灰雁甲状腺的组织学研究

为研究灰雁与鹅的甲状腺结构的异同,采用不同方法,观察灰雁的甲状腺组织结构,在H-E染色的组织切片中,甲状腺实质由滤泡组成,滤泡由单层上皮细胞组成;在PAS反应中,甲状腺滤泡腔内的胶质深红染,显示胶质为糖类物质;在银染切片中,C细胞胞质内含有黑色的特异性嗜银颗粒,与太湖鹅、四季鹅不同。     

光照对“星杂579”产蛋鸡甲状腺组织结构的影响

对70日龄“星杂579”母鸡,以10lx的照度和14L:10D的光照周期补加光照,至270日龄时,摘取甲状腺制做光镜、电镜样品进行观察。结果:补加光照的实验组与自然光照的对照组鸡的开产率、产蛋量和甲状腺滤泡上皮的厚度差异非常显著(P<0.01),而体重和甲状腺腺体的重量、大小及滤泡腔内径没有显著差异(P>0.05)。实验组与对照组比较,其甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞(不论柱状或扁平上皮细胞)及滤泡腔内胶质均呈现功能活动旺盛的结构相。     

太湖鹅甲状旁腺的组织细胞结构研究

用光镜和电镜对太湖鹅休产期和产蛋期的甲状旁腺的组织结构和细胞结构进行对比观察研究。结果表明，鹅甲状旁腺只有主细胞，没有嗜酸性细胞。主细胞排列为团状或索状，由薄的结缔组织和毛细血管分成不明显小叶状，休产鹅和产蛋鹅甲状旁腺光镜下的组织结构没有明显差别；但主要细胞的电镜结构具有明显差别，产蛋鹅的主细胞呈分泌活动旺盛状态，胞质内线粒体、脂质滴数量较多，糖原颗粒集聚，粗面内质网末端扩充，高尔基体发达，分泌颗粒较多，但大小不一。休产鹅主细胞呈分泌活动相对平静状态，胞质内细胞器不发达，分泌颗粒也较少。     

光照对肉鸡生长发育影响的机理研究 Ⅰ.光照对星布罗肉鸡甲状腺组织结构的影响

对星布罗肉鸡施以间歇光照,诱起明显的光周期反应。结果,实验组鸡的增重显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞及滤泡腔内胶质均呈现功能活动旺盛的构相。从而说明:甲状腺在光照影响肉鸡生长发育的机制中起重要作用。实验还对星布罗肉鸡的甲状腺激素释放途径进行了探讨。     

二狼山白山羊遗传性甲状腺肿发病机理及诊断研究——Ⅰ.测交试验及甲状腺组织中T_3、T_4的免疫组化定位定量研究

内蒙古二狼山白山羊遗传性甲状腺肿杂合子的测交试验,以及其纯合子甲状腺组织中T_3、T_4免疫组化定量、半定量和定位分析结果表明,本病属常染色体单基因隐性遗传病;其纯合子羔羊甲状腺明显肿大(P<0.01),甲状腺组织高度增生,T_3、T_4含量明显降低(P<0.01);T_3、T_4主要定位于滤泡腔胶质和滤泡上皮细胞滤泡腔缘的胞浆中,且着色强弱不一.T_3、T_4的半定量与定量分析之间呈密切的直线相关关系.讨论了二狼山白山羊甲状腺肿大的原因、结果,以及T_3、T_4的定位与甲状腺上皮细胞功能的关系.     

