Ozone concentrations in new jersey and new york: statistical association with related variables

The concentrations of ozone at nine measurements sites in New Jersey and New York during the period 1 May through 30 September 1973 have been examined. Daily fluctuations in the ozone concentrations at any two sites are highly correlated. The concentrations are lower with low levels of solar radiation and also with high wind speed. The average ozone concentration shows only minor differences between weekdays and weekends, despite markedly different traffic patterns.     

Sunday and workday variations in photochemical air pollutants in new jersey and new york

Concentration distributions of air contaminants and meteorological variables in New Jersey and New York for workdays (Mondays through Fridays, omitting holidays) and Sundays are compared by means of quantile-quantile plots. The ozone distributions are slightly higher on Sundays, and the primary pollutant distributions are lower. These results raise serious questions about the validity of current concepts underlying ozone reduction in urban atmospheres.     

Earthquakes, faults, and nuclear power plants in southern new york and northern new jersey

Seismic activity in the greater New York City area is concentrated along several northeast-trending faults of which the Ramapo fault appears to be the most active. Three nuclear power plants at Indian Point, New York, are situated close to the Ramapo fault. For a reactor site in use for 40 years, the probability that the site will experience an intensity equal to or in excess of the design (safe shutdown) earthquake is estimated to be about 5 to 11 percent.     

武汉“1+8”城市圈土地利用动态变化研究

利用武汉城市圈内9个城市1997—2006年土地利用变化数据,采用土地利用动态变化方法中的土地资源数量变化模型、土地利用程度变化模型、土地利用区域变化差异模型来分析武汉城市圈1997—2006年土地利用变化的情况。研究表明,土地利用动态分析能够很好的揭示城市圈土地利用结构特征的变化规律;武汉城市圈中,武汉市综合土地利用动态度为0.76%/年,远高于其他八个地区;土地利用程度变化方面,增加最多的武汉市土地利用程度指数变化量为0.463,而咸宁市土地利用程度指数减小了0.609,是减少最多的地区;土地利用类型相对变化方面,耕地变化主要集中在武汉市、黄冈市和咸宁市,园地变化集中在武汉市和孝感市,交通用地变化则集中在武汉市、孝感市和咸宁市。根据研究结果,文章提出了对策建议。     

Arctic air pollution: origins and impacts

Notable warming trends have been observed in the Arctic. Although increased human-induced emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases are certainly the main driving factor, air pollutants, such as aerosols and ozone, are also important. Air pollutants are transported to the Arctic, primarily from Eurasia, leading to high concentrations in winter and spring (Arctic haze). Local ship emissions and summertime boreal forest fires may also be important pollution sources. Aerosols and ozone could be perturbing the radiative budget of the Arctic through processes specific to the region: Absorption of solar radiation by aerosols is enhanced by highly reflective snow and ice surfaces; deposition of light-absorbing aerosols on snow or ice can decrease surface albedo; and tropospheric ozone forcing may also be contributing to warming in this region. Future increases in pollutant emissions locally or in mid-latitudes could further accelerate global warming in the Arctic.     

武汉城市圈畜禽养殖污染负荷分析

以全国＂资源节约型＂和＂环境友好型＂社会建设综合配套改革实验区武汉城市圈为研究区域,结合区域内畜禽饲养量、畜禽排污量以及有效耕地面积,对各市畜禽粪便的耕地最大污染负荷量进行估算,得出畜禽养殖污染负荷警报值。结果表明：武汉城市圈农田畜禽粪便猪粪当量平均负荷量为35.48 t/hm2,农田畜禽粪便污染负荷平均警报值为0.79,这一水平值远高于全国警报值0.49;武汉城市圈除仙桃市外,其余各市的畜禽粪便排放均对环境构成威胁,其中,黄冈市畜禽养殖对环境构成较严重威胁,其次是孝感市。     

The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study

The effects of natural hydrocarbons must be considered in order to develop a reliable plan for reducing ozone in the urban atmosphere. Trees can emit significant quantities of hydrocarbons to metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, and model calculations indicate that these natural emissions can significantly affect urban ozone levels. By neglecting these compounds, previous investigators may have overestimated the effectiveness of an ozone abatement strategy based on reducing anthropogenic hydrocarbons.     

