基因型和环境对小麦烘烤品质的影响

利用１２个小麦品种在５个地点的试验结果，分析了品种、环境以及品种与环境的互作对小麦烘烤品质的影响，结果表明：品种、环境以及品种与环境的互作对小麦烘烤品质都有显著影响，品种和地点的互作效应在同一品种不同地点间是不同的，在较差的环境下，也有表现好的品种。不同环境下，烘烤品质指标的变化大于籽粒蛋白质含量的变化，小麦品种品质的评价，不仅应考虑其蛋白质含量在不同地点之间的变化，更重要的是研究最终加工品质的变     

Grain Protein Quality in Response to Changes in Pre-anthesis Duration in Wheats Released in 1940, 1964 and 1994

Grain protein content is one of the most important attributes in bread making quality. Several studies have reported that the type of, and the balances between, storage protein (i.e. gliadins and glutenins) are also relevant. Generally, the modern cultivars present less grain protein content than their predecessors, suggesting that breeding may have reduced baking quality while improving yield. Furthermore, there is little information on whether, and eventually how, breeding influences the types of protein synthesized in the grains, and the sensitivity of the type of protein and baking quality to changes in the environment. This study aimed to determine the stability in baking quality in wheat cultivars released at different eras to variation in the duration of the pre-anthesis period without changes in the sowing date. The experiment studied the combination of three cultivars released in 1940, 1964 and 1994 at two different durations from sowing to anthesis (because of exposure to different photoperiods during stem elongation in the field). Modern cultivars showed lower grain protein content than the oldest ones (11 vs. 14 %). There were no correlation between grain protein content and baking quality (assessed by Zeleny test), indicating that protein type is more important than grain protein content. Gliadins were more variable than glutenins because of differences between cultivars and flowering dates. Wheat breeding also seemed to have improved the stability of quality variables in response to environmental variation during the pre-anthesis period (when yield potential is being determined).     

普通小麦醇溶蛋白和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对品质的影响

利用ＳＤ－ＰＡＧＥ和改良的ＡＰＡＧＥ方法分析了１１２４份不同来源普通小麦材料的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和麦醇溶蛋白谱带的组成。根据多元性回归分析筛同ｇｌｉ４２,３,６２．７,３９．６（２）,１１．４,２３．０,ｇｌｕ５＋１０等蛋白谱带对以沉降值为代表的烘烤品质起增效作用。Ｇｌｉ,１,Ｇｌｉ２,Ｇｌｕ１三位点对烘烤品质以加性效应为主。品种间品质性状变异的２８％－４３％由两种蛋白组份的差异所决定而一种蛋白     

小麦剩余蛋白含量与面包烘烤品质

测定了21个小麦品种(系)的麦谷蛋白、酸可溶性麦谷蛋白和剩余蛋白的含量以及流变学特性指标,作了沉淀试验和面包烘烤试验,进行了逐步回归分析、通径分析和系统聚类分析。结果表明:剩余蛋白含量作为预测面包烘烤品质的量要指标是可靠的,在小麦品质育种中以剩余蛋白含量对育种材料进行选择是可行的。     

四川小麦主栽品种的品质性状表现及其稳定性

2006—2008连续3年,在5个生态点考察了7个四川省代表性小麦品种在两种氮水平下的品质状况及其稳定性,以期为四川小麦品质定位、品质改良和生产指导提供依据。结果表明,3年均值,籽粒容重777 g L^-1,籽粒蛋白质含量12.3%,湿面筋含量25.1%,Zeleny沉降值32.9 mL,降落值326 s,面粉吸水率56.5%,面团形成时间3.0 min、稳定时间4.5 min,面条评分78.5分、面包评分62.2分。几乎所有品质性状均存在显著的基因型、环境及其互作效应。籽粒容重、沉降值、降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分的年份效应大于地点效应,而籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分则地点效应大于年份效应。增施氮肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分都有显著的增效作用,但对降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分无明显影响。品种品质的稳定性因品质性状不同而异,川麦39面包评分高而稳定,川麦37面条总评分高而稳定,二者可被用于四川小麦品质改良。     

High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits of the Most Commonly Grown Wheat Cultivars in the U.S. in 1984*