种鹅休产期的饲养管理

随着农业产业结构的调整,养鹅业发展迅速,已成为农村经济的新增长点。饲养种鹅的专业户越来越多,如何饲养好种鹅,使之产生更高的效益,是每个养殖者关心的问题。在种鹅各饲养阶段中,休产期往往为广大养殖者所忽视,其实休产期的饲养管理是非常重要的环节。种鹅进入休产期前有一些明显的表征,如公鹅配种能力差,种蛋受精率低时;母鹅产蛋逐渐减少,蛋变小,畸形蛋增多,大部分母鹅的羽毛干枯。出现上述情况,种鹅就即将进入了休产期。结合实际,应做好如下一些基本工作。     

康贝尔鸭开产前、后甲状腺组织结构的变化

用光镜和电镜观察了康贝尔母鸭(产前组、开产组各15只)的甲状腺组织结构。结果:各组右侧甲状腺的重量和体积均大于左侧,开产组左、右测甲状腺的重量和体积均相应大于产前组;产前鸭甲状腺滤泡的直径,上皮细胞和核的高度分别为97±8μm,5.7±0.9μm,4.1±0.3μm,开产鸭则为87±18μm,8.3±0.7μm,4.83±0.24μm;开产鸭比产前鸭甲状腺具有一系列功能旺盛的结构象,如上皮细胞的游离面有长而多的微绒毛和明显的伪足,胞质内胶质滴、初级溶酶体、线粒体的数量较多,高尔基体发达,粗面内质网池扩张等。用氨银染色法,两组鸭均未发现滤泡旁细胞。此外,讨论了甲状隙的结构与功能的关系及甲状腺和性腺的关系。     

猪不同生长阶段甲状腺结构的形态计量学研究

为观察猪不同生长发育阶段甲状腺的形态学变化,本研究选用大约克夏猪,分别于初生、体质量为20、40、80和100kg时屠宰,测定甲状腺质量、长度、宽度、增殖细胞数量以及血清中甲状腺素的表达,并对猪的甲状腺石蜡切片进行组织学观察,应用Nikon NIS-Elements Documentation图像分析系统对甲状腺滤泡腔以及滤泡上皮细胞进行形态计量学指标的测量,并在不同生长阶段进行比较分析。结果表明,随着猪的生长发育,甲状腺增殖细胞的数量、甲状腺素的表达以及滤泡腔数密度、上皮细胞高度均逐渐降低;滤泡腔截面积及其等效直径、滤泡腔截面积密度逐步升高;而上皮细胞核截面积及其等效直径、上皮细胞核数密度变化规律不明显。相关分析表明,血清中FT3的表达与甲状腺宽度存在显著的负相关、与上皮细胞高度呈显著正相关;FT4、TT4的表达与体质量、甲状腺质量、甲状腺长度、甲状腺宽度、滤泡腔截面积、滤泡腔截面积等效直径存在显著负相关,与上皮细胞高度以及上皮细胞核数密度存在显著正相关。上述形态学测量结果为深入研究猪甲状腺在不同生长发育阶段所发生的形态学变化提供了准确的定量资料。     

环境控制鹅舍应用分析

1.鹅的产期和休产期.全世界各地区的鹅均有明显的产期.每一地区的休产期大致相同,每年的6-9月是鹅的共同休产期.随着纬度的不同,每一区域的开产期时间各有不同,但每年产期大致只有6个月.     

恒河猴甲状腺与甲状旁腺的组织学观察

应用光镜和透射电镜技术，探讨了2～15岁恒河猴甲状腺和甲状旁腺的细微结构。结果表明，甲状腺实质由滤泡和滤泡旁细胞构成。滤泡大小不等，平均直径173μm，由单层低立方上皮细胞围成，细胞平均高度4．93μm，胞质内含较丰富的细胞器和胶质小泡等。滤泡旁细胞较少，平均直径13．20μm，位于滤泡之间或镶嵌于滤泡上皮细胞之间，胞质内含少量的分泌颗粒。甲状旁腺位于甲状腺内，其实质由暗主细胞、淡主细胞、暗嗜酸性细胞、淡嗜酸性细胞组成，并可见腺泡样结构和脂肪细胞。主细胞平均直径6．96μm，嗜酸性细胞11．69μm。     

Untersuchungen zur Form der Schilddrüse (Glandula thyreoidea) beim Geflügel mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen

The thyroid glands of 31 chickens at the age of 17 to 24 months were investigated. Different methods of anatomical preparation, casts of vessels and scanning electron microscopy were used. The thyroid gland of birds is a paired organ. It is located on the ventral surface of the base of the neck within the thoracic inlet. The left thyroid gland is placed more cranially than the right one. Each thyroid gland is closely connected to the common carotid artery on the medial side, from which it is supplied and to the jugular vein on the lateral side. It is a reddish-brown organ and of lenticular profile. The gland measures on average 10 mm in length, 6 mm in width and 2 mm in thickness, and is covered by a thin connective tissue capsule which holds adipose cells. It seems that each thyroid follicle is surrounded by a net of capillaries. The investigation by scanning electron microscopy proved that the follicles are oval with a pyramidal top on each end. The cuboidal epithelium cells leave impressions in the colloid. Epithelium cells carry microvilli on the follicle side surface. Described seasonal changes of the thyroid gland in size and activity were able to be confirmed by the examination of the organ in July and December. In winter the follicular cells were higher and the follicles had a greater volume.     

Nodular thyroid hyperplasia in a cynomolgus monkey

Nodular thyroid hyperplasia was found in a 4-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The monkey was clinically normal; however, necropsy revealed multiple variably sized nodules in both lobes of the thyroid gland. In contrast to the fairly uniform diameter of the lumen of follicles in the surrounding gland, the diameter of the follicular lumen within the hyperplastic nodules was highly variable and ranged from nonexistent to cystlike. Occasionally, in the larger follicles there were papillary infoldings of epithelium. The hyperplastic nodules were partially encapsulated by a fibrous capsule and showed little compression of the surrounding tissue. The follicular cells and colloid comprising the hyperplastic nodule were immunohistochemically positively stained with the antibody for thyroglobulin. Ultrastructurally, the cells forming follicles had numerous microvilli along the luminal surface, and lysosomal bodies and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. All these morphologic findings are consistent with nodular thyroid hyperplasia, which is rare in nonhuman primates.     

伊犁鹅产蛋前后各期卵巢转录谱的构建及卵泡发育相关基因的分析

【目的】构建产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢转录组文库,结合生物信息学分析揭示不同产蛋期伊犁鹅卵巢组织差异表达基因,并鉴定出影响鹅卵巢发育的关键基因,为伊犁鹅的繁殖调控提供理论参考。【方法】选择处于开产期（KL组）、产蛋期（CL组）及休产期（XL组）的伊犁鹅各4只,屠宰后取其卵巢组织,用于构建卵巢转录组文库。通过新基因挖掘、基因差异表达、基因注释以及蛋白互作网络分析筛选出与鹅卵泡发育相关的候选基因;随机挑选8个差异表达基因,应用实时荧光定量PCR验证其表达情况。【结果】伊犁鹅卵巢组织学结果表明,在开产期时,伊犁鹅卵巢表面有大量初级卵泡,而产蛋期卵巢则显示出卵泡的层级性,在休产期卵巢中可观察到卵泡出现向内凹陷、闭锁的现象。通过转录组测序（RNA-Seq）,从构建的12个伊犁鹅卵巢cDNA文库中获得有效读数57 811 186~85 328 377条,Q30值均>93.38%,每个样品所产的测序读数于鹅参考基因组上的比对率在82.79%~89.24%。在卵巢中注释的新基因共有1 112个,单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点总数为1 642 273~2 425 069个;SNP和插入缺失（InDel）均主要注释于内含子区域;各时期的可变剪切类型主要集中为最后1个外显子可变剪切（TSS）及第1个外显子可变剪切（TTS）。在KL vs CL、XL vs CL及XL vs KL组中分别有337、1 136和525个差异表达基因,共有差异表达基因为α2A肾上腺素能受体（ADRA2A）、表皮蛋白（CP）、非转移性黑色素瘤糖蛋白B （GPNMB）及α-1-抗胰蛋白酶样（LOC106033756）。GO功能富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在肽基酪氨酸磷酸化的正调控、细胞黏附及质膜外侧等过程。KEGG通路富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要显著富集于神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用及类固醇生物合成等。结合蛋白互作网络分析,筛选到与鹅卵巢发育相关的潜在调控因子Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶（BTK）、血小板源性生长因子受体α（PDGFRA）、整合素β3（ITGB3）等。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,RNA-Seq结果准确可靠。【结论】本研究揭示了产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢组织中的基因表达差异,筛选到影响伊犁鹅卵巢发育的神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用、类固醇生物合成等重要通路与BTK、PDGFRA和ITGB3等关键候选基因,为了解鹅卵巢组织调控产蛋性能的分子机制提供了理论支撑。     

