Length of the solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate

It has recently been suggested that the solar irradiance has varied in phase with the 80- to 90-year period represented by the envelope of the 11-year sunspot cycle and that this variation is causing a significant part of the changes in the global temperature. This interpretation has been criticized for statistical reasons and because there are no observations that indicate significant changes in the solar irradiance. A set of data that supports the suggestion of a direct influence of solar activity on global climate is the variation of the solar cycle length. This record closely matches the long-term variations of the Northern Hemisphere land air temperature during the past 130 years.     

The 100,000-year ice-Age cycle identified and found to lag temperature, carbon dioxide, and orbital eccentricity

The deep-sea sediment oxygen isotopic composition (delta(18)O) record is dominated by a 100,000-year cyclicity that is universally interpreted as the main ice-age rhythm. Here, the ice volume component of this delta(18)O signal was extracted by using the record of delta(18)O in atmospheric oxygen trapped in Antarctic ice at Vostok, precisely orbitally tuned. The benthic marine delta(18)O record is heavily contaminated by the effect of deep-water temperature variability, but by using the Vostok record, the delta(18)O signals of ice volume, deep-water temperature, and additional processes affecting air delta(18)O (that is, a varying Dole effect) were separated. At the 100,000-year period, atmospheric carbon dioxide, Vostok air temperature, and deep-water temperature are in phase with orbital eccentricity, whereas ice volume lags these three variables. Hence, the 100,000-year cycle does not arise from ice sheet dynamics; instead, it is probably the response of the global carbon cycle that generates the eccentricity signal by causing changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.     

Transient particle acceleration associated with solar flares

Understanding how individual charged particles can be accelerated to extreme energies (10(20) electron volts), remains a foremost problem in astrophysics. Within our solar system, the active sun is capable of producing, on a short time scale, ions with energies higher than 25 gigaelectron volts. Satellite and ground-based observation over the past 30 years have greatly increased our knowledge of the properties of transient bursts of energetic particles emitted from the sun in association with solar flares, but a real understanding of the solar flare particle acceleration process requires greatly refined experimental data. On the practical side, it is also imperative that this problem be solved if man is to venture, for long periods of time, beyond the protective umbrella of Earth's magnetic field, which excludes much of the biologically damaging solar energetic particles. It is only through an understanding of the basic acceleration problem that we can expect to be able to predict the occurrence of a solar flare with lethal solar radiations. For our knowledge of these effects to advance, a new space mission dedicated to studying the high-energy aspects of solar flares at high spatial and energy resolution will be required.     

The temperature gradient in the solar nebula

The available compositional data on planets and satellites can be used to place stringent limits on the thermal environment in the solar nebula. The densities of the terrestrial planets, Ceres and Vesta, the Galilean satellites, and Titan; the atmospheric compositions of several of these bodies; and geochemical and geophysical data on the earth combine to define a strong dependence of formation temperature on heliocentric distance. The pressure and temperature dependences of the condensation process are separable in the sense that the variation of the deduced formation temperatures with heliocentric distance is insensitive to even very diverse assumptions regarding the pressure profile in the nebula. It is impossible to reconcile the available compositional data with any model in which the formation temperatures of these bodies are determined by radiative equilibrium with the sun, regardless of the sun's luminosity. Rather, the data support Cameron's hypothesis of a dense, convective solar nebula, opaque to solar radiation, with an adiabatic temperature-pressure profile.     

Oceanic mechanisms for amplification of the 23,000-year ice-volume cycle

Situated adjacent to the largest Northern Hemispher ice sheets of the ice ages, the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean has an important role in the earth's climate history. It provides a significant local source of moisture for the atmosphere and adjacent continents, forms a corridor that guides moisture-bearing storms northward from low latitudes, and at times makes direct contact along its shorelines with continental ice masses. Evidence of major ice-ocean-air interactions involving the North Atlantic during the last 250,000 years is summarized. Outflow of icebergs and meltwater initially driven by summer insolation over the ice sheets affects midlatitude ocean temperatures, summer heat storage, winter sea-ice extent, and global sea level. These oceanic responses in turn influence the winter moisture flux back to the ice sheets, as well as ablation of land ice by calving. Spectral data indicate that the oceanic moisture and sea-level feedbacks, in part controlled by glacial melt products, amplify Milankovitch (insolation) forcing of the volumetrically dominant mid-latitude ice sheets at the 23,000-year precessional cycle.     