All wheat varieties (106) grown in the U.S. on more than 100,000 acres (38,610 ha) as of the latest (1984) crop variety survey were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) band patterns for each variety were assigned the corresponding Payne numbers and theoretical quality scores based on those assignments. The subunit assignments were compared for the different wheat varieties and the five main wheat classes grown in the U.S. Hard red spring (HRS) and winter (HRW) wheats used mainly for breadmaking showed a remarkably high percentage of bands associated with good breadmaking quality. The allele 5+10, which has the strongest association with good quality, was present in 91 % of the hard red spring wheats and 62 % of the hard red winter wheats. Also, 91 % of all HRS and 53 % of HRW wheat varieties had quality scores of 9 or 10 (10 is the highest possible score). Evidently, by selecting for quality through close cooperation with quality testing laboratories, U.S. breeders have unknowingly selected for high quality glutenin subunits in their released varieties. HRS and HRW wheat varieties are normally grown in different environments in time and/or space, accounting to a large extent for differences in protein content (～2 %) and other quality traits in the two crops. The uniformly high theoretical quality scores of the HRS wheats compared to more variable scores for HRW wheats may help to explain the popular perception that spring wheats have intrinsically higher quality than winter wheats. Admixing grain from variable (some poorer, most good) HRW wheat varieties (due to genetics or environment) has probably also led to the perception of overall lower quality for HRW than HRS wheats. In the soft red winter (SRW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes where the end-use is typically cookies and cakes, 40 and 90 %, respectively, have the allele 2+12 that correlates with poor bread baking quality. The absence of alleles for good bread baking quality may be predictive of good quality for soft wheat products.     

Development and characterization of wheat lines with increased levels of arabinoxylan

Improving the nutritional quality and health benefits of food has been of increasing interest globally over the last decade. Staple cereal foods are the major sources of dietary fiber and a recent study identified the Chinese wheat cultivar Yumai-34 as having unusually high levels of water-extractable arabinoxylan (WE-AX) and total arabinoxylan (TOT-AX) in flour. Crosses were therefore made between this variety and three Central European varieties (Lupus, Mv-Mambo, Ukrainka) and the physical properties (test weight, thousand-kernel weight, flour yield, kernel hardness), composition (protein, gluten, WEAX, total AX) and processing quality (gluten index, Zeleny sedimentation, Farinograph parameters) of the grain were compared for thirty-one breeding lines (F₇–F₉) and the four parents in a 3-year field experiment (2013–2015). Increases of 0.5% in the WE-AX content and 1% in the content of total AX content of the flour were achieved, with an improvement in dough properties. The thousand-kernel weight, protein content, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation and water absorption of the flour also increased in many lines, while three of the lines had yields that were competitive with the official control varieties, making them suitable for registration.     

小麦蛋白质和淀粉性状与面包品质关系研究进展

蛋白质和淀粉是影响面包品质的主要因素。蛋白质的含量和质量,直链淀粉、支链淀粉比例以及破损淀粉含量都对面粉烘培品质有重要影响。本文综述了国内外对蛋白质和淀粉特性与面包品质关系的研究进展,并指出了下一步研究的重点。     

不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20和弱筋小麦宁麦9为材料,在防雨池栽条件下研究了不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:随着土壤水分减少,强、弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量显著增加。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值与小麦烘焙品质指标均呈显著相关,可以作为衡量小麦烘焙品质的参考指标。2个供试品种中,强筋小麦(济麦20)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响较大,在土壤相对含水量55%~60%条件下烘焙品质最好;而弱筋小麦(宁麦9)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响不明显。     

小麦HMW-GS与戊聚糖含量及其组分的相关分析和聚类分析

分析了21个不同小麦品种的HMW_GS组成,并测定了各品种戊聚糖及其组分的含量。根据亚基评分对不同小麦品种HMW_GS等位基因位点变异和亚基组合类型与戊聚糖、各组分和组分比值进行了相关分析,又根据评分和总戊聚糖含量对这21个品种进行了聚类。结果表明,供试材料的HMW_GS组合类型有11余种;不同品种间,阿拉伯糖变异大,木糖变异小,戊聚糖含量和各组分均有较大差异;大部分指标与Glu_1位点有显著的负相关,其中Glu_D1位点大于另外2个位点;N,7,17 18和2 12亚基对戊聚糖及各组分含量影响较大,烘烤品质较好的亚基1和5 10对戊聚糖及各组分含量的贡献则较小;含有亚基组合(N,7,2 12)的大部分戊聚糖指标含量均较高;聚类分析中把这些品种分为4类,第1类可以作为饲料生产,第3类可以作为食品工业生产。     

江苏省优质软麦品种品质特性与饼干加工品质的关系

明确软麦品种在大田生产中的品质表现和品质育种筛选指标,对于优质生产及提高育种效率具有重要意义。选用江苏淮南麦区15份优质软麦品种(系),鉴定其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成,开展3个试验点次的大田种植,分析了小麦样本的籽粒硬度、灰分含量、蛋白质含量和质量参数、粉质仪参数、揉面仪参数、溶剂保持力、贮藏蛋白组分含量参数、黏度仪参数等品质性状和饼干加工品质。结果表明,不同类型的品质参数受基因型和环境的影响不同。所有样本的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均不达国标(GB/T 17320-2013、GB/T 17893-1999),部分品种(系)的沉淀值达标,所有样本的籽粒硬度和吸水率全部达标。相关性分析表明,籽粒硬度、灰分含量和黏度仪参数与饼干加工品质无显著相关性。沉淀值、粉质仪吸水率、粉质仪稳定时间、揉面仪峰值时间、揉面仪衰落角、水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、乳酸溶剂保持力、谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比、不溶性谷蛋白含量和不溶性谷蛋白百分含量与饼干直径呈显著(r≤–0.520)或极显著(r≤–0.652)负相关,相关系数分别为–0.657、–0.601、–0.617、–0.659、–0.6...     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基遗传变异及其与品质和其它农艺性状关系的研究