The influence of canadian forest fires on pollutant concentrations in the united states

High carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from uncertain origins occurred episodically in the southeastern United States during the summer of 1995. We show that these episodes were caused by large forest fires in Canada. Over a period of 2 weeks, these natural emissions increased CO concentrations in the southeastern United States as well as along the eastern seaboard, a region with one of the world's highest rates of anthropogenic emissions. Within the forest fire plumes, there were also high concentrations of ozone, volatile organic compounds, and aerosols. These results suggest that the impact of boreal forest fire emissions on air quality in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, where anthropogenic pollutant sources have been considered predominant, needs to be reevaluated.     

能源碳排放约束下工业用地利用效率研究

工业生产活动中能源消耗及其碳排放是影响工业用地利用效率的重要因素。在控制碳排放的同时提升工业用地效率具有重要意义。基于非期望产出的SBM模型测算长三角都市圈工业用地效率,用空间分析方法探讨都市圈工业用地效率在能源碳排放约束下的时空差异,并探讨各要素松弛变量及开发潜力。各都市圈工业用地效率的内部异质性较大;碳排放、土地、固定资产、劳动力等要素的开发潜力较大。因此,上海市要发挥核心辐射作用,工业用地结构调整要以减少能源碳排放量为重点,依据自身特点和优势,科学、有序地调整工业用地结构,逐步逼近"双碳"发展目标。     

贵州省六盘水市温室气体排放动态分析

[目的]估算贵州省六盘水市温室气体排放量,分析其2005—2014年的动态变化情况。[方法]参照《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》与《省级温室气体清单编制指南》推荐方法,对2005—2014年六盘水市温室气体排放量进行估算。[结果]2005—2014年六盘水市温室气体总排放量为89 495.78万t,其中,能源部门排放量为75 083.60万t,占总排放量83.90%,是六盘水市温室气体最大的排放贡献源;其次为森林碳汇(20 859.40万t),占总排放量的23.31%;农业生产排放量最小,仅占0.43%。2005—2014年六盘水市人均和单位面积温室气体排放呈持续增加,人均温室气体排放量年均增长18.1%,单位面积温室气体排放量年均增长17.1%,万元GDP温室气体排放量年均降低9.6%。[结论]2005—2014年六盘水市温室气体人均排放量较大,需采取相关措施。     

Coupling of nitrous oxide and methane by global atmospheric chemistry

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) are chemically reactive greenhouse gases with well-documented atmospheric concentration increases that are attributable to anthropogenic activities. We quantified the link between N(2)O and CH(4) emissions through the coupled chemistries of the stratosphere and troposphere. Specifically, we simulated the coupled perturbations of increased N(2)O abundance, leading to stratospheric ozone (O(3)) depletion, altered solar ultraviolet radiation, altered stratosphere-to-troposphere O(3) flux, increased tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration, and finally lower concentrations of CH(4). The ratio of CH(4) per N(2)O change, -36% by mole fraction, offsets a fraction of the greenhouse effect attributable to N(2)O emissions. These CH(4) decreases are tied to the 108-year chemical mode of N(2)O, which is nine times longer than the residence time of direct CH(4) emissions.     

Potential freshwater reservoir in the New York area

Estimates of the water budget of Long Island Sound suggest that it could become the largest reservoir in the United States, with a freshwater surplus equal to 12 times the present needs of New York City. The engineering aspects of this undertaking are within the scope of present technology. The dam structures required to isolate this area from the sea could serve as important highway links in place of highway-bridge projects presently under study.     

Air pollution and climate-forcing impacts of a global hydrogen economy

If today's surface traffic fleet were powered entirely by hydrogen fuel cell technology, anthropogenic emissions of the ozone precursors nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide could be reduced by up to 50%, leading to significant improvements in air quality throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Model simulations of such a scenario predict a decrease in global OH and an increased lifetime of methane, caused primarily by the reduction of the NOx emissions. The sign of the change in climate forcing caused by carbon dioxide and methane depends on the technology used to generate the molecular hydrogen. A possible rise in atmospheric hydrogen concentrations is unlikely to cause significant perturbations of the climate system.     

