上海郊区蔬菜田氮素流失的研

Nitrogen （N） leaching in vegetable fields from December 2002 to May 2003 with equal dressings of total N for a sequential rotation of Chinese flat cabbage （Brassica chinensis L. var. rosularis） and lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） in a suburban major vegetable production base of Shanghai were examined using the lysimeter method to provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of nitrogen fertilizers so as to prevent nitrogen pollution of water resources. Results showed that leached N consisted mainly of nitrate N, which accounted for up to more than 90% of the total N loss and could contribute to groundwater pollution. Data also showed that by partly substituting chemical N （30%） in a basal dressing with equivalent N of refined organic fertilizer in the Chinese flat cabbage field, 64.5% of the leached nitrate N was reduced, while in the lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） field, substituting 1/2 of the chemical N in a basal dressing and 1/3 of the chemical N in a top dressing with equivalent N of refined organic fertilizers reduced 46.6% of the leached nitrate N. In the twoyear sequential rotation system of Chinese flat cabbage and lettuce, nitrate-N leaching in the treatment with the highest amount of chemical fertilizer was up to 46.55 kg ha^-1, while treatment plots with the highest amount of organic fertilizer had only 17.58 kg ha^-1. Thus, partly substituting refined organic fertilizer for chemical nitrogen in the first two seasons has a great advantage of reducing nitrate-N leaching.     

旱地土壤氮素矿化参数与氮素形态的关系

应用间歇淋洗培养方法 ,以长期不同培肥定位试验土壤为研究对象 ,求得土壤氮素矿化参数 ,并探讨氮素矿化潜势 (N0)、碱解氮、微生物氮、可浸提易矿化氮、全氮之间的关系。结果表明 ,在 35℃和 20℃条件下培养 ,一级动力学模型能够很好的拟合试验数据 ,模拟方程和模拟参数均达到极显著水平。经过 15年的培肥和轮作 ,无论是单施氮肥区 ,还是氮肥与有机肥配合施用区 ,N0均有不同程度的增加 ,这标志着土壤活性有机氮库增加。k值变化范围在0.004628～0.013148d-1之间 ,说明可矿化氮以每天 0.46 %～1.31%的平均速率矿化释放。而且 ,在本试验条件下 ,淋洗液中均含有一定数量的可溶性有机态N ,因此进行氮素矿化研究时 ,同时测定NH4-N、NO3-N和Norg的含量是必要的。 35℃下 ,N0 占全氮的比例为 7.23%～17.36% ,变异系数30.4% ;易矿化有机态氮占全氮的比例为0.27%～0.48% ,变异系数 200% ;碱解氮占全氮的比例为 5.55%～6.54% ,变异系数仅 5.8% ;微生物氮占全氮的比例在 2.16%～5.18%之间 ,变异系数28.8%。从几种指标测得的平均值看 ,N0碱解氮 微生物氮 易矿化氮 ,而变异系数是N0微生物氮 易矿化氮 碱解氮。虽然N0的绝对值远高于田间实际矿化量 ,     

缓释复合肥料对土壤和黑麦草氮素营养的影响

采用恒温培养和盆栽生物试验研究了非包膜缓释复合肥料对土壤氮素养分(铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮和固定态铵)和黑麦草氮素营养的效应。结果表明,在恒温培养条件下,各施肥处理土壤铵态氮含量随培养时间均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且中后期缓释复合肥料处理(SRCF)高于普通复合肥料处理(CCF);缓释复合肥料SRCF1处理土壤硝态氮含量始终低于普通复合肥料CCF1处理,缓释复合肥料SRCF2处理土壤硝态氮含量在初期较高、中后期较低;SRCF各处理土壤碱解氮和微生物量氮含量变化均表现为增加-降低-增加-降低趋势,分别在培养第21d和105d时出现峰值;土壤固定态铵含量变化较小,但总体上以SRCF处理高于CCF处理。在等养分比例盆栽试验中,SRCF1-3处理黑麦草株高、生物量、干重和氮素养分吸收量均高于CCF1处理,SRCF有利于提高黑麦草产量、氮素吸收和利用率;黑麦草氮素吸收量与培养土壤铵态氮、微生物量氮含量呈负相关,而与硝态氮和固定态铵含量呈正相关。     

