrids, produced by a chemical hybridizing agent, together with their six female and four male parents, grown in drilled plots in two locations. In comparison with the mid‐parent values, hybrids averaged a 6.4 dt/ha (10.1%) higher grain yield, 8.4% more kernels per spike, a 6.8% higher 1000‐kernel weight, 9.7% lower falling number (FN) and 4.4% greater plant height. SCA effects for grain yield were significant and ranged from 4.5 to 6.9 dt/ha for grain yield. Together with GCA x location interactions, they explained most of the variation. For 1000‐kernel weight, GCA effects were predominant. SCA and interactions with location accounted for most of the variation in FN, whereas interactions were negligible for plant height. Correlations between mid‐parent and hybrid performance and between GCA and per se performance of parents were tight for all traits except grain yield, which allows for pre‐selection of parental lines. Although the amount of heterosis in triticale at present is closer to wheat than to rye, by selecting parents for combining ability and identifying heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of up to 20% appears sufficiently encouraging to embark on hybrid breeding.     

小麦收获指数与主要农艺性状的相关性探析?

小麦收获指数是指籽粒产量占地上部生物产量的百分率。研究小麦品种主要农艺性状和经济性状间与其产量的相互关系,采用相关性分析与回归方法,对影响收获指数的10个主要农艺性状及因素进行了研究分析。结果表明：供试小麦HI具有较大的改良空间;HI与穗颈长、株高、穗长、小穗数、主茎生物产量有显著负相关,与单穗质量、产量呈正相关,与生物产量没有显著相关性;主成分分析结果显示,3个主成分累积贡献率达 87.427%,表明 3 个主成分已覆盖所有性状的主要信息;通过回归分析,小麦HI与单穗籽粒产量、生物产量、千粒质量有显著回归关系。结论: 通过对10份小麦材料农艺性状的统计分析,得出如下结论。HI受单穗质量、生物产量、千粒重影响较为明显有显著回归关系,与单穗质量、产量和穗粒数有明显正效应,生物产量对其有负效应。小麦HI提高可通过选育生物产量不宜过大,而穗粒数较高、单穗重较大的小麦品种。     

Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat

Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F₁'s, their F₂ progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.     

20对大麦株高近等基因系农艺与产量性状差异及相关性分析

为培育高产优质啤酒大麦提供理论依据,以20对二棱啤酒大麦株高近等基因系为试材,通过测定其农艺性状和产量性状,探讨近等基因系中半矮秆基因uzu对株高、穗长、地上部干质量、单穗粒数、单株粒重和千粒质量等的影响,并进行20个高秆基因系之间、20个矮秆基因系之间的性状差异比较及相关分析。结果表明:除地上部干质量和单穗粒数性状外,高秆基因系(无半矮秆基因uzu)其他性状均显著或极显著高于矮秆基因系(含半矮秆基因uzu),即半矮秆基因对较多的农艺性状和产量性状能够产生降低作用。相关分析表明:20个高秆基因系中,千粒质量之间的差异最为显著,说明千粒质量对于产量的提升潜力较大;株高与穗下节间长度、穗长呈极显著正相关,与产量性状均呈负相关,但无显著相关性。在20个矮秆基因系中,千粒质量同样差异最为显著;株高与其他性状均无显著相关性,但与千粒质量、单穗粒数呈负相关,与单株粒重呈正相关。