Study on the Changes of Reproductive Hormone and Regulation of Follicle Development During the Reproductive Cycle of Yili Goose in Xinjiang

This experiment was aimed to study the changes of reproductive hormone and regulation of follicle development during the reproductive cycle of Yili goose in Xinjiang. 2 years old Yili goose were chosen which were in good health and similar weight. 32 samples were randomly selected to take blood samples for hormone detection during the laying, broodiness and ceased periods, and 15 samples were randomly selected to gather ovarian tissue for the observation of the development of ovary and follicular. The results showed that during the laying period, the GnRH of the Yili goose was extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 16.78% and 58.29% (P<0.01);PRL was significantly lower than the broodiness period of 13.00% (P<0.05), and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 28.94% (P<0.01); FSH was higher than the broodiness period of 6.98% (P>0.05),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 21.12% (P<0.01); LH was extremely significantly lower than the broodiness period of 8.38% (P<0.01),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 16.84% (P<0.01); E₂ were extremely significantly higher than that the broodiness and ceased periods of 29.80% and 112.40% (P<0.01); P₄ levels were extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 28.89% and 30.34% (P<0.01). The ovary volume and weight of Yili goose were extremely significantly higher than that of broodiness and ceased periods (P<0.01). In the laying period, the mature follicles of Yili goose were significantly larger than that of the broodiness and resting periods, the number of secondary follicles was more and the number of primary follicles was lesser. Ovarian growth and mature follicle atresia, granule layer shrinkage, inward depression, cytoplasmic cavity, follicular atrophy at all levels in the broodiness period. The follicle cytoplasmic cavity of the ovary was larger in the ceased period than broodiness period, and inward concave further deeper, a large number of primordial follicles evenly arranged. Thus, during the laying period, the responses of GnRH, E₂ and LH of Yili goose were active and played a leading role on the development of ovarian and follicular. PRL and LH maintained a high level of secretion, cooperated to maintain the broodiness behavior during the broodiness period.     

新疆伊犁鹅繁殖周期生殖激素变化及卵巢卵泡发育规律的研究

为探究新疆伊犁鹅繁殖周期中血浆主要生殖激素、卵巢形态及卵泡发育的变化规律,试验以健康状况良好、体重相近的2岁伊犁鹅为试验对象,分别在产蛋期、就巢期及休产期各随机选取32只,采集1次血样,测定激素水平;在各时期分别选取5只采集卵巢组织,观测卵巢及卵泡发育情况。结果表明,在产蛋期,伊犁鹅的GnRH分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期16.78%和58.29%（P<0.01）;PRL显著低于就巢期13.00%（P<0.05）,极显著高于休产期28.94%（P<0.01）;FSH高于就巢期6.98%（P>0.05）,极显著高于休产期21.12%（P<0.01）;LH极显著低于就巢期8.38%（P<0.01）,极显著高于休产期16.84%（P<0.01）;E₂水平分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期29.80%和112.40%（P<0.01）;P₄水平分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期28.89%和30.34%（P<0.01）。产蛋期伊犁鹅的卵巢体积和重量均极显著大于就巢期和休产期（P<0.01）。产蛋期伊犁鹅成熟卵泡与就巢期和休产期相比明显较大,次级卵泡数量较多,初级卵泡数量较少;就巢期卵巢上生长及成熟卵泡发生闭锁,颗粒胞层收缩,向内凹陷,胞质出现空腔,各级卵泡出现萎缩;与就巢期相比,休产期卵巢上卵泡胞质空腔变大,向内凹陷程度进一步加深,大量原始卵泡均匀排列。由此可见,在产蛋期,伊犁鹅的GnRH、E₂、LH反应活跃,对卵巢卵泡发育起主导作用;在就巢期,PRL、LH维持较高的分泌水平,协同维持就巢。     