不同形态氮肥对玉米干物质、氮素积累及土壤氮素的影响

为提高玉米生产过程中的氮素利用,减少氮素损失,采用田间原位试验法,在农民习惯施用酰胺态尿素的基础上研究相同施氮量下不同形态氮素对玉米干物质积累量、氮素吸收利用、产量及土壤氮素的影响。设置不施氮肥(CK)、酰胺态氮肥(T1)、铵态氮肥(T2)、硝态氮肥(T3)和硝/铵态氮肥(T4)5个处理。结果表明:(1)成熟期各处理干物质和氮素积累量均为T4>T3>T1>T2>CK,T4的干物质累积量较其他施氮处理显著提高6.3%～15.0%,氮素累积量较其他施氮处理增加6.4%～30.1%;该处理延长了玉米干物质和氮素积累旺盛期,推迟了玉米干物质和氮素积累速率最大时间。(2)与T1、T2比较,T4的土壤氮素依存率、氮素表观损失分别显著减少10.9%～23.1%、12.8%～49.1%。整个生育期,各施氮处理的土壤硝态氮含量明显高于铵态氮,且各处理的土壤硝态氮含量降幅大于铵态氮。(3)T4的氮肥利用效率、氮肥生产效率、氮肥农学效率及玉米产量均较优,其氮肥利用效率、氮肥生产效率、氮肥农学效率分别较其他施氮处理提高6.8%～25.9%、7.3%～14.4%、21.3%～48.3%,产量显著增加7.3%～14.4%。因此,硝/铵态氮肥配施在河北黑龙港地区比农民习惯施用尿素更能促进玉米增产和氮素利用,有效减少氮素表观损失。     

土壤脲酶活性对稻田田面水氮素转化的影响

以浙江省嘉兴市双桥农场的青紫泥水稻田为研究对象，采用大田小区的研究方法，对不同供肥水平下水稻追施尿素后田面水中氮素主要形态的浓度变化进行了动态监测，并从土壤酶学的角度探讨了其氮素转化的深层机制。研究发现．土壤脲酶在稻田田面水氮素转化中起着关键作用，施尿素后3天内田面水中总氮、氨氮的浓度及氨氮／总氮比值达到峰值．且第二次追肥较第一次追肥后峰值低．随后急剧下降。5天后维持在较低的水平，说明施肥后前5天是氮素大量且快速流失的关键时期，其流失以氨氮为主；土壤脲酶活性在第一次追肥后3～5天也出现了明显的增长趋势，第二次追肥后脲酶活性增强幅度远小于第一次追肥．N270处理初期甚至出现了负增长；线性相关分析表明田面水中氨氮／总氮的比值与土壤脲酶活性之间存在显著的正相关关系．说明土壤脲酶在水土界面氮素迁移转化过程中发挥着关键作用，因此，抑制脲酶活性可能是降低稻田氮素流失的主要途径之一。     

前氮后移对水稻产量形成和田面水氮素动态变化的影响

通过田间小区试验,在施氮量180 kg/hm~2水平下,设置4个氮肥运筹比例,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥的比例分别为10∶0∶0(T1),4∶3∶3(T2),2∶3∶5(T3),0∶3∶7(T4),研究氮肥后移对水稻产量形成和稻田田面水氮素动态变化的影响。结果表明:与氮肥全部作为基肥施用的处理相比,将前期氮肥的30%甚至50%后移到穗肥施用,对水稻产量没有明显影响,而氮肥后移70%至穗肥会使水稻产量显著下降。田面水中总氮(TN)和可溶性总氮(DTN)浓度在每次施肥后1天达到峰值,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度在基肥和分蘖肥后1天达到峰值,穗肥后3天达到峰值,随后逐渐降低至与不施氮肥处理相当。整个基肥期、分蘖肥后20天内和穗肥后9天内是防止稻田氮素流失的关键期。施尿素后,DTN是田面水氮素的主要部分,DTN以无机氮(IN)为主,而NH_4~+-N在IN中所占比例达64.0%以上。比较水稻生育过程中氮素流失风险期内的TN、DTN和NH_4~+-N三氮浓度,相比T1,T2的三氮浓度分别降低了2.9%,1.6%,3.1%,T3的三氮浓度分别降低了15.5%,14.7%,22.3%,T4的三氮浓度分别降低了16.1%,22.9%,34.1%,结合产量,确定基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥比例为2∶3∶5的氮肥后移措施能够在保证水稻产量不下降的同时,有效降低稻田氮素的流失风险。     

