开展畜禽品种资源保存工作是畜牧业可持续发展的重要途径

地方畜禽品种资源是我国畜牧业的宝贵财富，是可持续发展畜牧业、培育新优势的重要基础。我国是世界上畜禽遗传资源最丰富的国家，主要有猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、特禽、黄牛、水牛、牦牛、独龙牛、绵羊、山羊、马、驴、骆驼、兔、梅花鹿、马鹿、水貂、貉、蜂等20个物种，共计576个品种（类群），其中地方品种（类群）426个，占品种资源总数的74%；培育品种73个，占品种资源总数的12.7%；引进品种77个，     

《世界家禽品种资源大观》即将出版

畜禽遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分，是畜牧业生产的基础和保证。世界各国多样化的地理、生态、气候条件，众多的民族及不同的生活习惯，加之长期以来经过广大劳动者的驯养和精心选育，形成了丰富多彩、种质特性各具特色的畜禽品种资源。时至今日，这些地方品种仍然广泛应用于畜牧生产，仍然是培育新品种不可缺少的原始素材，在畜牧业可持续发展中发挥着重要作用。     

中国家禽地方品种资源大观(一)

家禽遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分，是畜牧业发展的基础。我国多样化的地理、生态、气候条件，众多的民族及不同的生活习惯，加之长期以来经过广大劳动者的驯养和精心选育，形成了丰富多彩、种质特性各具特色的家禽品种资源。这些地方品种广泛应用于畜牧生产，是培育新品种不可缺少的遗传素材，在畜牧业可持续发展中发挥着重要作用。我国地大物博，人口众多，随着经济发展，对禽肉、禽蛋的需求不断增加，同时养禽业持续发展需要资源来提高产品质量和花式品种，保护家禽资源就是保护未来的家禽生产。从本期起，本刊将连载我国家禽地方品种资源的详细资料。以期禽业工作者对此有更加全面、深入的了解。     

育成的鹌鹑品种是野生动物吗？

现在生产中饲养的鹌鹑等动物物种,是不是野生动物物种?是不是驯化或驯养动物物种?是何原因争论不休?发人深省。但是,从尊重知识、利于生产、服务人民的角度出发,在遵守国家有关法律、法规、方针、政策的前提下,把这种争论落到实处,做到既能保护好野生动物资源,又能使优良的动物品种资源得到开发与利用,为畜牧业生产和丰富人们的菜篮子做出相应的贡献,应为专家、生产者和管理者之共识。     

中国地方畜禽资源的保护及其利用

我国是一个畜禽品种资源极为丰富的国家,共有20个物种,576个品种和类群.可是近年来由于外来品种的引入和地方品种的杂交改良,使得我国地方品种数量不断减少甚至消失.面对地方品种濒临灭绝或者已经灭绝的威胁,如何有效的保护和利用我国现有的畜禽种质资源,实现畜牧业的可持续发展成为我们的研究重点.     

试论野牦牛的驯养与管理

野牦牛是青藏高原珍贵的野生物种,具有较高的应用价值,因此,加强野牦牛的驯养与管理,对培育性能优良的牦牛品种,充分挖掘应用价值具有重要意义。本文介绍了野牦牛的筛选标准,并提出相关的驯养与管理对策,希望给野牦牛的驯养和管理提供参考。     

循环经济是我国畜牧业可持续发展的必然选择

进入21世纪，回顾我国畜牧业发展历程，不难发现：我国畜牧业发展环境危机及常规畜牧业对食物安全性的副作用是现代可持续发展畜牧业思想及其实践产生的背景。畜牧业生产和加工过程中的沉积物对地表、地下水的污染，饲料添加剂和兽药对人类和动物健康的危害，生物物种和基因多样性的丧失问题，更有相应的环境、经济及社会负效应，都成为困扰畜牧业发展的瓶颈。     

中国家养动物多样性概况

中国家养动物物种、品种和群体数量资源丰富,包括近缘野生种在内的家养动物物种有54个,品种1943个。它们在动物农业可持续发展中发挥重要作用。随着对家养动物认识的不断深入和人们需求的多样化,不断有新的资源被发现、引入、培育出来。与此同时,由于经济利益的驱动,许多具有优良特性的地方品种遗传资源,其数量不断下降,处于濒危、甚至灭绝的境地,这种趋势应引起足够重视。为保持动物农业的可持续发展,对家养动物多样性进行深入研究和有效保护是极为必要的。     

