不同株型水稻叶倾角群体分布的模拟

 以株型因子为参数,建立了不同株型品种水稻叶倾角分布模型。对该模型进行验证,模拟值与实测值的1∶1回归直线的R2和RMSE分别为0.9472和3.93%。用本模型对3种株型、6个冠层高度和7个生长期的水稻冠层叶倾角分布的模拟结果表明,3种株型水稻叶倾角分布不同,紧凑株型的两优培九叶倾角较大,叶片挺立;松散株型的汕优63叶倾角最小,叶片披垂;中间型两优Y06介于两者中间,与实际观察结果一致。同一品种7个生长期叶倾角分布不同,从分蘖期到孕穗期,冠层叶倾角逐渐变大,叶片逐渐挺立;从孕穗期到成熟期,两优培九叶倾角变化不明显,汕优63和两优Y06则逐渐变小,叶片逐渐披散,其中,汕优63尤为明显。同一品种相同生长期的 6个冠层高度叶倾角分布不同,随着冠层高度增加,3个品种的分层LAI均减小,两优培九叶倾角变化不大,汕优63逐渐增大,两优Y06逐渐减小。试验证明该模型具有良好实用性。     

卷叶水稻的光分布模拟及适宜叶面卷曲度分析

 以叶面高度卷曲的水稻组合两优E32、中等卷曲组合两优培九和不卷曲组合汕优63为材料,引入叶面卷曲度因子,用有效叶面积指数代替传统的叶面积指数（LAI）,模拟水稻冠层内的辐射传输,比较了不同叶面卷曲度因子材料的光合有效辐射截获率、转化率和利用率,探讨了不同材料的最适叶面卷曲度及最佳群体密度。结果表明,有效叶面积指数比传统的叶面积指数能更准确地预测冠层内光合有效辐射的分布。两优E32叶片过度卷曲,有效叶面积指数偏小,光合有效辐射利用率不高;而汕优63叶片平展且披散,下层叶片长期受光条件不良,光合能力弱,光合有效辐射利用率也不高。相比之下,两优培九的光合有效辐射截获率、转换率分布较为合理,光合有效辐射的利用率也较高,最适LAI为7.6,与常规栽培条件下的群体密度（LAI=7.9）接近。两优E32和汕优63的最适LAI分别为9.8和6.2,而常规栽培条件下的群体密度过小或过大,导致光合有效辐射利用率不高。利用孕穗期至齐穗期有效辐射利用率的实测值,通过输入不同的叶面卷曲度因子,得到两优E32、两优培九和汕优63的最佳叶面卷曲度因子分别为0.12、0.11和0.08,均非常接近两优培九的实际叶面卷曲度因子（0.11）。     

Simulation on Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Canopy and Optimum Leaf Rolling Index in Rice with Rolling Leaves

By replacing leaf area index (LAI) with effective leaf area index (ELAI) through introduction of leaf rolling index (LRI), the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopies of three hybrid rice combinations, Liangyou E32 with high LRI, Liangyoupeijiu with moderate LRI and Shanyou 63 with non-rolling leaves (normal), were simulated. The model based on ELAI could predict more accurately than that based on LAI. The PAR interception, conversion and utilization efficiency in the three combinations were studied to evaluate their optimal LRI and LAI. The PAR utilization efficiency of Liangyou E32 was lower due to excessive rolling leaves and less ELAI, and that of Shanyou 63 was also lower because of the faulty PAR interception and lower photosynthetic rate and saturation point at lower layer in canopy. Compared with the above two combinations, Liangyoupeijiu showed more appropriate distribution of PAR interception and conversion efficiency in canopy, and higher PAR utilization efficiency. The optimal LRI and LAI for Liangyoupeijiu were 0.11 and 7.6, respectively, which were close to the observed value, 0.11 and 7.9, respectively. However, the optimum LAI was 9.8 for Liangyou E32 and 6.2 for Shanyou 63, larger or smaller than those under the current plant density, which led to lower efficiency of PAR utilization. Besides, the optimum LRI for Liangyou E32 and Shanyou 63 were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively, which were close to the actual LRI for Liangyoupeijiu (0.11).     

