生石灰对池塘水质影响的初步研究

生石灰对池塘水质影响的初步研究＠朱永久＠白遗胜￥中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所＠陈万光￥河南省洛阳市水产科学研究所生石灰对池塘水质影响的初步研究朱永久白遗胜（中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所,荆州４３４０００）陈万光（河南省洛阳市水产科学研究所为了科学地...     

高位虾池养殖过程主要理化因子的变化及水质评价

研究了湛江东海岛2口凡纳滨对虾高位养殖虾池水体主要理化因子在养殖过程中的动态变化及其相互关系,并用营养状态质量法对该养殖场的水质状况进行评价.试验结果表明,养殖过程水体中DO、pH、温度和盐度波动较小、变化平缓,而COD、DOC、营养盐和叶绿素a的含量随养殖过程而上升.主要理化因子之间的相关关系复杂,但叶绿素a与营养盐之间存在显著的正相关关系.在养殖中后期,表征富营养化的NQI值大幅度升高,水体富营养化程度严重.     

理化因子对原绿球藻生长及其色素含量的影响

以COA为基础培养基,进行了光照、温度、盐度等理化因子对原绿球藻生长和色素含量影响的单因子试验。试验结果表明,原绿球藻适宜生长的光照度为500～2500lx,最适光照度为500～1000lx：适宜生长的温度为10～30℃,最适温度为25～30℃;适宜生长的盐度为0～44．9,最适盐度为13．7～33．4;适宜生长的pH5～11,最适pH8～10;最适氮源为NH4-N,其次为（NH2）2CO;适宜生长的氮（NH4Cl）质量浓度为5～25mg／L,最适质量浓度为15～25mg／L。理化因子对该藻色素含量的影响与其生长相吻合。     

重盐碱地池塘养殖期水体理化因子变化特点

对黄河下游利津重盐碱地池塘的水化学进行了分析。结果表明：1.该类水体水型为ClNⅡa,总含盐量899.6~3 336.6 mg/L,在阴离子中,Cl-〉SO24-〉HCO3-＋CO32-,其含量分别为703.52 mg/L、302.83 mg/L和167.82 mg/L。阳离子的含量顺序为K＋＋Na＋〉1/2 Mg2＋〉1/2Ca2＋,其含量分别为479.43mg/L、92.21 mg/L、72.29 mg/L。2.各塘总碱度平均值为2.12~4.29 mmol/L,其组成主要是HCO3-碱度;pH为8.37~8.96,极值范围为8.10~10.39;总硬度含量较高,各塘平均在8.08~14.35 mmol/L,极值范围为7.05~17.20 mmol/L;养鱼池塘的Ca2＋含量大于Mg2＋含量,而养虾池塘Mg2＋含量大于Ca2＋的含量。3.氮的含量较适合浮游植物的生长,而大部分养虾池塘总磷的含量很低,但养鱼池塘总磷含量相对较高。     

重盐碱地池塘养殖期水体理化因子变化特点

对黄河下游利津重盐碱地池塘的水化学进行了分析。结果表明：1）该类水体水型基本为ClⅡ^Na,总含盐量899.6～3 336.6mg/L,在阴离子中.Cl^-〉SO4^2-〉HCO3^-＋CO3^2-,其含量分别为703.52 mg/L,302.83 mg/L和167.82 mg/L。阳离子的含量顺序为K^＋＋Na^＋〉1/2Mg^2＋〉1/2Ca^2＋。其含量分别为479.43 mg/L,92.21mg/L,72.29 mg/L。2）各塘总碱度平均值为2.12～4.29 mmol/L,其组成主要是HCO3^-碱度;pH为8.37～8.96,极值范围为8.10～10.39;总硬度含量较高,各塘平均在8.08～14.35 mmol/L,极值范围为7.05～17.20 mmol/L。养鱼池塘的Ca^2＋含量大于Mg^2＋含量,而养虾池塘Mg^2＋含量大于Ca^2＋的含量。3）氮的含量较适合浮游植物的生长,而大部分养虾池塘总磷的含量很低,但养鱼池塘总磷含量相对较高。     