本研究应用SDS-PAGE技术分析了国内外757份供试材料的高分子量（HMW）麦谷蛋白亚基组成。共发现65种HMW亚基组成，其中53种为常见型，12种为罕见型。国外品种的亚基组合数多于国内品种，国内育成品种又多于国内地方品种。作者还发现了部分罕见亚基，即由Glu-D1编码的亚基2.2+12，2+10，2，12以及前人未曾发现的3个亚基。研究     

小麦品质的麦谷蛋白亚基评定标准研究

测定了233份小麦面粉样品的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量、Zeleny-沉降值和谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量,并根据SDS-PAGE结果计算了其Payne亚基品质评分.结果表明,不同HMW-GS含量差异显著,不同HMW-GS所对应品种的HMW谷蛋白总量、沉降值、GMP含量、Payne品质评分平均值也存在显著差异,说明不同亚基对品质的影响存在显著差异.HMW谷     

SDS不溶性谷蛋白大聚体含量与和面仪参数的关系

选用品质差异较大的108份主栽品种和高代品系, 测定其谷蛋白聚合体总量(双缩脲法)和贮藏蛋白组分含量及比例(凝胶色谱法, SE-HPLC), 并分析了它们与蛋白质含量、沉降值以及和面仪参数等早代选择参数的相关性。结果表明, 参试材料品质特性和贮藏蛋白组分含量的变异范围都较大。和面仪峰值时间变异范围为1.12~7.19 min, 变幅达6.07 min; 醇溶蛋白总量和SDS可溶性谷蛋白聚合体(EPP)变幅较小, 而SDS不溶性谷蛋白大聚体(UPP)的变幅最大。硬度、蛋白质含量和沉降值与和面峰值时间的相关系数较低(r=0.24~0.49)。醇溶蛋白总量与和面仪参数相关不显著, 而与谷蛋白总量的比值(Gli/Glu)与和面仪参数呈显著负相关(r= –0.52~ –0.61, P＜0.001), 且不受蛋白质含量的影响。SDS不溶性谷蛋白大聚体百分含量(%UPP)与和面仪参数的相关性最高, 相关系数为0.70~0.85(P＜0.001)。SE-HPLC法样品用量少, 自动化程度高, 且%UPP和Gli/Glu为相对值, 与和面仪参数呈高度相关, 可作为面筋强度早代选择的有效指标。     

基因型和环境对小麦产量、品质和氮素效率的影响

以不同基因型的小麦品种(13个强筋小麦品种和2个中筋小麦品种),不同试验地点(馆陶、宁晋、藁城)和不同施氮水平(0、180、240和300 kg hm^–2)的田间试验,综合分析基因型、环境对小麦产量、品质、氮肥利用率的影响,以期为优质强筋小麦品种选育、栽培调控及高产提质增效的协同目标提供科学依据。研究表明,不同小麦品种产量在9289～10,088 kg hm^–2之间,强筋小麦品种平均产量9548 kg hm^–2,比中筋小麦品种减产3.1%。藁城、宁晋、馆陶三地的产量分别达9932、9433和9223kghm^–2。不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质均值14.5%,湿面筋28.5%,沉淀指数39.5mL,稳定时间15.4 min,拉伸能量87.5 cm2,最大拉伸阻力428.8 BU。藁优5218、藁优5766、冀麦738、科农2009、师栾02-1、藁优2018、冀麦867综合品质表现较好。馆陶和宁晋的小麦品质性状相对较好,藁城的品质较差。氮肥利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势, N180处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥生理利用率最高,依次为4.3 kg kg^–1、26.2%、16.6 kg kg^–1。兼顾产量、品质、效率三方面,藁城适宜种植品种有冀麦738、冀麦867、师栾02-1;宁晋有师栾02-1、科农2009、冀麦738;馆陶有藁优5766、藁优2018、师栾02-1。综合考虑小麦产量、籽粒品质和氮素利用率, 180 kg hm^–2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

我国北方小麦的烘焙品质和蒸煮品质

本文对我国北方小麦的烘焙品质、蒸煮品质、蛋白质和面筋含量、沉降值、粉质仪图和拉伸仪图进行了分析研究.计算了它们的相关系数.蛋白质、面筋、沉降值、粉质仪图和拉伸仪图是反映小麦烘焙品质的指标,提出了强力麦的质量标准.     