三个C两优杂交稻组合的株型及干物质生产特性

 以汕优63为对照,对3个C两优杂交稻组合的株型及干物质生产特性进行了研究。与汕优63相比,C两优杂交稻组合上3叶叶型较狭长,叶片着生角度小,总叶面积较大;齐穗期上3叶净光合速率和叶绿素含量较高,根系活力较强;基部节间较粗、较短,茎秆的抗倒性强, 中部节间较长,穗下节间占总秆长的42.77%;抽穗后干物质积累速率快,增量大,且茎鞘叶中的干物质向籽粒运转量多,对籽粒的贡献率高。C两优杂交稻抽穗后茎叶干物质输出量和干物质积累量与稻谷产量分别呈显著和极显著正相关。C两优杂交稻组合较理想的株型和中后期强大的干物质生产和转运优势是其高产的重要原因。     

两系杂交稻扬两优6号源库特征与结实特性的分析

以两系杂交稻扬两优6号和两优培九及三系杂交稻汕优63为材料,研究了源、库、流特征及其与籽粒充实的关系。 扬两优6号和汕优63的结实率、籽粒充实度和产量明显高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63茎鞘物质输出率和转换率显著高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶的活性显著高于两优培九,且上述各酶的活性与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重呈极显著的正相关;扬两优6号和汕优63的单位维管束和韧皮部的颖花负荷、现实产量负荷、总库容负荷显著小于两优培九,且负荷越大的组合结实率就越低,充实度也就越差。扬两优6号单位面积韧皮部的物质转运速率显著高于两优培九和汕优63。表明扬两优6号具有源足、库强、流畅的特点,这是它结实率高和籽粒充实度好的生理基础。     

两系杂交稻组合两优培九和65396的光合形态特征研究

采用分期播种和平行比较方法 ,对两系杂交稻组合两优培九和 65 3 96的光合形态性状进行了研究。与汕优 63相比 ,两优培九和 65 3 96在单株绿叶数达到最大值之前的增长速率基本一致 ,但其后的衰减速率却明显要慢 ,且功能叶较厚、叶角小、叶凹度大 ,光合优势明显。若以叶面积×叶重系数为综合光合特性 ,则 3个组合中 ,65 3 96功能叶的光合优势最佳。     

两系杂交稻组合两优培九和65396的光合形态特征研究

采用分期播种和平行比较方法，对两系杂交稻组合两优培九和 ６５３９６ 的光合形态性状进行了研究。与汕优 ６３ 相比，两优培九和 ６５３９６ 在单株绿叶数达到最大值之前的增长速率基本一致，但其后的衰减速率却明显要慢，且功能叶较厚、叶角小、叶凹度大，光合优势明显。若以叶面积×叶重系数为综合光合特性，则 ３ 个组合中，６５３９６ 功能叶的光合优势最佳。     

超级杂交稻两优培九剑叶叶鞘叶绿体光化学活性的初步研究

以超级杂交稻两优培九及其父本9311、母本培矮64S和三系杂交稻组合汕优63为研究材料,采用光合膜人工反应体系和32Pi同位素标记等技术,初步研究了超级杂交稻两优培九剑叶叶鞘的光化学活性。结果表明,两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片光系统Ⅰ还原能力的均值分别比汕优63高6.35和15.31 μmol/(mg·h),光系统Ⅱ放氧活性的均值分别高出616和9.89 μmol/(mg·h),且大多数时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片浸出液钙含量均显著或极显著高于汕优63;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片叶绿体膜上Mg2+ ATPase活性的均值均高于汕优63,大多数时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片循环光合磷酸化活性的均值也均高于汕优63,近一半时期达显著或极显著水平;非循环光合磷酸化活性的均值分别比汕优63高0.25和0.31 μmol/(mg·h),也近一半时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片的光化学活性大多数时期显著或极显著高于亲本,具有平均优势或超亲优势;与叶片相比,剑叶叶鞘完全具有同剑叶一样的光化学活性,两者没有质的区别;两优培九剑叶叶鞘具有较高的光化学活性可能是它具有超高产特性的重要原因之一。     