灰关联分析法研究水母密度与海水理化因子的关系

对2011年8月河北省近岸海域海水理化因子与水母密度进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明,理化因子与水母密度关联度排列顺序为活性磷酸盐>无机氮>COD>溶解氧>温度>盐度。活性磷酸盐和无机氮是影响河北近岸海域水母密度的主要因素     

漂白粉清塘后最佳接种时间的探讨

漂白粉清塘后余氯的衰减和外界环境有很大的关系,根据余氯的值来确定接种时间,这在生产上有很大的实际意义。漂白粉清塘后有效氯衰减为0.627mg/L时为小球藻的最佳接种时间,0.264mg/L为小新月菱形藻的最佳接种时间。     

岩原鲤人工繁殖与苗种培育技术研究

选择在江河中捕捞的、规格在0.3～1.5 kg/尾的野生岩原鲤,在池塘中驯化养殖,强化培育,规格达到0.5～2.5 kg/尾,达到性成熟.2种激素混合使用人工催产,受精率达65%以上,孵化率达58%以上.鱼苗培育成活率达94%,鱼种培育成活率达78%.     

岩原鲤亲鱼培育与人工繁殖技术研究

从金沙江、嘉陵江等水系中收集野生岩原鲤,1999~2006年进行亲鱼培育及人工催产并获得成功。水温在19~21℃时,效应时间为14~20 h,孵化时间为78~106 h。刚出膜的仔鱼呈淡黄色,侧卧水底,经过5~6 d,鱼苗才能自由平游。     

高密度黄颡鱼—鳙养殖池塘浮游生物种群与理化因子的变化研究

以高密度的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)-鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分隔养殖池塘为研究对象,分析养殖期间(2013年4月—10月)池塘浮游生物和水体理化因子的变化情况。结果显示,池塘水体温度、p H、DO和总氮指标在养殖期间存在显著差异(P0.01)。Duncan's多重比较显示,温度在6—8月显著高于其他时间(P0.05);总氮在7—9月的含量显著升高(P0.05);氨氮和亚硝态氮在8—10月的含量明显升高(P0.05)。池塘浮游生物的变化表现为:枝角类和桡足类物种数随养殖时间的延长而逐渐减少,其中秀体溞属(Diaphanosoma)占优势;轮虫物种数呈上升趋势,其中臂尾轮虫属(Brachionus)占优势;原生动物物种数在各月份之间差异不明显,以球吸管虫属(Sphaerophrya)为优势种;藻类物种数呈先上升再下降的趋势,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)种类占优势,其次为裸藻门(Euglenophyta)种类。基于Dice相似系数的UPGMA聚类和Pearson相关系数的MDS排序均显示池塘水体中浮游生物群落在整个养殖期间可分为2大类,4、5、6、7月各样本聚在一起,8、9、10月各样本聚在一起,表现为前4个月(4—7月)相似性高,而后3个月(8—10月)相似性高;说明池塘浮游生物的群落结构随养殖时间延续发生了改变。     

蛋白分离器对循环水养殖水质理化因子的调控作用

通过测定5个关键水质理化因子,研究蛋白分离器对南美白对虾养殖水质的调控作用。结果表明:使用蛋白分离器后,水体的pH值维持在8.0～8.3,养殖水体中氨氮最高达到0.917mg/L,亚硝酸盐最高达到0.324mg/L,DO含量在3.775～6.300mg/L,COD含量峰值为14.27mg/L。     

添加芽孢杆菌对池塘中理化因子和细菌群落结构的影响分析

为研究添加芽孢杆菌对池塘水体理化因子和细菌群落结构的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了实验组(添加芽孢杆菌池塘)与对照组(普通池塘)水体和底泥细菌群落结构,同时分析了两种池塘水体和底泥的理化指标。结果显示,8、9月实验组池塘水体中TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量显著低于对照组,底泥中的NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP含量显著高于对照组。实验组池塘水体中发酵单胞菌属(Zymomonas)、玫瑰单胞菌(Roseomonas)、脱氯单胞菌(Dechloromonas)和噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga)细菌丰度显著高于对照组。在这些细菌群落中,脱氯单胞菌、噬几丁质菌属有去除硝酸盐的作用,发酵单胞菌属、玫瑰单胞菌具有脱氮的功能。实验组池塘水体Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于对照组。水体中优势细菌群落中的噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)、Geothermobacter、Haliscomenob...     