Bringing Southeast Asia to the Southeast United States: New forms of alternative agriculture in Homestead,Florida

Immigrant farmers from Southeast Asia have brought knowledge of tropical fruit and vegetable production from their home countries to Homestead, Florida. They have developed a new style of farming, one that most closely resembles agricultural systems described as “homegardens.” Although biodiverse agricultural systems are generally thought to be commercially unviable, homegarden farmers successfully manage crop diversity as an economic strategy. By focusing on growing a mixture of specialty Southeast Asian herbs, fruits, and vegetables, the farmers have created their own economic niche and have shielded themselves from the competition of high-volume, single commodity producers. This paper shows that the Homestead homegardens constitute an alternative form of agriculture that is defined by their agroecological and socioeconomic attributes. It also shows that although the homegarden farms are a form of “alternative agriculture,” they do not operate outside of conventional, global systems of agricultural trade; rather the homegarden farms are embedded in global agriculture. The Homestead case problematizes the tendency to delineate between the global and local scales, and alternative and conventional sectors in agriculture today. This paper concludes that the emergence of the Homestead homegardens can only be understood by taking a place-based approach to studying the environment in which the homegardens are situated as well as identifying the large-scale influences on Miami-Dade County. Valerie Imbruce holds a PhD in plant sciences from a joint program between the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the New York Botanical Garden. She has conducted research on global agricultural systems in New York City, south Florida, and Central Honduras.     

Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies

Data taken in aircraft transects of emissions plumes from rural U.S. coal-fired power plants were used to confirm and quantify the nonlinear dependence of tropospheric ozone formation on plume NO(x) (NO plus NO(2)) concentration, which is determined by plant NO(x) emission rate and atmospheric dispersion. The ambient availability of reactive volatile organic compounds, principally biogenic isoprene, was also found to modulate ozone production rate and yield in these rural plumes. Differences of a factor of 2 or greater in plume ozone formation rates and yields as a function of NO(x) and volatile organic compound concentrations were consistently observed. These large differences suggest that consideration of power plant NO(x) emission rates and geographic locations in current and future U.S. ozone control strategies could substantially enhance the efficacy of NO(x) reductions from these sources.     

山东省农田生态系统碳源、碳汇及其碳足迹变化分析

依据2002—2013年山东省17地市农业投入、播种面积以及作物产量等统计数据,对全省各地市农田生态系统进行碳源、碳汇估算,从中分析其变化规律,并探讨造成碳源、碳汇时空变化的影响因素。结果表明:山东省农田系统具备较强的碳汇能力,碳吸收量明显高于碳排放量,两者的总量之比为4.32∶1;碳吸收量和碳汇量呈增加趋势,碳排放量和碳足迹呈降低趋势;农田生态系统表现出较大的碳生态盈余,碳足迹占同期耕地面积的比值呈现降低趋势,2002年为27.71%,2013年为20.96%;17地市之间单位面积碳汇量和单位面积碳足迹存在明显差异,2013年单位面积碳汇量最高的为德州市(6.20t/hm~2)、最低为威海市(3.02t/hm~2),单位面积碳足迹最高的威海市为0.26hm~2/hm~2、最低的泰安市为0.08hm~2/hm~2。     

Free Radicals Within the Antarctic Vortex: The Role of CFCs in Antarctic Ozone Loss

How strong is the case linking global release of chlorofluorocarbons to episodic disappearance of ozone from the Antarctic stratosphere each austral spring? Three lines of evidence defining a link are (i) observed containment in the vortex of ClO concentrations two orders of magnitude greater than normal levels; (ii) in situ observations obtained during ten high-altitude aircraft flights into the vortex as the ozone hole was forming that show a decrease in ozone concentrations as ClO concentrations increased; and (iii) a comparison between observed ozone loss rates and those predicted with the use of absolute concentrations of ClO and BrO, the rate-limiting radicals in an array of proposed catalytic cycles. Recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics, photochemistry, and structural details of key intermediates in these catalytic cycles as well as an improved absolute calibration for ClO and BrO concentrations at the temperatures and pressures encountered in the lower antarctic stratosphere have been essential for defining the link.     