超高产杂交稻的光响应曲线及其模型拟合

以超级杂交一季中稻高产攻关第一、二、三、四期标志性品种两优培九、Y两优1号、Y两优2号、Y两优900及第五期攻关品种超优千号为试验材料,采用4种典型的光合模型对参试品种齐穂期剑叶光合光响应曲线进行了拟合,并对各品种气孔导度和水分利用效率的光响应曲线进行了比较。结果表明,直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型及指数函数模型对参试5个品种的光合光响应曲线都可以拟合,决定系数R2均大于0.99;直角双曲线修正模型拟合得到的光合参数与实测值最接近;光能利用率以超优千号和Y两优900最高,剑叶净光合速率(光合能力)以Y两优900最强,光饱和点以Y两优900和Y两优1号最高,暗呼吸速率即光合产物消耗以Y两优900和两优培九最大;气孔导度除Y两优2号随光强增加增长缓慢外,其他4个品种均增长较快,但未出现气孔关闭现象,对强光表现出良好适应性;参试品种水分利用率WUE在光照强度小于800μmol/(m~2·s)时,随光照强度增加而表现为直线升高,当光照强度继续增加,WUE增长缓慢并逐渐趋于稳定,但Y两优900的WUE仍表现出增长态势。因此,Y两优900在光照强度大、日照时数长的地区种植,仍有较大的增产潜力。     

杂交水稻不同器官镉浓度与累积量

以生长于盆钵中的两系杂交稻两优培九、扬两优6号和103S/郑粳2号及三系杂交稻丰优香占、K优818和汕优63为材料,移栽前盆土内加入镉（Cd）,使土壤Cd浓度为100 mg/kg,研究水稻植株不同器官Cd的浓度和累积量。与未加Cd的对照相比,Cd处理降低了两优培九和103S/郑粳2号的产量,其主要原因是每穗粒数减少,而对其余组合的产量无显著影响。水稻植株对Cd吸收及分配存在着基因型差异,以汕优63累积量最多,K优818累积量最少。水稻植株不同器官Cd的浓度和累积量的大小顺序为根>茎鞘>叶片。籽粒不同部位Cd的浓度大小顺序为糠层>颖壳>精米。精米中Cd累积量仅为谷粒Cd累积量的30%左右。在抽穗期和成熟期,同一器官Cd浓度及累积量呈显著或极显著正相关,但不同器官之间的相关不显著。在6个供试的杂交稻组合中,精米中Cd的浓度以扬两优6号最高,K优818最低。对不同杂交稻组合植株中Cd浓度和累积量差异的原因进行了讨论。     

低温对水稻幼苗类囊体膜脂肪酸组分和膜脂过氧化的影响

以高产杂交稻组合两优培九和常规杂交稻汕优63为材料,设10℃低温和25℃常温对照两个处理,研究了夜间低温对幼苗类囊体膜膜脂过氧化和脂肪酸组分的影响。低温处理后,两个组合叶片的叶绿素含量明显下降,但两优培九下降幅度较小。两个组合的低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的16:0和18:0含量下降,常温对照组的下降幅度较小;而低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的18:1、18:2和18:3含量均上升。脂肪酸的不饱和度均呈上升趋势,但两优培九不饱和度整体上比汕优63小。低温处理下,两个组合的MDA和超氧阴离子含量都呈上升趋势,但两优培九MDA含量上升幅度远远比汕优63小。由结果可知,两优培九在苗期对低温不敏感,抗冷性较强。夜间低温引起叶片的类囊体膜膜脂过氧化加剧,脂肪酸不饱和度上升,这两方面的变化有着密切的关系,且都与杂交稻的冷适应发展有紧密的联系。     