上海郊区种植业结构继续调整的思考

阐述了上海市郊区种植业应继续进行结构调整的必要性和面临的突出问题；提出了在新形势下，上海郊区种植业结构继续调整的基本思想、具体目标、调整走向以及应采取的相应措施。     

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用静态吸收法和土壤培养法,研究了缓释尿素与普通尿素混施条件下,氨挥发和土壤中氮素的动态变化特征。结果表明:缓释掺混肥处理能减少氨挥发损失氮量;与普通尿素处理(SRU0)相比,25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(SRU25)、45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素(SRU45)、65%缓释尿素+35%普通尿素(SRU65)、100%缓释尿素(SRU100)处理的氨挥发量分别降低19.88%、25.94%、42.84%和46.13%。在培养前期,普通尿素处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于缓释尿素处理,随着培养时间延长,普通尿素处理降低幅度最大,缓释掺混肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于普通尿素处理;而硝态氮含量随培养时间延长逐渐升高。其中,以45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素配比最佳,既能满足植物全生育期对养分的需求,又能减少氨挥发损失,节省经济成本。     

氮素形态对中后期小麦根际土壤氮转化微生物及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮对豫麦34不同生育期根际土壤氮素转化相关微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,土壤氮素转化不同微生物生理类群活性及酶活性差异显著,其活性大小顺序为:反硝化细菌硝化细菌脲酶蛋白酶亚硝化细菌氨化细菌。反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、蛋白酶、亚硝化细菌及氨化细菌活性从拔节期开始逐渐升高,于花后14天达到最大值,之后开始下降;脲酶活性在拔节期最高,逐渐降低,至花后14天最低,之后又略有回升。氮素形态对小麦根际土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活性的影响因生育期、微生物生理类群而异。综合比较分析表明,铵态氮促进土壤有机氮的分解利用,促进氨转化为NO3-,抑制反硝化作用引起的氮素损失,酰胺态氮次之,硝态氮最差。     

中国土壤氮素研究

概述了自20世纪30年代以来中国土壤氮素研究的某些进展。主要包括:土壤氮素的本性和氮素肥力,有机肥料氮,农田中化肥氮的去向和氮肥增产效果,农田中化肥氮的损失对环境的影响和农业生态系统的氮素平衡。土壤氮素研究的进展得益于相关学科的进展。并强调指出,对我国来说,在研究的指导思想上必须高度重视高产与环境保护的协调与统一。     

岳桦和暗针叶林两种植被类型下土壤碳氮元素的转化过程

Soil samples were taken from an Ermans birch (Betula ermanii)-dark coniferous forest (Picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis) ecotone growing on volcanic ejecta in the northern slope of Changbai Mountains of Northeast China, to compare soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformations in the two forests. The soil type is Umbri-Gelic Cambosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Soil samples were incubated aerobically at 20℃ and field capacity of 700 g kg^-1 over a period of 27 weeks. The amount of soil microbial biomass and net N mineralization were higher in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest (P < 0.05), whereas the cumulative C mineralization (as CO₂ emission)in the dark coniferous forest exceeded that in the Ermans birch (P < 0.05). Release of the cumulative dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N were greater in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest (P < 0.05). The results suggested that differences of forest types could result in considerable change in soil C and N transformations.     

Nitrogen compounds extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) or CaCl2 solution and their relationships to nitrogen mineralization in soils