Wheat quality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry white Chinese noodles

Dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) is widely consumed in China, and genetic improvement of DWCN quality has become a major objective for Chinese wheat breeding programs. One hundred and four bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, including 88from major Chinese wheat-producing areas, were sown in two locations for two years. Their DWCN quality, as evaluated by trained panelists, was studied to determine the relationship between wheat quality parameters and DWCN quality attributes. In general, the cultivars and advanced lines used in this study are characterized with acceptable protein content, but accompanied with weak-medium gluten strength and poor extensibility, and substantial variation is observed for all grain and DWCN quality characters. On average, Australia and USA wheat performed better DWCN quality than Chinese wheats. Simple correlation analysis indicated that both grain hardness and Farinograph water absorption were negatively associated with cooked DWCN color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was positively associated with all DWCN parameters, and their correlation coefficients (r) with DWCN score are 0.34 and 0.41, respectively. Their positive contributions to DWCN quality were mostly through improved color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Farinograph mixing tolerance index (MTI) and softening were negatively associated with all DWCN quality parameters, and their correlation coefficients with DWCN score are –0.50 and–0.54, respectively. Further analysis indicated that association between protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, Farinograph stability, and Extensograph extensibility, and DWCN score fit quadratic regression model significantly, with R² 0.12, 0.32, 0.22, and 0.20, respectively. The associations between Zeleny sedimentation value and DWCN's appearance and taste also fit quadratic regression model significantly. This suggests that to certain extent, increased protein content and gluten quality contribute positively to DWCN quality, mostly by improving palatability, elasticity, and stickiness. High flour whiteness, medium protein content, medium to strong gluten strength and good extensibility, and high starch peak viscosity are desirable for DWCN quality. Genetic improvement for flour whiteness, protein quality and starch paste viscosity would increase the DWCN quality of Chinese bread wheat cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kernel hardness and baking quality of wheat — A genetic analysis using chromosome substitution lines

Summary An attempt was made to identify the chromosomal location of genetic control of a few components of wheat quality, using chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle Desprez, Cheyenne, Hope, and Timstein into the recipient variety Chinese Spring.Major factors for kernel hardness and increased baking absorption were found on chromosomes 5D of Cheyenne and Hope, and on 3B, 5D and 7D of Timstein. In Timstein, the presence of one of these chromosomes sufficed to make the wheat kernels hard.Factors for favourable dough properties were identified on a few other chromosomes, different in various varieties. These were 1A of Cappelle Desprez and Cheyenne, 3B of Hope, and 2D of Timstein. All but one of these chromosomes showed an increase in loaf volume to a level in-between those of the recipient variety Chinese Spring and the donor varieties. No relationship was found between kernel hardness and dough-making and baking properties.It was assumed that wheat quality is due to a combination of kernel hardness and favourable dough-making properties. As the genes for these factors are located on different chromosomes, it should not be too difficult to introduce both factors in existing varieties with poor baking properties. In a wheat breeding programme, the quality of new lines can be assessed in a rather simple way by determining kernel hardness and dough stability.     

10个小麦推广品种戊聚糖含量、若干农艺和品质性状的分析

为了综述安徽小麦推广品种的概况,并为生产优质专用小麦以及从中发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的材料提供参考,选用安徽麦区推广的10个小麦品种,采用地衣酚-盐酸法、近红外谷物分析仪等测定了若干品质性状和农艺性状。结果表明,不同品种间水溶性戊聚糖含量的差异达到了极显著水平,非水溶性戊聚糖含量和总戊聚糖含量品种间差异不显著,不同品种间株高、穗长、总小穗数、千粒重和硬度的差异达到了极显著水平,穗粒数品种间差异达到显著,不育小穗数、蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值含量品种间差异不显著。     

311份小麦品种(系)优质麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为明确小麦品种(系)中优质麦谷蛋白亚基组成,筛选优质小麦品种资源,本研究以116份贵州省小麦品种(系)、195份省外小麦品种为供试材料,采用STS分子标记方法,对优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基Ax2^*、Bx7^oe、By8和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基Glu-A3d、Glu-B3g进行分子检测,并利用近红外谷物品质分析仪测定311份材料的蛋白质含量,探讨了其与各个优质亚基间的相关性。结果表明:311份供试材料中,亚基Bx7oe、By8和Glu-B3g的分布频率分别为90%、78.14%和39.87%,优质亚基Ax2*和Glu-A3d分布较少,频率均为2.89%,不同优质麦谷蛋白亚基及组合对小麦蛋白质含量存在显著性影响,亚基Ax2^*和亚基组合7oe+8/A3d/B3g对蛋白质含量的贡献最大。本研究结果为改良小麦面筋质量、准确筛选优质种质资源提供依据。