几种水氮模式处理下冬小麦冠层结构的差异

为了给冬小麦水氮管理提供理论依据,以京冬8号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了4种水氮模式处理下冬小麦冠层结构的差异.结果表明,与传统水肥相比,传统灌溉-优化施肥的冬小麦株型较紧凑,植株高度相近,基部节间缩短,上3叶变短、变厚,总面积减少11.6%,叶倾角大,各层透光率高;优化灌溉-传统施肥的冬小麦株型松散,植株高度增加,基部节间差异小,上3叶变长、变薄,总面积增加14.1%,叶倾角小,各层透光率低;优化水肥与秸秆还田优化水肥株型稍松散,高度有所增加,基部节间缩短,上3叶长度有所增加,宽度有所减少,总面积分别减少2.3%和1.7%,叶倾角略减小,各层透光率略下降.与优化水肥相比,秸秆还田优化水肥有利于改善冬小麦冠层结构和光分布,但效果不明显.     

水稻植株在二化螟为害后的生理变化

研究了不同类型水稻品种在二化螟为害后植株体内的一些生理变化,包括叶绿素含量、根系活力和钾元素吸收能力。不同水稻品种在主茎受二化螟为害形成枯心后,分蘖的叶绿素含量均降低,但与健康植株相比无显著差异。常规杂交稻汕优63和超级杂交稻两优培九在主茎枯心过程中根系活力显著增强,而粳稻秀水11枯心后根系活力反而显著下降。采用86Rb标记示踪原子法研究了在二化螟为害后水稻根系对土壤中钾的吸收能力的变化,发现秀水11主茎枯心24 h和48 h后分蘖中铷的含量比健康植株分别降低了5.23%和47.5%,说明对钾的吸收能力下降,而汕优63和两优培九分蘖中铷的含量分别比健康植株增加了2.91%和14.36%、21.3%和15.9%,即对钾的吸收能力提高。     

Plant Type and Its Effects on Canopy Structure at Heading Stage in Various Ecological Areas for a Two-line Hybrid Rice Combination, Liangyoupeijiu

A two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu, was used to estimate several factors of plant type, and environmental models for these factors at the heading stage were established using the data of eight ecological experimental sites in 2006 and 2007. According to climatic data from 1951 to 2005, the differences in those factors and their effects on plant canopy were analyzed for four rice cropping areas in China, including South China, the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin, and river valley in Yunnan, China. The thickness of leaf layer (the distance from pulvinus of the third leaf from the top to the tip of flag leaf) and distribution of leaf area could be used as candidate indices for the plant type of a rice canopy.     

超高产杂交稻两优培九齐穗期株型的区域差异及对冠层结构的影响

 以超高产杂交稻两优培九为材料,于2006年和2007年在江苏扬州、福建尤溪、湖北武汉、云南涛源、四川江油、广东广州、海南海口、广西南宁共8个生态试验点进行齐穗期株型观测,分析了各个生态点株型特征,并根据相应气象资料建立了两优培九齐穗期株型的环境模型。依据1951-2005年的气候资料模拟,比较了华南双季稻区、长江中下游稻区、四川盆地稻区和云南河谷单季籼稻区齐穗期两优培九株型的特征与差异,分析了4个稻区叶片形态差异对植冠层结构的影响。提出植冠层有效厚度和叶面积密度可以作为水稻“株型产量”载体的2个群体结构指标。     

长江流域超级杂交稻产量稳定性研究

以农业部认定的6个超级杂交稻组合、3个省级主推超级杂交稻组合、2个苗头超级杂交稻组合和普通高产杂交稻汕优63(对照)为材料,研究了超级杂交稻在长江流域7个生态试验点的产量稳定性.结果表明,超级杂交稻准两优527、红莲优6号、C两优87和Y两优1号4个组合表现超高产且在各试验点产量稳定性较高,结实率高而稳定,在80%以上,表现出良好的生态适应性;其它组合则在特定的生态条件下表现较高的产量和结实率.对超级杂交稻的生态适应性及其分类进行了讨论.     

