棉花水肥一体化技术

永济市棉花种植面积2001年已超过2.3万公顷,2004年达到2.8万公顷,成为全市第一大经济作物,是农民致富的主导产业。但由于棉花需水较多,和本市十年九旱、水资源日益匮乏的现状相矛盾,2004年引进了棉花膜下滴灌技术。该项技术是地膜栽培技术与滴灌施肥技术的有机结合,其优点主要体现在节水、节肥上。1技术要点1.1播种。播种时利用播种铺带覆膜机,可以实现播种,铺滴灌带,覆膜一次性完成的机械化作业,其种植模式为40-80-40,即膜下棉花行距40cm,滴灌带铺设于40cm地膜下棉行中间,宽行距80cm,棉花播种时,位于膜之内,每公顷可铺滴灌带9000m。1.2灌溉…     

冀中南棉花膜下滴灌节水栽培技术

南宫市地处黑龙港流域 ,历年种植棉花 3.5万hm2左右 ,占全市总耕地面积的 5 9%以上。但水资源匮乏 ,自然淡水资源总量仅为 30 85万 m3,人均、公顷均占有量分别为河北省平均值的 36%和2 9%,由于常年超采地下水 ,深层静水正以每年 2～3m的速度下降 ,形成严重的漏斗区。严峻的水资源危机已成为制约农业发展的“瓶颈”。因此 ,大力发展节水灌溉 ,最大限度地提高水资源利用率 ,促进棉花增产 ,是实现全市棉花产业化和农业持续发展的有效途径。1棉田滴灌系统结构及布置棉花膜下滴灌技术是把滴灌带 (毛管 )铺于地膜之下 ,同时嫁接其它有关技术和管道…     

棉花精密滴灌技术及其经济效益分析

新疆属于干旱灌溉型农业区 ,水资源短缺严重制约棉花生长。节水栽培和科学运筹水资源已成为现代农业的客观要求和必然趋势。目前棉花精密滴灌是一项新兴灌溉技术 ,随着它在推广过程中表现出来的节水、增产等显著效果 ,逐渐为广大职工所接受和认可 ,是本地水资源紧缺情况下 ,植棉最为适用的一项节水新技术。1精密滴灌技术棉花精密滴灌技术是一种可控制灌溉技术 ,生育期可通过封闭管网使滴水、滴肥同步进行 ,可以将棉花各生育期所需的水分、养分适时、适量地供到棉花根部附近土壤 ,棉花根系吸收快、利用率高 ,又避免水的深层渗漏和地表径流 ,…     

新疆博州甜菜滴灌综合试验

为探索适于滴灌的甜菜种植密度及节水灌溉技术,2011年进行了淹灌与滴灌以及滴灌条件不同密度处理对甜菜产量、含糖率及根腐病发病率的影响试验.结果表明,滴灌比淹灌甜菜根腐病发病率低2.3％～2.7％,节水46.9％～64.0％,甜菜整个生育期可节水5567.5m3/hm2,根产量、含糖率都有所提高;滴灌甜菜较适宜密度为8.25～9.75万株/hm2.     

甘肃河西灌区啤酒大麦滴灌栽培技术

干旱少雨、水资源短缺,是甘肃河西农业可持续发展的瓶颈.根据甘肃省委、省政府的战略部署,要求把节约水资源、提高水资源利用率作为关系河西灌区可持续发展的战略任务,通过农业高效节水,为工业化、城镇化和产业化腾出用水空间,为实现河西灌区的可持续发展创造条件,甘肃省政府制定了三年内发展节水耕作面积66.67万hm2的规划.河西灌区是甘肃省的粮仓,是我国优质啤酒大麦主产区之一,啤酒大麦常年播种面积8万～12万hm2.但河西灌区水资源利用率较低,单方水粮食生产率为0.8 kg左右,比全国平均水平低0.2 kg左右.为了加快甘肃省河西灌区农田节水技术推广步伐,推进节水型社会建设,提高水资源的利用效率,促进灌区农业可持续发展,实现农业增效和农民增收,探索研究各种农田节水措施有其     

玉米膜下滴灌节水保产增产技术

玉米膜下滴灌技术是大庆市近来和将来要重点推广的节水保产增产新技术。此技术具有增温、增产、增效；省工、省时、省劳；节水、节肥、节药；高产、优质、高效：抗灾保产和旱涝保收等优点。2008年大庆市推广玉米膜下滴灌面积1．55万hm2．2009年预计推广玉米膜下滴灌面积累计至4．67万hm2．力争在2012年推广到20万hm2，膜下滴灌玉米产量将达30亿kg。     

棉花膜下滴灌技术对土壤节水抑盐的作用

新疆生产建设兵团垦区是新疆植棉的重要基地,采用的大田膜下滴灌技术在旱区极为有限的水资源和土壤次生盐碱化加剧的生态环境条件下大面积推广并取得了突破性进展,现已成为全国大田作物应用滴灌技术规模最大的片区。在盐碱区采用膜下滴灌技术,具有明显的节水、降低地下水位和排盐压碱效果。本文就应用这一先进节水技术对土壤盐分运移特性及影响因素进行了分析,为合理利用膜下滴灌技术抑制盐碱改良土壤提供参考。1兵团灌区发展节水技术的环境与治理盐碱的必要性由于采用传统灌溉方式,农业用水占总用水量的90%以上。灌溉水大量渗漏引起地下水…     

玉米浅埋滴灌节水种植模式产量与效益分析

在内蒙古通辽市科左中旗粮食生产基地,为了生态节水、科技高产、循环发展的生产目标,解决膜下滴灌造成的地膜污染和回收成本高的难题,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式被广泛开发和利用。通过开展种植对比试验,比较不用种植模式下的玉米产量及经济效益。研究结果表明,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式2015年和2016年玉米产量达到11 128.71、12 426.42 kg/hm2,两年推广种植面积分别0.27万hm2和1.44万hm2。浅埋滴灌种植模式从保苗效果、子粒品质、平均产量、成本投入、纯效益等方面的综合表现最好。     

水稻膜下滴灌栽培技术在辽宁省铁岭地区试验示范

2014年,辽宁省铁岭市农业部门引进膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术,并进行了相应的种植示范。示范结果表明:膜下滴灌栽培技术适应铁岭地区的生态环境,比当地水田种植节约用水55.1%,测产产量为568.4 kg/667 m2。水稻膜下滴灌栽培技术在铁岭地区的成功示范有利于带动整个辽宁省节水农业的发展及农业产业结构调整,缓解辽宁地区水资源供需矛盾。     

棉花滴灌技术环节探讨

滴灌是节水农业的发展方向,是合理利用水资源,保护农业生态平衡,扩大种植面积的有效途径,本试验对滴灌的技术环节进行了探讨.1 滴灌周期和滴灌量的确定1.1 滴灌棉田的灌水情况:农一师农科所滴灌棉花株行距为(30+50～55)×12.5cm,毛滴管铺在窄行内,毛滴管直径1.5cm,孔距40cm,单孔额定流量每小时2.7L,实灌时有变化(表1).     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.