Amplification of surface temperature trends and variability in the tropical atmosphere

The month-to-month variability of tropical temperatures is larger in the troposphere than at Earth's surface. This amplification behavior is similar in a range of observations and climate model simulations and is consistent with basic theory. On multidecadal time scales, tropospheric amplification of surface warming is a robust feature of model simulations, but it occurs in only one observational data set. Other observations show weak, or even negative, amplification. These results suggest either that different physical mechanisms control amplification processes on monthly and decadal time scales, and models fail to capture such behavior; or (more plausibly) that residual errors in several observational data sets used here affect their representation of long-term trends.     

Interpreting differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere

Estimated global-scale temperature trends at Earth's surface (as recorded by thermometers) and in the lower troposphere (as monitored by satellites) diverge by up to 0.14 degrees C per decade over the period 1979 to 1998. Accounting for differences in the spatial coverage of satellite and surface measurements reduces this differential, but still leaves a statistically significant residual of roughly 0.1 degrees C per decade. Natural internal climate variability alone, as simulated in three state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere-ocean models, cannot completely explain this residual trend difference. A model forced by a combination of anthropogenic factors and volcanic aerosols yields surface-troposphere temperature trend differences closest to those observed.     

Long-term brightness variations of neptune and the solar cycle modulation of its albedo

The visual brightness and albedo of Neptune vary periodically during the 11-year solar cycle with an amplitude of 4%, anticorrelated with the variation of solar ultraviolet output. A seasonal trend in color suggests that Neptune, like Uranus, may have a slightly reddened pole.     

农田养分平衡理论与实践进展综述

目的了解云南省马铃薯农户种植状况,为进一步优化马铃薯种植提供参考。方法采用实地访问和田间调查的调研方法,对云南省典型马铃薯种植区域的农户产量、肥料用量和养分平衡等数据进行了分析。结果云南省马铃薯种植户的氮、磷、钾养分平均用量分别为222.5、111.3和60.8 kg/hm²。滇北氮肥和钾肥用量较高。农田氮、磷平均盈余量分别为139.2、60.6 kg/hm²,钾的亏缺量为59 kg/hm²。结论云南省马铃薯种植应调整氮磷钾施肥比例,减少氮肥用量、增加钾肥施用量。     

Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions

Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.     

太阳辐射作用下浮顶油罐温度场的数值模拟

为了研究太阳辐射对浮顶油罐温度场的影响,有必要掌握受太阳辐射影响原油在浮顶油罐中的温度变化规律.通过分析浮顶油罐与环境换热过程,建立2×104 m3 浮顶油罐的三维模型,对一天内浮顶油罐油品及罐壁的温度变化进行数值模拟.结果表明:在以太阳辐射为主的环境变化影响下,浮顶油罐的近壁面和浮盘处会产生温度梯度较大的高温油层,深...     

A Reevaluation of the Ozone Budget with HALOE UARS Data: No Evidence for the Ozone Deficit

Recently, additional ozone production mechanisms have been proposed to resolve the ozone deficit problem, which arises from greater ozone destruction than production in several photochemical models of the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. A detailed ozone model budget analysis was performed with simultaneous observations of O(3), HCl, H(2)O, CH(4), NO, and NO(2) from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) under conditions with the strongest photochemical control of ozone. The results indicate that an ozone deficit may not exist. On the contrary, the use of currently recommended photochemical parameters leads to insufficient ozone destruction in the model.     

Cyclic and geographic trends in seawater temperature and abundance of american lobster

In Maine, fluctuations in the abundance of American lobster (Homarus americanus) and in seawater temperature have correlated well during the years since the first temperature measurements were made in 1905. Recent record catches in chronological sequence from the northern limit of range in Newfoundland to New York, while temperatures measured in Maine declined from higher to lower than optimum, suggest that at the present rate optimum conditions should reach the southern limit of the lobster's range by the mid-1970's.     

