Controlled-release systems for the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen

A simple technique was developed for the production of controlled-release systems (CRSs) for pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator active against the larvae of Culex pipiens, the most common species of mosquito found in developed countries. The CRSs consisted of a spongy core material encapsulated in a coating of a polyurethane or polyurea hydrogel, into which the active ingredient had been incorporated. The coating also included a surfactant to improve the low solubility in water of pyriproxyfen. The light core material enabled the CRS to float on the water surface, where the mosquitoe larvae are found. The type and amount of the polymeric coating and the amount of surfactant influenced the release profiles into water of the active ingredient. The release profiles of the CRSs were adjusted to the life cycle of the C. pipiens mosquito in order to obtain their optimal activity on the eighth day, which corresponds to the time of larval maturity.     

Synthesis of haptens and protein conjugates for the development of immunoassays for the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb.

Sensitive and selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in the immobilized antigen format were developed for fenoxycarb (1), an insect growth regulator (IGR). The parent molecule [ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylcarbamate] was derivatized at several positions to obtain haptens (2-5) that were used to produce protein conjugates and rabbit polyclonal antisera. Amino derivatives of fenoxycarb at the terminal and internal rings (2 and 3, respectively) were linked to carrier proteins by azo coupling. Carboxyalkyl-spacer groups were attached to the ethyl group and the nitrogen atom of the target compound (1) to obtain haptens 4 and 5, respectively. Hapten-homologous ELISAs based on protein conjugates of compounds 2 and 4 determined fenoxycarb in the mid-ppb range (IC(50), 102 and 95 ppb, respectively). A more sensitive hapten-heterologous ELISA (IC(50), 17 ppb; detection limit 0.5 ppb) involved the antiserum raised against a conjugate of hapten 2 and the plate-coating antigen obtained from compound 3. These assays displayed no significant interferences with photodegradation products of fenoxycarb, the IGRs methoprene and pyriproxyfen, and a variety of pesticides including the pyrethroids fenvalerate and cypermethryn, the phenoxyacetic acid herbicide 2,4-D, DDT, and the nitrodiphenyl ether herbicides acifluorfen and fluorodifen.     

生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了植物生长调节剂不同配方对玉米光合特性、氮素代谢以及玉米子粒产量与蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,调节剂不同配方处理能明显提高子粒灌浆期玉米功能叶叶绿素的含量和净光合速率,功能叶与茎秆中的全氮和蛋白氮的减少量,功能叶的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性及子粒谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性;灌浆中、后期玉米功能叶蛋白水解酶活性和玉米子粒产量、子粒蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量。在生长调节剂中,PGR4处理玉米子粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高1.35.g/kg,子粒产量比对照增加9.5%,子粒蛋白质产量比对照增加19.6%;PGR3处理玉米子粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高0.78.g/kg,子粒产量比对照增加11.4%,子粒蛋白质产量比对照增加17.4%,是较合理的配方。     

Determination of altosid insect growth regulator in waters, soils, plants, and animals by gas-liquid chromatography.

Residues of isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate (Altosid) insect growth regulator are determined in waters, soils, plants, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, poultry and cattle tissues, blood, urine, and feces. Acetonitrile is the primary extraction solvent for all samples. Residues are extracted by high-speed blending followed by vacuum filtration. Fatty extracts are subjected to cold-temperature precipitation and filtration. Samples are cleaned up by petroleum ether partitioning and Florisil and neutral alumina chromatography. The concentrated eluants are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on columns of differing polarity, using hydrogen flame ionization detectors. The identity of suspected residues is confirmed by additional GLC and by mass fragmentography. The lower limits of detection were: water samples, 0.0004-0.001 ppm; soils, blood, and urine, 0.001 ppm; forage grasses, forage legumes, and rice foliage, 0.005 ppm; and milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, poultry and cattle tissues, and feces, 0.010 ppm.     