The objective of the investigation was to identify the most important organic N-containing fractions extracted from soils by electroultrafiltration (EUF) or a CaCl₂ solution, respectively, and their importance for nitrogen mineralization. The investigation comprised 19 agricultural and one forest top soil. Net N mineralization was tested in Mitscherlich pot experiments with three treatments: (1) fallow soil without N fertilizer, (2) soil cultivated with rye grass without N fertilizer, (3) soil cultivated with rye grass with N fertilizer. The highest proportion of N in the extracts was the amino N fraction (amino acids + peptides) amounting to approximately 60% of the total N extracted by CaCl₂ and to about 40% of the total N extracted by EUF. The proportion of amino sugars from total N extracted was in average 10% for the CaCl₂ and 5.2% for the EUF extracts. The proportion of heterocyclic N bases derived from nucleic acids amounted in average to 4.8% and 3.6% for the CaCl₂ and EUF extract, respectively. Amino N (amino acids + peptides) were correlated best with net N mineralization (EUF, r = 0.81***, CaCl₂, r = 0.86***). The correlation between amino sugars and net N mineralization was r = 0.55* for the EUF extract and r = 0.49* for the CaCl₂ extract. The heterocyclic N bases did not correlate with net N mineralization. Correlations between Norg extracted by CaCl₂ versus net N mineralization were higher than those obtained by the EUF extract. Net N mineralization was about four times higher in the fallow soils than in the treatment with grass and no N fertilizer. In the treatment with grass + N fertilizer on average no net N mineralization occurred, moreover there was a tendency of N immobilization. It is assumend that in the treatments with grass cultivation, organic C released by roots stimulated the assimilation of mineral N and amino acids by soil microorganisms resulting in a low net N mineralization. Net N mineralization led to a highly significant depletion in the Norg pools and particularly in the amino N and amino sugar pools in the treatment with grass and without N fertilizer. This depletion was particularly evident in the CaCl₂ extracts. The results justify the conclusion that the Norg obtained with both extraction methods originates from a dynamic N pool into which N flows in and out. The amino N extractable with EUF or CaCl₂ is a reliable indicator for the net N mineralization potential of soils.     

Effect of cropping systems on nitrogen mineralization in soils

 Understanding the effect of cropping systems on N mineralization in soils is crucial for a better assessment of N fertilizer requirements of crops in order to minimize nitrate contamination of surface and groundwater resources. The effects of crop rotations and N fertilization on N mineralization were studied in soils from two long-term field experiments at the Northeast Research Center and the Clarion-Webster Research Center in Iowa that were initiated in 1979 and 1954, respectively. Surface soil samples were taken in 1996 from plots of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) that had received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha^–1. N mineralization was studied in leaching columns under aerobic conditions at 30  °C for 24 weeks. The results showed that N mineralization was affected by cover crop at the time of sampling. Continuous soybean decreased, whereas inclusion of meadow increased, the amount of cumulative N mineralized. The mineralizable N pool (N _o) varied considerably among the soil samples studied, ranging from 137 mg N kg^–1 soil under continuous soybean to >500 mg N kg^–1 soil under meadow-based rotations, sampled in meadow. The results suggest that the N _o and/or organic N in soils under meadow-based cropping systems contained a higher proportion of active N fractions. Received: 10 February 1999     

Dynamics of nitrogen after deeper tillage in arable loess soils of West Germany

Summary The depth of ploughing has increased in West Germany during the last three decades. Before the 1960s, the depth of the A_p horizon rarely exceeded 25 cm; in the early 1980s it reached about 35 cm on average but it has remained constant since that time. In 1989, the total N content of 105 plots in the southern Niedersachsen loess area was measured after deepening of the plough layers. The N content of the samples was compared with that of earlier samplings (1) before deeper tillage in the 1960s, the 1970s, and the 1980s; and (2) in 1983. Directly after the deeper ploughing, the N content of the topsoil decreased, presumably due to dilution with the subsoil material. Mass balance calculations for total N in 1989 showed that the phase of N accumulation can take 20 years or more. Within two decades, up to 2000 kg N ha^-1 was immobilized in the soil organic matter. Recent incubation experiments with disturbed soil indicated that the N mineralization capacity was reestablished in all soils and is now similar to that of the early (1960s and 1970s) and more recent (1980s) deepened plough layers. Undisturbed soil material incubated in plastic tubes showed a significantly reduced net mineralization at water contents above 65% of the waterholding capacity, particularly in the lower part (15–30 cm) of the A_p horizon. This study suggests that N accumulated in the deep plough layers cannot contribute noticeably to net N mineralization in loess soils during the growing season.     