Analysis and Simulation of Plant Type on Canopy Structure and Radiation Transmission in Rice

Three typical hybrid rice cultivars,together with three artificially modified plant types by the application of N fertilizer during the elongation of the two uppermost leaves were used to analyze how the plant type affected the layered leaf area and radiation transmission.Plant type factors,layered leaf area and radiation distribution were measured at the full heading,10 d and 25 d after full heading stages,respectively.A model for calculating the layered leaf area from plant type factors was established and validated to determine the effects of plant type factors on the layered leaf area for the three hybrids.Furthermore,the relationship between layered leaf area and radiation transmission was established by using the radiation transmission model.The effects of the plant type factors on the radiation transmission for the three hybrids were evaluated by using this model.Finally,a method was established to describe the canopy structure,such as the layered leaf area index and the radiation distribution in the rice canopy.     

水稻产量对生殖生长阶段不同时期高温的响应差异

[目的]研究水稻产量对不同时期不同类型高温的响应差异,为耐热水稻品种的筛选与培育提供依据.[方法]在桶栽条件下,于人工气候室内,以耐热水稻品种Nagina 22、汕优63和热敏感品种两优培九为材料,设置三个处理时期,即穗分化期、开花期和灌浆期;四种处理温度,即白天高温、夜间高温、全天高温和适宜温度,研究水稻产量和产量构...     

Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics in Flag Leaves of the C Liangyou Series of Hybrid Rice Combinations at Late Growth Stages

The contents of chlorophyll,soluble sugars,soluble proteins and thiobarbituric acid reaction substance(TBARS),chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,net photosynthetic rate as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)of flag leaves at the late growth stages were studied by using C Liangyou series of hybrid rice combinitions as material and Shanyou 63 as control.The C Liangyou series of hybrid rice combinations used in the experiment included C Liangyou 396,C Liangyou 87,C Liangyou 755 and C Liangyou 34,which all used C815S as male sterile line.The contents of chlorophyll,soluble sugars and soluble proteins in flag leaves of the C Liangyou series combinations at the late growth stages were higher than those of the control,whereas the TBARS content was lower than that of the control.The activities of SOD and POD were significantly higher than those of the control on the 7th day after heading,and then decreased slowly.ΦPSIIvalue and qP value of flag leaves decreased at the late growth stages,and these two parameters in flag leaves of the C Liangyou series combinations were higher than those of the control,while the qN value increased at the late growth stages and was lower than that of the control.The net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves at the late growth stage was higher compared with the control.These results suggest that slow senescence and strong photosynthetic capability in flag leaves at the late growth stages are the physiological basis of the C Liangyou series combinations.     

不同水稻品种对褐飞虱为害的耐性和补偿作用评价

利用采自云南高原粳稻区病叶分离的17份水稻白叶枯病菌株,在30份水稻品种上接种进行致病型初步鉴定。研究表明可以将17个菌株分为7个致病型（Ⅰ~Ⅶ）,其中Ⅴ型菌为云南高原粳稻区的优势菌群。初步构建了一套包含7个品种（黄玉、毫糯扬、TN1、珍珠矮、IR26、南粳33、金南风）的高原粳稻白叶枯病菌的鉴别品种,明确了7个致病型在这套鉴别品种上的反应型。早生爱国3号(Xa-3)、IR1545-339(xa-5)、IRBB21（Xa-21）、扎昌龙（Xa-22t,Xa-24t）对所接种菌均表现抗病,在云南高原粳稻育种中具有较好的利用前景。