不同肥料对池塘细菌种群的影响

运用PCR - DGGE技术分析有机肥(干鸡粪)和化肥(碳酸氢铵和磷酸一铵)对鱼苗池塘中的理化因子和细菌数量及其种群结构的影响,以探讨细菌种群结构对不同肥料的响应.结果显示:施肥后池塘中NH4+-N、PO3-4 -P、NO-3 -N和NO-2 -N等浓度增加,透明度降低,细菌数量、种群多样性和丰富度指数均增加;化肥增加溶氧和升高pH,有机肥却降低溶氧和pH.施肥后蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)种群成为优势种群,有机肥能增加厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)种群的相对丰度,而化肥却降低其相对丰度;3-和γ-变形杆菌纲种群的相对丰度在施入化肥后增加,有机肥却限制γ-和δ-变形杆菌纲种群,化肥明显降低放线菌门种群的相对丰度.池塘中理化因子、细菌种群数量及其结构因施入不同肥料发生相应的变化.     

高位虾塘细菌数量变化特点及其与理化因子的关系

本试验选取两口凡纳滨对虾高位池塘,通过连续地周期性采样和测定分析,研究了虾池异养细菌数量和弧菌数量变动规律及其与理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：两口试验虾池异养细菌数量变化范围在9.07×10^3～2.13×10^5 cfu/mL之间,平均为6.45×10^4 cfu/mL,呈现持续缓慢上升的趋势;两口试验虾池的弧菌数量变化趋势较为一致,变化范围为2.12×10^2～2.91×10^3 cfu/mL,养殖生产前期较低,中期高,后期随着换水量的加大而有所下降。相关性分析表明：虾池水体的异养细菌和弧菌数量均与透明度、 DO、 pH 呈负相关,与COD、 TSS含量呈正相关,其中弧菌数量与TSS含量呈显著正相关（ P〈0.05）。     

The selection of spawning location of sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the northern Benguela after changes in stock structure and environmental conditions

Most reports on the distribution of spawning areas of sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the northern Benguela originate from the 1970s and 1980s. The northern Benguela system was in a high upwelling regime during those decades. Since the early 1990s upwelling favourable winds have decreased and a trend of increasing sea surface temperature (SST) has been observed. Changes in the structure of sardine stock in the northern Benguela have been observed and it has been suggested that a reduced biomass and changes in stock structure has led to decreased spawning in the favourable southern locations, thus preventing a recovery of the sardine stock. The present paper on the contrary shows that there has been a shift in spawning location from the less favourable northern areas in the early 1980s to spawning areas further south in the 2000s. Thus, the failure of the northern Benguela sardine stock to recover since its collapse in the late 1960s cannot be explained by spawning in less favourable areas. The shift in preferred spawning location to more southern areas since the 1980s was to be expected with a general warming of the northern Benguela system. Alternative explanations for the failure of the sardine stock to recover such as a reduction in average length as well as length at 50% maturity, leading to a reduction in reproductive output, increased predation pressure, and increased low oxygen waters are proposed.     