Soluble organic nitrogen in temperate forest soils

Very few studies have been related to soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in forest soils. However, this nitrogen pool could be a sensitive indicator to evaluate the soil nitrogen status. The current study was conducted in temperate forests of Thuringia, Germany, where soils had SON (extracted in 0.5 M K₂SO₄) varying from 0.3 to 2.2% of total N, which was about one-third of the soil microbial biomass N by CFE. SON in study soils were positively correlated to microbial biomass N and soil total N. Multiple regression analysis also showed that mineral N negatively affected SON pool. The dynamics of the SON was significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. During the 2 months of aerobic incubation, the SON were significantly correlated with net N mineralization and microbial biomass N. SON extracted by two different salt solution (i.e. 1 M KCl and 0.5 M K₂SO₄₎ were highly correlated. In mineral soil, SON concentrations extracted by 1 M KCl and 0.5 M K₂SO₄ solutions were similar. In contrast, in organic soil layer the amount of KCl-extractable SON was about 1.2-1.4 times higher than the K₂SO₄-extractable SON. Further studies such as the differences of organic N form and pool size between SON and dissolved organic N (DON) are recommended.     

添加不同外源氮对长期秸秆还田土壤中氮素转化的影响

【目的】秸秆还田能够改变土壤中各活性氮库的含量与比例,进而影响土壤氮素供应能力。本文研究了长期秸秆还田条件下添加不同外源氮对土壤中不同形态氮素的影响,旨在明确长期秸秆还田土壤活性氮库的含量差异。【方法】长期定位施肥试验点位于湖南省望城县(112°80′N、28°37′E,海拔高度100 m)。试验开始于1981年,供试土壤为第四纪红色黏土发育的水稻土,轮作制度为稻—稻—冬闲。2014年晚稻收获后,采集单施化肥和长期秸秆还田配施化肥两个处理的耕层土壤样品,开展室内培养试验。每个土壤样品设置灭菌和不灭菌两组主处理,在主处理下设:对照(CK)、添加尿素(N 150 kg/hm^2,U)、添加秸秆(N 150 kg/hm^2,S)和添加尿素和秸秆(N 300 kg/hm^2,U+S)四个副处理,4次重复。在25℃下恒温培养5、10、20、30、50、90、130天时,分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物氮和可溶性有机氮含量。【结果】1) U、S和U+S处理均显著提高土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,高低顺序为U> U+S> S> CK。非灭菌条件下,U处理的土壤铵态氮含量较其他处理高出90.8%~288%。2)灭菌后土壤铵态氮长期维持在较高水平,其向硝态氮转化过程受阻。在培养90天内,土壤硝态氮、微生物氮和可溶性有机氮含量均处于较低水平。3)而不灭菌条件下,各处理土壤硝态氮均在培养50天后迅速增加,至培养结束土壤硝态氮达最大值(117.43~243.17 mg/kg)。4)土壤微生物氮和可溶性有机氮分别于培养20天(106.72~244.01 mg/kg)和30天(95.76~140.63 mg/kg)时达到最大值。5)至培养结束,灭菌条件下长期NPKS土壤中U+S处理可溶性有机氮显著高于其他处理,较U和S处理分别提高51.55%和29.96%。【结论】添加不同外源氮有利于提高长期秸秆还田土壤中活性有机氮的含量,尤其是添加秸秆和尿素处理,能够显著提高土壤氮素的供应能力。     

Differentiating the mineralization dynamics of the originally present and newly synthesized amino acids in soil amended with available carbon and nitrogen substrates

Newly synthesized amino acids are the principle compounds created after inorganic nitrogen (N) is rapidly immobilized into microbial tissues. However, little is known about the mineralization kinetics of these newly synthesized amino acids compared to the amino acids originally present in the soil, and how substrate availability controls their mineralization. With ¹⁵N isotope tracing, the newly synthesized (¹⁵N-labeled) amino acids can be differentiated from the amino acids originally present (unlabeled) in soil, making it possible to evaluate the mineralization of the newly synthesized amino acids in tandem with the original amino acids. As amino acids can serve as both N and carbon (C) sources for microorganisms, the mineralization dynamics of amino acids may be manipulated by the availability of extraneous C and N. In this study, an aerobic 30-week intermittent leaching experiment was conducted, using glucose as C source and (¹⁴NH₄)₂SO₄ as N source, following separate additions to soil. The newly synthesized amino acids were determined by an isotope-based high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The newly synthesized soil amino acids mineralized faster than the original ones, which indicated more rapid cycling of N in the newly synthesized soil amino acids pool. Glucose addition significantly decreased the mineralization of both the newly synthesized and the original amino acids. However, when inorganic N was abundant, the newly synthesized amino acids decomposed rapidly, and preferentially as a C source and energy, while N addition inhibited the mineralization of the original amino acids in the soil. We conclude that the presence of readily degradable C (e.g. glucose) and inorganic N controls the mineralization of newly synthesized and original amino acid pools in soil differently, which is a crucial mechanism in adjusting the N supply and sequestration processes in soil ecosystems.     