Concise synthesis of the plant growth regulator theobroxide

A plant growth regulator, theobroxide, which produces potato tubers under noninduced long-day conditions, was synthesized in four steps from dihydrotoluene.     

集约化养鸡场(村)环境治理和鸡粪资源开发利用综合配套技术

为消除鸡粪对环境的污染,并将其加工处理成宝贵的饲料和优质有机肥,通过对国内采用的各种鸡粪加工处理方法的调查、研究与比较,设计提出一种集众法之长且有自身特色的新型鸡粪处理综合配套技术。它采用干除粪工艺,对鲜湿鸡粪先经“热床式尾气净化及余热回收利用设施”进行预处理,再进行烘干机烘干,最后加工成饲料或经有机无机肥生产线加工成肥料。经在北京等地实践应用表明,既可有效治理鸡场环境,又可获得明显经济与社会效益。     

Lenacil degradation in the environment and its metabolism in the sugar beets.

14C-Lenacil photolysis and hydrolysis studies were conducted at 2 ppm in sterilized buffers at pH 5, 7, and 9 for up to 15 and 30 days, respectively. The degradation of (14)C-lenacil in three soils and in two sediments systems was monitored for up to 100 days. Residue level and metabolites were analyzed in sugar beets following the application of (14)C-lenacil at 4- and at 6-leaf stages at the rate of 204 g ai/ha and 321 g ai/ha, respectively. Lenacil was stable in the dark and at pH 5 and 7 under irradiation. At pH 9 under irradiation, the half-life (DT(50)) was 41 days. Lenacil DT(50) in three soils ranged from 81 to 150 days. The DT(50) in two sediments ranged from 32 to 105 days. In mature sugar beets, the total radioactive residue was 0.16 ppm in the tops and <0.03 ppm in the roots. The majority of lenacil metabolites identified were hydroxylated or oxidized products and their conjugates.     

Environmental fate of spinosad. 1. Dissipation and degradation in aqueous systems

Spinosad is a bacterially derived insect control agent consisting of two active compounds, spinosyns A and D. The objective of this paper is to describe the environmental fate of spinosad in aquatic systems. To this end, several studies performed to meet regulatory requirements are used to study the fate and degradation in individual environmental media. Specifically, investigations of abiotic (hydrolysis and photolysis) and biotic (aerobic and anaerobic aquatic) processes are described. Understanding developed from the laboratory-based studies has been tested and augmented by an outdoor microcosm study. Understanding of aquatic fate is a building block for a complete environmental safety assessment of spinosad products (Cleveland, C. B.; Mayes, M. A.; Cryer, S. A. Pest Manag. Sci. 2001, 58, 70-84). From individual investigations, the following understanding of dissipation emerges: (1) Aqueous photolysis of spinosad is rapid (observed half-lives of <1 up to 2 days in summer sunlight) and will be the primary route of degradation in aquatic systems exposed to sunlight. (2) Biotic transformations contribute to spinosad's dissipation, but less so than photolysis; they will be of primary importance only in the absence of light. (3) Spinosad partitions rapidly (within a few days) from water to organic matter and soil/sediment in aquatic systems but not so rapidly as to replace sunlight as the primary route of dissipation. (4) Abiotic hydrolysis is relatively unimportant compared to other dissipation routes, except under highly basic (artificial) conditions and even then observed half-lives are approximately 8 months. Degradation pathways are understood are follows: (1) Degradation primarily proceeds by loss of the forosamine sugar and reduction of the 13,14-bond on the macrolide ring under aqueous photolytic conditions. (2) Degradation to several other compounds occurs through biotic degradation. Degradation under anaerobic conditions primarily involves changes and substitutions in the rhamnose ring, eventually followed by complete loss of the rhamnose ring. Degradation under aerobic conditions was more extensive (to smaller compounds) with the loss of both the forosamine and rhamnose sugars to diketone spinosyn aglycon degradates. (3) Hydrolytic degradation involves loss of the forosamine sugar and water and reduction on the macrolide ring to a double bond at the 16,17-position.