臭氧浓度升高和叶面施锌对小麦籽粒产量、锌浓度及有效性的影响

研究臭氧浓度升高和叶面施锌对小麦产量和籽粒不同组分锌营养的影响,为气候变化背景下小麦的锌生物强化提供理论依据和技术参考。利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以富锌小麦品种青紫1号为供试材料,臭氧处理设清洁空气和臭氧浓度升高(100nL·L-1,拔节至收获),锌处理设对照(喷清水)和叶面施锌(开花期及花后1周叶面喷施0.1%Zn2+),成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素、籽粒各组分的锌浓度、锌含量、植酸浓度以及植酸与锌的摩尔比。叶面施锌处理对小麦籽粒产量没有影响,但臭氧浓度升高使产量平均下降66%。臭氧胁迫导致的产量损失主要与粒重明显减轻(53%)有关,其次亦与每穗粒数减少(27%)有关,而穗数没有变化。麦粒各组分锌浓度、植酸浓度以及植酸与锌摩尔比均表现为麸皮次粉面粉。与清洁空气相比,臭氧浓度升高使籽粒各组分的锌浓度和植酸浓度均明显增加,分别增加15%～41%和8%～45%,各组分植酸与锌摩尔比无显著变化;臭氧浓度升高使小麦面粉锌累积量占籽粒总锌的百分比显著减少。与对照相比,叶面施锌使小麦各组分锌浓度平均增加22%～24%,使植酸与锌摩尔比平均减少15%～19%,但籽粒各组分植酸浓度以及锌在各组分的分配比例均无显著影响。臭氧与锌处理对所有测定参数均无交互作用,但这两个处理与籽粒组分之间多存在不同程度的互作效应。臭氧胁迫环境下青紫1号籽粒产量和锌累积量大幅下降,籽粒各组分锌浓度显著增加,但生物有效性没有变化;花后叶面施锌对小麦产量没有影响,但使籽粒不同组分锌的营养水平均明显增加,且增幅不受臭氧浓度升高的影响。     

臭氧浓度增加对不同敏感型水稻元素吸收与分配的影响

利用新型自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(10.4 n L·L-1)和臭氧浓度增高(100 n L·L-1)处理,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C类,研究不同敏感类型水稻营养器官中元素浓度、吸收与分配对臭氧胁迫的响应。臭氧熏蒸使A、B和C三类水稻地上部生物量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,后两者达极显著水平。与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使稻草中N、P、K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu和Zn浓度显著或极显著增加(5%~42%),但对Ca浓度没有影响。与此相反,臭氧熏蒸使稻草中所有测定元素的吸收总量均呈下降趋势,其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe和Zn吸收量的降幅均达极显著水平(11%~34%)。多数情形下,茎鞘各元素浓度和吸收量对臭氧胁迫的响应大于叶片。与此相对应,臭氧胁迫使水稻吸收的元素向叶片中分配的比例增加,而向茎鞘分配的比例减少,导致叶片与茎鞘元素吸收量的比值大幅增加(32%~92%)。臭氧与水稻类型的互作对营养器官各元素浓度以及元素在茎叶中的分配比例多无显著影响,但对元素吸收量的影响多达显著或极显著水平,后者表现为臭氧胁迫下敏感水稻元素吸收的受抑程度更大。研究结果表明,与干净空气相比,100 n L·L-1臭氧浓度对水稻营养器官中各元素浓度、吸收和分配多有显著影响,其中元素吸收量对臭氧胁迫的响应明显受水稻敏感程度的影响。     

大气O_3浓度升高对城市油松光合作用的影响

为了揭示臭氧(O3)浓度升高对城市森林光合作用的影响机理,利用开顶式气室研究了高浓度O3对沈阳城内油松光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照(自然O3浓度,约45 nmol/mol)相比,在O3浓度升高(80±8)nmol/mol条件下,油松针叶的叶绿素含量降低,而类胡萝卜素含量则呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势;净光合速率和Hill反应活力明显下降,降幅分别为18.36%~45.95%和11.35%~20.84%;羧化效率降低,降幅为7.50%~26.59%;叶绿体ATP酶活性受到抑制,但Ca2+-ATP酶活性与Mg2+-ATP酶活性的变化趋势略有差异。同时O3浓度升高抑制了油松针叶可溶性糖和淀粉含量的积累,说明O3浓度升高对油松光合作用具有较强的抑制作用。