日粮中添加经药物处理后的鸡粪饲养肉鸡效果观察

用２００只出壳艾维菌雏茵雏鸡随机平均分为４组，进行为期４９天的饲养试验。在试验中，对照组喂给基础日粮，试验１组用９５％基础日粮＋５％处理鸡粪，试验２组用９２％基础日粮＋８％处理鸡粪，试验３组用９０％基础日粮＋１０％处理鸡粪。结果表明：各组总增重（试验１组８１．２８ｋｇ，试验２组８４．２１ｋｇ，试验３组８０．２３ｋｇ，对照组８１．２５ｋｇ）无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）；饲料报酬（试１组２．１６：１，试２组２．０５：１，试３组２．１４：１，对照组２．０９：１）组间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），试１、２、３组及对照组的死亡率分别为１０％、０、１０％、４％，组间差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）；经济效益（每千克毛鸡成本试验各组与对照组分别为３．６８元、３．４２元、３．５１元、３．７３元），以试２组为好。     

蝗虫粉饲喂肉鸡效果的研究

对商品代京黄肉用型雏鸡进行６０天饲喂蝗虫粉试验，结果：在基础日粮中添加５％蝗虫粉添加剂的试验组，比对照组平均日增重提高１５．２２％（Ｐ〈０．０１），饲料报酬每千克增重比对照组节省饲料０．３３ｋｇ（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

沸石粉在生长猪饲粮中应用效果的研究

选用体重１７ｋｇ左右的杜长断奶仔猪５４头，采用单因子试验设计，随机分成３组，每组１８头，分别饲喂添加有０％、３％、５％沸石粉的饲粮，研究补加沸石粉对生长猪增重、饲料利用率及经济效益的影响。经３５天饲养试验，结果表明：使用５％沸石粉组试验猪的增重效果比对照组（即０％沸石粉组）提高１２．４５％（Ｐ＜０．０５），较添加３％沸石粉组提高４．８４％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；经济效益５％沸石粉组较对照组提高２５．４％，３％沸石粉组比对照组提高１７．０８％。添加５％沸石粉后每吨饲粮成本可降低５６．００元，添加３％沸石粉后也可下降３３．６０元。因此，在１７～３５ｋｇ生长猪饲粮中添加沸石粉不但对猪的增重效果显著，而且还能明显降低饲粮成本，提高经济效益。     

日粮中添加高剂量铜对肉用仔鸡生长和肝、粪铜浓度的影响

用１６４只１周龄ＡＡ肉用仔鸡进行的两次试验结果显示，在含铜８—１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的玉米—豆饼日粮中，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜（ＣｕＳＯ４５Ｈ２Ｏ），提高４—７周龄平均增重７．１－１０．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），提高１—３周龄平均增重２．１－２．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５，试验Ⅱ）或６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１，试验Ⅰ），降低１—３周龄饲料／增重６．３－１５．３％，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，对胸肌含水量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），明显提高了肝铜含量（Ｐ＜０．０５），但幅度不太大，由对照组的１３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到２３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ（风干基础），而正常鸡肝含铜量低，因此对食品卫生无不利影响。大量铜由粪中排出体外，试验组粪铜浓度比对照组提高９倍。     

低硫甙菜籽饼对生长肥育猪生长表现效应试验

试验在饲粮中添加两个水平（１０％ ，１７％ ）的低硫甙菜籽饼，分试验组与对照组，对生长肥育猪（３０～９０ｋｇ）进行为期９１ 天的增重试验。其结果表明试猪日增重和饲料利用率均达到与对照组同等生产水平，差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。每千克增重饲料费，以１７％ 组最低为 ５．８１ 元，１０％ 组次之为６．０２ 元，对照组最高为６．７９ 元。１０％ ，１７％ 低硫甙菜籽饼组依序较对照组提高经济效益 １１．３％ 和 １４．４％     

乳猪饲粮中维生素B12不同添加量效果试验

选择初生重相近的９窝乳猪，以窝为单位随机分为３组，每组３窝。三组饲粮中分别添加ＶＢ１２１０μｇ／ｋｇ，２０μｇ／ｋｇ，３０μｇ／ｋｇ，进行补饲试验，试验期４２天。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间在２１日龄、２８日龄、３５日龄、４２日龄体重及全期增重、日增重等方面差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），以Ⅰ组为对照，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比Ⅰ组分别提高日增重１１．３５％、３２．１６％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组料重比分别为０．６４、０．６０、０．５４。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组提高饲料利用率６．２５％、１５．６３％，经济效益对比，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比Ⅰ组分别提高经济效益１２．０４％和３４．５７％。结果表明，乳猪饲粮中添加３０μｇ／ｋｇＶＢ１２比较理想     

不同酶制剂对生长猪效果试验

选择１２８头长大二元杂交猪随机分为４组,每组设２个重复。４组分别饲喂含０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的红八利酶制剂、万达福酶制剂和溢多利酶制剂的饲粮,试验为期２９天。试验结果表明,猪日粮中添加红八利酶和溢多利酶可促进生长和改善饲料利用率。与对照组相比,红八利酶组平均日增重提高４．９２％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲料利用率提高１．７２％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,经济效益提高５．０４％;溢多利酶组平均日增重提高３．８７％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲料利用率提高５．５０％（Ｐ＞０．０５）,经济效益提高９．３６％;而万达福酶组对猪的生长性能和饲料利用率有负效应     

阿散酸和土霉素对肉牛增重效果的影响

选择体重相近,健康的南阳黄牛６０ 头,平均分为３ 组（ 组间体重差异不显著）。试验Ⅰ组饲粮为基础日粮＋ １２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的阿散酸＋ １２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的土霉素。试验Ⅱ组饲粮为基础日粮＋１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的阿散酸＋ １００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的土霉素,对照组饲粮为基础日粮,３ 组经过一个月的对比试验表明,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组都比对照组的平均日增重高,分别高３９ ．１７ ％ 和２７ ．３２ ％ ,以每千克增重计算饲料开支,试验Ⅰ组比对照组可节约１ ．７６ 元,比试验Ⅱ组可节约０ ．４２ 元     

香菇菌糠饲喂生长肥育猪效果试验

香菇菌糠具有一定的营养价值。本试验在大长嘉三元杂种生长肉猪饲粮中分别加入０％、１０％、１５％，进行对比试验。结果表明，添加１０％组其生长表现与全价饲料组对比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），每增重１ｋｇ饲料成本降低０．４３元，经济效益显著。     

饲粮中脱毒菜籽饼水平对生长猪的影响

将长白×荣昌杂交一代仔猪（２０ｋｇ左右）７５头随机分成５组，每组１５头。在饲粮中加入占总量的０％、１０％、１５％、１８％和２０％的脱毒菜籽饼，并使供试５种饲粮的营养水平基本相同。经６０天试验，平均日增重，第１、２、３组与第５组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），第４组与第５组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），第１－４组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲料报酬，第１组与第５组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），其他各组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；每千克增重需饲料成本，以第４组最低，第５组最高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.