我国畜牧业可持续发展的问题与对策

本文从可持续发展的概念出发，介绍了我国畜牧业的发展现状、存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了从开发饲料资源、保护物种多样性、重视畜产品安全、发展生态畜牧业、调整畜牧业结构、积极应对WTO的挑战等方面来实现我国畜牧业的可持续发展。     

畜禽地方品种资源及其保护的经济学分析

本文从经济学角度分析了畜禽地方品种资源的经济价值及其范畴，以及畜禽地方品种资源丧失的经济原因，论述了畜禽地方品种资源我样性与畜牧业经济可持续发展的关系。由此得出保护畜禽地方品种资源多样性是我国畜牧业经济可持续发展的基本要求这一结论。     

A critical review of the value of genetic distance studies in conservation of animal genetic resources

There has been a veritable explosion of projects in recent years aiming to calculate genetic distances between domesticated breeds of animals and the number of such projects is still increasing. The extent of this can be appreciated by a glance at the recent proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Animal Genetics (ISAG 1998). All domesticated species are being targeted, using breeds from both developed and developing countries and projects are now almost exclusively based on microsatellite marker loci. Although the goal in a few cases is to provide insights into the history of animal domestication (see, for example, M ac H ugh et al. 1997; L au et al. 1998), the most common justification for genetic distancing projects is their importance for helping the decision-makers to identify genetically unique breeds so that they may be prioritized for breed conservation purposes (e.g. H all and B radley 1995; M oazami -G uodarzi et al. 1997; C rawford and L ittlejohn 1998). On a world-wide basis there are roughly 3000 breeds and breed varieties of the seven major mammalian species – cattle, pig, sheep, goat, horse, donkey and buffalo (FAO 1995). Of those with population data, 23% are either endangered or critical (FAO 1995). In addition, in the current century it is estimated that at least 600 breeds have been lost (H all and R uane 1993). On the poultry side, the picture is even worse as over half the breeds of the five major species (chicken, domestic duck, muscovy duck, goose and turkey) are thought to be endangered or critical (FAO 1995). At the same time, there is often a lack of even the most rudimentary information on many of these breeds. Basic phenotypic data, including approximate figures for population sizes, are currently available on only 50% of the world’s animal genetic resources (AGR) (H ammond 1998). There is therefore an urgent need to act now to prevent the rapid erosion of AGR. This is especially true for breeds in developing countries, where many will be lost without ever having been adequately characterized or studied (K& ouml ; hler -R ollefson 1997). However, resources (both in terms of available manpower and finances) are limited in this area and appropriate use of these resources is therefore of vital importance. Given the large amount of current activity in the area of genetic distancing of domestic breeds, the aim of this article is to critically examine the value that genetic distance projects have for breed conservation.     

The phylogenetic status of typical Chinese native pigs: analyzed by Asian and European pig mitochondrial genome sequences

China is one of the most diverse countries, which have developed 88 indigenous pig breeds. Several studies showed that pigs were independently domesticated in multiple regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of Chinese pigs using complete mitochondrial genomic sequences (mtDNA) from Asian and European domestic pigs and wild boars. Thirty primer pairs were designed to determine the mtDNA sequences of Xiang pig, Large White, Lantang, Jinhua and Pietrain. The phylogenetic status of Chinese native pigs was investigated by comparing the mtDNA sequences of complete coding regions and D-loop regions respectively amongst Asian breeds, European breeds and wild boars. The analyzed results by two cluster methods contributed to the same conclusion that all pigs were classified into two major groups, European clade and Asian clade. It revealed that Chinese pigs were only recently diverged from each other and distinctly different from European pigs. Berkshire was clustered with Asian pigs and Chinese pigs were involved in the development of Berkshire breeding. The Malaysian wild boar had distant genetic relationship with European and Asian pigs. Jinhua and Lanyu pigs had more nucleotide diversity with Chinese pigs although they all belonged to the Asian major clade. Chinese domestic pigs were clustered with wild boars in Yangtze River region and South China.     

绵羊羊角形态与遗传调控机制的研究进展

绵羊是较早驯化的家畜之一，可为人类提供肉、毛、奶等产品，因而在我国畜牧产业中占有重要的地位。由于各地自然环境的差异和社会需要的不同，经长期的选择形成了数百个外表特征和生理习性各具特色的绵羊品种。羊角作为绵羊品种的特征性表型，承担着双重功能，发达的羊角不仅有利于公羊个体提高其在种群内的地位，拥有优先交配权，还可以有效抵御天敌的攻击，使群体免受捕食伤害；然而，随着规模化养殖的推广，羊角的存在已不利于舍内饲养管理，进而对绵羊品种的培育工作提出了新要求。目前，羊角虽在实际生产和品种培育工作中受到广泛关注，但其形态多样性及遗传调控机制的研究尚显不足。本文根据我国现有绵羊品种，对角的数量和形态、发育过程、遗传调控机制等方面的研究进行了综述，不仅能为后期鉴别绵羊羊角多样性的突变位点和主效基因提供参考，也可为绵羊的新品种培育奠定相关的理论基础。     