酸雨对土壤有机碳氮潜在矿化的影响

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, a pot experiment using forest soils planted with the seedlings of four woody species was performed with weekly treatments of pH 4.40, 4.00, 3.52, and 3.05 simulated acid rain （SAR） for 42 months compared to a control ofpH 5.00 lake water. The cumulative amounts of C and N mineralization in the five treated soils were determined after incubation at 25 ℃ for 65 d to examine the effects of SAR treatments. For all five treatments, cumulative CO2-C production ranged from 20.24 to 27.81 mg kg^-1 dry soil, net production of available N from 17.37 to 48.95 mg kg^-1 dry soil, and net production of NO3-N from 9.09 to 46.23 mg kg^-1 dry soil. SAR treatments generally enhanced the emission of CO2-C from the soils; however, SAR with pH 3.05 inhibited the emission. SAR treatments decreased the net production of available N and NO3-N. The cumulative CH4 and N2O productions from the soils increased with increasing amount of simulated acid rain. The cumulative CO2-C production and the net production of available N of the soil under Acmena acuminatissima were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than those under Schima superba and Cryptocarya concinna. The mineralization of soil organic C was related to the contents of soil organic C and N, but was not related to soil pH. However, the overall effect of acid rain on the storage of soil organic matter and the cycling of important nutrients depended on the amount of acid deposition and the types of forests.     

Repeated freeze–thaw events affect leaching losses of nitrogen and dissolved organic matter in a forest soil

Freezing and thawing may substantially influence the rates of C and N cycling in soils, and soil frost was proposed to induce NO losses with seepage from forest ecosystems. Here, we test the hypothesis that freezing and thawing triggers N and dissolved organic matter (DOM) release from a forest soil after thawing and that low freezing temperatures enhance the effect. Undisturbed soil columns were taken from a soil at a Norway spruce site either comprising only O horizons or O horizons + mineral soil horizons. The columns were subjected to three cycles of freezing and thawing at temperatures of –3°C, –8°C, and –13°C. The control columns were kept at constant +5°C. Following the frost events, the columns were irrigated for 20 d at a rate of 4 mm d^–1. Percolates were analyzed for total N, mineral N, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The total amount of mineral N extracted from the O horizons in the control amounted to 8.6 g N m^–2 during the experimental period of 170 d. Frost reduced the amount of mineral N leached from the soil columns with –8°C and –13°C being most effective. In these treatments, only 3.1 and 4.0 g N m^–2 were extracted from the O horizons. Net nitrification was more negatively affected than net ammonification. Severe soil frost increased the release of DOC from the O horizons, but the effect was only observed in the first freeze–thaw cycle. We found no evidence for lysis of microorganisms after soil frost. Our experiment did not confirm the hypothesis that soil frost increases N mineralization after thawing. The total amount of additionally released DOC was rather low in relation to the expected annual fluxes.     

Differential Utilization of Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen by Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)

A study was conducted under greenhouse conditions on wheat to investigate the utilization of dissolved organic nitrogen (N) in comparison with conventionally applied inorganic N sources (INS). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 90 kg N ha^?1 in an inorganic form, an organic high molecular weight (MW) form (casein, haemoglobin, albumin), and an organic low MW amino acid form (glycine, alanine, valine). Inorganic N sources recorded the maximum response (126% to 150%) in total dry matter (DM) production while dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) sources showed 61% to 116% increase in comparison to the control treatment. Glycine gave the maximum DM production, which was comparable with both INS treatments. In hydroponics, greater utilization occurred and the shoots had a higher N content in comparison to those grown in soil. The concentration of DON and NO₃^? in soil after wheat harvest was similar in all the treatments.