餐厨垃圾发酵生产的生物饲料对猪生长性能及粪便中微生物的影响

为研究餐厨垃圾发酵生产的生物饲料对猪生长性能及粪便中微生物的影响,选用36头平均体重25 kg左右的杜长大三元猪,随机分为2组,试验期91天,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂按照添加30%发酵餐厨垃圾生产的生物饲料替代部分基础饲料配制的试验粮。试验结果显示:总试验期试验组较对照组平均日增重提高了9.38%,料肉比降低了9.12%(P0.05),与对照组相比,试验组粪便中乳酸菌含量增加,大肠杆菌的含量降低。试验表明食用添加发酵餐厨垃圾生产的生物饲料的猪生产性能提高,且肠道环境得到改善。     

湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾高温干式厌氧消化的影响

为探索湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾高温干式厌氧消化的影响,在含固率为20%、发酵温度55℃的条件下进行厌氧发酵试验。采用L9(3³)正交试验设计,研究湿热预处理的加水率、温度、时间对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化产沼气的影响。结果表明:湿热处理后餐厨垃圾的理化性质有明显变化,日产气量、累积产气量以及TS和VS的去除率明显升高。当湿热预处理条件为加水率50%、温度120℃、时间80 min时,SCOD值最高,为101050 mg/L,比未处理时提高了5.6倍。同样,该条件下日产气量出现的两个产气峰值最高,累积产气量也最高,为269.10 ml/gVS,与未处理相比累积产气量提高49.4%。各因素对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产气量影响的主次关系为:温度>时间>加水率,处理温度和处理时间对产气量有显著性影响,加水率对产气量影响较弱。     

餐厨垃圾二步法堆肥发酵工艺及施肥技术的优化

为了研究餐厨垃圾快速堆肥及施肥降污技术,采用二次添加腐熟菌株、二步堆肥发酵温度52.5、57.5℃的堆肥工艺,通过丝瓜田间种植试验,探讨餐厨有机肥料的适宜用量以及降低菜田氮磷淋失的效果。结果表明：二步法堆肥工艺的蛋白酶、蔗糖酶酶活性比对照工艺平均高出24%和56%,堆肥生产时间减少了40%;堆肥终点的种子发芽率指数达到83%、水的质量分数为29%,符合堆肥腐熟指标。配施餐厨有机肥的丝瓜产量比对照施肥增产2409 kg/hm²,增产率为11.3%;土柱渗漏水氮和总磷质量浓度比对照施肥处理减少6.5%和7.8%。可见,二步法堆肥工艺明显缩短了堆肥生产时间,配施餐厨有机肥有利于丝瓜增产和降低菜田氮磷淋失。     

乳酸菌发酵生产酸爽黄背木耳菜的研究

以黄背木耳为原料,利用乳酸菌发酵,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验确定黄背木耳菜接种乳酸菌的最佳复配方式和发酵、调味的最佳工艺。结果表明,接种乳酸菌的最佳复配方式为:0.1%短乳杆菌+0.1%干酪乳酸菌;最佳发酵工艺参数为:发酵时间5 d,接种量0.2%,发酵温度32.5℃;最佳调味工艺参数为:pH 3.35、盐2.5%、糖2.0%。与自然发酵黄背木耳菜相比,该条件下生产的酸爽黄背木耳菜产品生产周期短、安全性高。     

海带发酵饮料加工工艺的研究

以海带为主要原料,经乳酸发酵,再经调配、杀菌、灌装等工艺得到海带发酵饮料。试验表明,海带发酵的最佳条件为:乳酸菌接种量为6%,发酵温度为39℃,发酵时间为12h;海带发酵饮料的最佳配方为:海带发酵原汁50%、柠檬酸0.08%、白砂糖2%。     

龙葵乳酸发酵饮料的加工工艺研究

以野生龙葵果为主要原料,经乳酸发酵,再经调配、杀菌等工艺研制出龙葵乳酸发酵饮料。试验结果表明,龙葵乳酸发酵的最佳发酵条件为乳酸菌接种量6%,发酵温度38℃,发酵时间12 h;龙葵乳酸发酵饮料的最佳配方为龙葵发酵汁30%,白砂糖12%,柠檬酸0.06%,稳定剂0.4%。     

响应面优化乳酸菌-柚子核共发酵体系中多肽的制备

以乳酸菌-柚子核共发酵体系为研究对象,应用Design Expert 8.0 (MSR)软件的Box-benhnken中心组合试验设计原理,以发酵温度、发酵时间、料液比、接种量作为响应面分析试验的因素,优化乳酸菌-柚子核共发酵体系制备多肽的工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺为发酵温度10℃,发酵时间40 h,料液比1∶15,接种量50%,在此条件下,多肽得率为7.04%±0.23%,显著提高了原柚子核中的多肽得率3.00%±0.11%,为进一步研究乳酸菌-柚子核共发酵体系中多肽的生理活性奠定基础。     

香椿酸豆乳的研制

以香椿和大豆为原料,用嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌发酵制备香椿酸豆乳,确定大豆的脱腥工艺;通过正交试验,确定香椿酸豆乳的工艺条件和配方:将2种乳酸菌按1:1混合后,按4%进行接种,豆乳制备料水比为1∶10,香椿汁添加量20%,蔗糖5%,葡萄糖2%,果胶0.2%,40℃发酵4h,可制得具有混合香味、各项指标均符合国家标准的香椿酸豆乳。     

餐厨垃圾就地脱水处理技术

阐述了我国餐厨垃圾的特点,讨论了餐厨垃圾的填埋、堆肥、饲料化、粉碎排污等处理方式,结合我国国情,提出了餐厨垃圾就地脱水的处理工艺,并介绍了所开发的干燥脱水机结构、原理及特点。     

大豆酸奶加工工艺的探讨

探讨以优质高蛋白大豆和牛奶为原料,经驯化的乳酸菌种进行发酵,制作具有保健功能酸豆乳的加工工艺。结果表明,酸豆乳的最佳工艺条件为:豆乳与牛奶的质量比为6∶4,在梯度驯化的乳酸菌接种量为4%、加糖量为8%和42℃下,发酵4h。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.