华北山区畜牧业持续发展的对策

华北山区是我国养牛业、养羊业、养猪业十分发达的地区。随着改革的深入，华北山区畜牧业现已进入市场经济发展的轨道，畜产品商品化、市场化、社会化，并形成广泛的服务体系。今后，加强草业建设，增加饲草量，改良家畜品种，提高产品质量，畜牧业生产仍具有很大的发展潜力。     

中国驴品种资源现状及其分子遗传育种研究进展

驴是中国一个古老畜种,对不良环境适应性强,耐粗饲、抗病力强,一直是役、驮、乘、肉、药多用资源之一。但随着农业机械化、运输业快速发展及人民生活水平提高,近些年来驴品种资源整体面临着种质资源退化、种群数量和质量显著下降等问题。本文针对我国驴品种资源概况、保护利用现状、存在问题及其分子遗传育种研究进展进行综述,以期为驴品种资源的保护及开发利用提供参考。     

犬体型大小相关基因的研究进展

犬作为人类最早驯化的家养动物,在人类发展史和现代生活中扮演着非常重要的角色,如伴侣、看护、导盲、军警用犬等。人工选择过程使得家犬产生了极大的表型多样性,其中体型性状是犬最显著的表型性状之一,属高遗传力性状。本文综述了犬体型性状相关基因IGF1、IGF1R、GHR1、GHR2、SMAD2、STC2、HMGA2、IGSF1、ACSL4及IRS4的研究进展,为未来工作犬体型遗传改良育种提供重要的靶点和依据,为进一步阐明人类及其他家养动物在体型上的遗传变异提供参考。     

草地早熟禾的选育研究与利用

内蒙古畜牧科学院草原所自 1985年以来 ,对从荷兰、美国、瑞典等国家引进的草地早熟禾 11个品种和国内采集的野生种进行了引种驯化 ,筛选出了瓦巴斯、凯达布鲁克茅 2个品种适应内蒙古地区的气候特点 ,是适宜推广种植的优良品种。利用国内野生种采用单株选择方法培育出了大青山草地早熟禾品种 ,它较原始群体抗性增强 ,叶量增加。目前已有较大的推广利用面积     

中国水牛的遗传多样性与起源分化

中国水牛资源丰富,主体上为沼泽型水牛,主要分布于我国的热带和亚热带地区其在我国南方地区的农业生产中发挥着重要作用.与其他家养动物相比,中国水牛的遗学研究起步较晚.已有的研究结果表明,中国沼泽型水牛的染色体数为2n=48,其与河流传型水牛的杂种后代群体存在染色体数的多态性;早期的血液蛋白与同工酶座位的遗传检测显示,中国水牛各地方类群间遗传差异小,遗传关系较近;而近年微卫星 DNA 标记和 mtDNA标记检测结果显示,其群体遗传多样性较为丰富,且存在一定的遗传分化.考古发现及近年的分子遗传学研究揭示沼泽型和河流型水牛是在不同的地点独立驯化而来,中国可能是沼泽型水牛最初驯化之地.     

Biology of aggression in dogs

The science of ethology is concerned with the way external stimuli and internal events cause animals to fight in a particular way. The classification of dog breeds with respect to their relative danger to humans makes no sense, as both, the complex antecedent conditions in which aggressive behaviour occurs, and its ramifying consequences in the individual dog's ecological and social environment, are not considered. From a biological point of view, environmental and learning effects are always superimposed upon genetic influences. Based on the recent developments in the study of ethology, aggression of wolves (Canis lupus L.) and domesticated dogs (Canis lupus f. familiaris) was put into context with respect to other aspects of the lifestyle of wild and domestic canids. Aggressive behaviour does not occur in a biological vacuum. This is also true for domestic dogs and their relationship to human partners. Individual dogs can become highly aggressive and dangerous. Their development and social situation will be presented and discussed in case studies. Finally, there is the question about defining "normal aggression" versus symptoms for maladaptive aggression resp. danger to humans as conspecifics. It is possible to protect the safety of the public and at the the same time practise animal care. Effective animal control legislation must focus on responsible ownership and socialisation of pups f.e. Problems are not unique to some breeds.