鹅卵泡膜层与颗粒层内激素调控规律的研究

鹅卵巢中含有众多的卵泡,产蛋期卵巢中总存在陆续成熟、大小不等的卵泡。卵泡壁由颗粒层和膜层组成,中以基膜相隔。颗粒层成于颗粒细胞。卵泡膜有成纤维细胞和分泌细胞,两种细胞混杂在一起,以至于卵泡膜的内外层分界不清,且在卵泡膜外层含有典型的平滑肌细胞。禽类产蛋性能主要由发育至等级发育阶段的卵泡数决定,而促进卵泡发育的等级与阶段主要取决于体外激素的分泌。     

高、低产双黄蛋高邮鸭卵巢组织差异分析

本试验以高邮鸭为研究对象,选择双黄蛋高、低产组高邮鸭各6只,颈动脉放血致死后立即采集下丘脑、垂体、肝脏、输卵管及卵巢组织,将采集的卵巢组织通过组织切片、HE染色观察卵巢形态结构,并对双黄蛋高、低产组高邮鸭卵巢中等级卵泡进行统计对比;进行特异性标记蛋白卵泡刺激素受体（FSHR）免疫组化染色,观察两组高邮鸭卵巢阳性细胞表达情况及卵巢颗粒细胞分布;同时提取下丘脑、垂体、肝脏、输卵管及卵巢组织RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测FSHR基因的表达。结果显示,双黄蛋高产和低产组高邮鸭卵巢在组织结构及卵泡发育上存在明显差异,高产组卵巢上的卵泡繁密且发育良好,密布着众多小黄卵泡、大白卵泡及小白卵泡,各级卵泡大小差异明显;而低产组卵巢上的卵泡稀疏且发育较为迟缓,小黄卵泡、大白卵泡及小白卵泡数量较少。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,高产组高邮鸭下丘脑、垂体、肝脏及输卵管中的FSHR基因表达量极显著高于低产组（P<0.01）,而卵巢中FSHR基因表达量在两组中差异不显著（P>0.05）。本试验结果表明,双黄蛋高、低产组高邮鸭的卵巢结构及卵泡发育存在显著差异,卵巢上的微环境可能是影响高邮鸭双黄蛋产蛋性能的影响因素。     

产蛋期皖西白鹅生殖系统的形态学观察

研究采用大体解剖法、石蜡切片法、HE染色法等对20只产蛋期的皖西白鹅母鹅生殖系统的形态结构和组织结构进行了观察,结果如下:皖西白鹅母鹅的生殖系统包括卵巢和输卵管两部分,仅左侧发育正常,右侧早已退化,卵巢表面被覆生殖上皮,下方是白膜,其实质由皮质和髓质组成,皮质内含有不同发育阶段的卵泡和萎缩卵泡,大卵泡突出了卵巢表面,卵泡无卵泡腔,也无卵泡液,排卵后不形成黄体。输卵管分为漏斗部、蛋白分泌部、峡部、子宫部和阴道部5个部分,各段均由黏膜层、肌层和外膜构成,黏膜上皮有纤毛,固有层内有腺体和淋巴组织,无黏膜肌层,肌层由内环外纵两层平滑肌组成,外膜为浆膜。