温光生态效应对春玉米物质生产的影响

为进一步优化北京地区的春玉米生产,通过设计不同的播期,研究了不同温光生态条件与玉米物质生产的关系。结果表明,当播期从4月底推迟至5月底时:春玉米平均增产17.6%,穗粒数增加了15.4%,而千粒重增加4.3%;玉米灌浆中期(吐丝后16—45 d)和后期(吐丝后46 d—成熟)的光温状况得到明显的改善,主要表现在日均光辐射强度得到一定程度的提高(3.6%和10%),日均温明显下降(1.7和4.3℃),日均温差则明显增加(4.3和3.1℃)。相关分析表明,灌浆中后期日辐射量以及日温差的增大是推迟播期后春玉米增产的主要气候因素。灌浆中后期日均温的降低和日温差的增大,在一定程度上延长了春玉米的绿叶持续期,同时有利于加强后期的光合势,主要表现在成熟期LAI的增大。另外,推迟播期后,大喇叭口期至乳熟期干物质积累速率的增加与穗粒数有着密切的关系,而前者的增加主要得益于营养生长期相对较高的日均温。     

宁南山区日光温室内气温变化规律与最低气温预测

利用宁南山区日光温室内气温和当地气象台站的常规气象观测资料,开展了温室内气温的变化特征和温室内最低气温预测方法研究。结果表明,不同天气条件下的温室内气温日变化规律存在明显差异;温室内的日最高气温时间分 布较为集中,主要出现在每日的12∶00—14∶00,而日最低气温主要出现在每日的7∶00—9∶00;温室内、外的最低气温呈现明显的线性关系,据此建立了温室内最低气温的线性回归方程,历史回代检验表明方程的预报绝对误差均在4℃以内,在2℃以内的占总数的80%以上,精度较好。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻生长和产量形成的影响

【目的】针对不断升高的近地层臭氧浓度,研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感类型水稻生长动态和产量形成的影响,为抗臭氧品种的选育提供参考依据。【方法】2013年,利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置对照(10 n L·L~(-1))和臭氧浓度增高(100 n L·L~(-1))处理,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,根据供试材料地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A类(低度敏感型)、B类(中度敏感型)和C类(高度敏感型)3个类别,分析不同敏感类型水稻株高和分蘖动态、籽粒产量以及产量构成因子对臭氧胁迫的响应及其与成熟期生物量响应的关系。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻地上部生物量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。除首期外,臭氧胁迫使其他测定期株高下降,降幅随时间推移逐渐增加,但不同类型水稻的降幅相近。与此不同,臭氧胁迫对分蘖发生的影响因不同水稻类型而异:全生育期平均,臭氧胁迫对A类水稻分蘖数没有影响,但使B类和C类水稻分别下降17%和23%,均达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使水稻籽粒产量及产量构成因子均显著或极显著下降,其中单位面积穗数(A类水稻没有响应,B和C两类水稻分别下降16%和26%)、每穗颖花数(A、B和C类水稻分别下降16%、19%和27%)和单位面积颖花数(A、B和C类水稻分别下降11%、31%和46%)的降幅在不同类型水稻间差异明显,但在饱粒重、饱粒率和最终产量方面,3类水稻的降幅差异较小。臭氧胁迫导致的产量损失主要与饱粒率和总库容量大幅下降有关,其次亦与穗数和饱粒重的下降有关。臭氧胁迫下,水稻成熟期地上部生物量的响应与生育中后期分蘖数和最终穗数、每穗颖花数以及单位面积颖花数的响应均呈极显著正相关,但与各期株高、饱粒率、饱粒重和最终产量的相关性均不密切。【结论】100n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度矮化水稻植株,使分蘖发生和颖花形成,特别是灌浆结实明显受抑,进而使最终产量大幅下降,其中生育中后期分蘖数和最终成穗数、每穗颖花数以及总颖花量的变化与水稻敏感类型关系密切,可作为抗臭氧品种选育的参考依据。     

European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500

Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early 21st-century European climate is very likely (>95% confidence level) warmer than that of any time during the past 500 years. This agrees with findings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average temperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were reduced by approximately 0.5 degrees C (0.25 degrees C for annual mean temperatures) compared to the 20th century. Summer temperatures did not experience systematic century-scale cooling relative to present conditions. The coldest European winter was 1708/1709; 2003 was by far the hottest summer.     

兰州市和陇南市气候概况及温度降水变化趋势对比分析

本文通过对兰州市和陇南市1981—2019年温度降水资料变化趋势对比分析得出：两地各时段平均气温1981-1990年为相对偏冷期,1991-2000年为正常时期,2001-2019年为相对偏暖期;两地各时段平均降水量1981-1990年和2011-2019年均为明显的上升趋势,1991-2000年兰州为明显的上升趋势,武都为明显的下降趋势,2001-2010年均为明显的下降趋势;目前,两地年平均气温和年降水量均呈现出显著的上升趋势。研究结果对指导两地科学规划、周密部署防汛抗旱及农业生产、气象防灾减灾工作提供了科学依据。