草鱼种对配合饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷化

研究了草鱼种对饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。试验结果以增重率和饵料转换率两项生物学指标为依据进行综合分析。结果表明，在本试验条件下草鱼对饵料中钙的需要量为0.473%～0.788%，磷的需要量为1.419%～1.577%，钙磷的总需要量在2.100%～2.700%范围内，适宜钙磷比则随着钙磷含量的高低同异而变化，即在钙磷含量较低而总量不同时为1:3,钙磷含量而总量相同时为1:2。当钙磷比中的磷小于2时，钙磷总量高则可减轻因钙磷不平衡对草鱼生长所产生的抑制作用，钙磷比不等于1:2(或1:3）时，钙磷总量过多或过少都不利于鱼的生长、且饵料转换率呈降低趋势。     

Long-term stock assessment and growth changes of the Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea from 1953 to 2006

We estimated the stock size of Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea since 1953 using cohort analysis based on the changes of growth patterns. Growth of Japanese sardine, estimated by using annual rings on archived scales since 1961, showed that body lengths were extremely stunted in the 1980–1987 year-classes. The body length at age 3 from February to April in the 1980–1987 year-classes, a period when the stock size exceeded 4 million tons, was 180.0 ± 2.6 mm (mean ± SD), and in the other year-classes was 195.1 ± 7.6 mm. The body length at age 3 and wet weight of zooplankton in August in the offshore area of the Sea of Japan had a significantly positive correlation. We assumed three scenarios for maturation ratios, and estimated Ricker's spawner–recruitment relationships. We analyzed the correlations between logarithmic recruitment residuals (LNRR) and environmental factors in winter, represented by the North Pacific index (NPI), Aleutian low pressure index (ALPI), Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), monsoon index (MOI), Arctic oscillation (AO) and Southern oscillation index (SOI). Significant correlations were observed between MOI and LNRR and between AO and LNRR. A combination of strong MOI and weak AO would increase the biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton and subsequently increase the recruitment of Japanese sardine.     

The effects of feeding frequencies on seasonal changes in growth rate and chemical composition of farmed cod (Gadus morhua)

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fed with dry feed, in sea net pens from May 2003 to September 2004, under natural conditions occurring in Northern Norway, with a sea temperature varying from 3.3 ° to 16.6 °C. The fish was either fed five times or three times a week, once a day to saturation until December 2003, and after that five times or twice a week, once a day to saturation until September 2004. Fish fed five times a week had a higher FCR 1.47 compared with 1.35 for fish fed three to twice a week for the entire period. No significant differences were found in growth or chemical composition in the cod due to the feeding intervals. The best growth of the fish was in the first summer from May to September 2003 with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 0.81% per day. From June to September 2004, the SGR was 0.42% per day. From December to May, the SGR was negligible caused by low‐water temperature, darkness, and sexual maturation. The liver index increased from 7% to a maximum of 16% during the growth period except during the sexual maturation period from November to April, where it shows a slight decrease. Maturation and seasonal variation are the factors having the largest influence on the growth and chemical composition of the cod.     

The response of fish larvae to decadal changes in environmental forcing factors off the Oregon coast

We conducted a statistical analysis to characterize the influence of large‐scale and local environmental factors on presence‐absence, concentration, and assemblage structure of larval fish within the northern California Current (NCC) ecosystem, based on samples collected at two nearshore stations along the Newport Hydrographic line off the central Oregon coast. Data from 1996 to 2005 were compared with historical data from the 1970s and 1980s to evaluate pseudo‐decadal, annual, and seasonal variability. Our results indicate that the most abundant taxa from 1996 to 2005 differ from those of earlier decades. Concentrations of the dominant taxa and total larvae were generally greater in the winter/spring than summer/fall season. Using generalized additive modeling, variations in presence‐absence and concentration of taxa were compared to climate indices such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Northern Oscillation Index, and the multivariate ENSO index and local environmental factors, such as upwelling, Ekman transport, and wind stress curl. Significant relationships were found for various combinations of environmental variables with lag periods ranging from 0 to 7 months. We found that the large‐scale climate indices explained more of the variance in larval fish concentration and diversity than did the more local factors. Our results indicate that readily available oceanographic and climate indices can explain variations in the dominant ichthyoplankton taxa in the NCC. However, variation in response among taxa to the environmental metrics suggests additional unknown factors not included in the analysis likely contributed to the observed distribution patterns and larval fish community structure in the NCC.