饲粮蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪大肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响

选５７头２８日龄断奶仔猪（平均体重约４．５ｋｇ），研究饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平对早期断奶仔猪大肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响。结果显示：（１）饲粮ＣＰ水平分别与仔猪的ＣＰ、未消化ＣＰ日摄入量，结肠内容物中大肠杆菌、挥发性盐基氮（ＶＢＮ）和氨氮（ＡＮ）含量，以及腹泻指数之间存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的正相关。（２）结肠内容物中ＶＢＮ和ＡＮ含量分别与仔猪腹泻指数呈显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）的正相关。（３）饲粮ＣＰ水平分别与盲肠内容物中ＶＢＮ和ＡＮ含量之间的相关关系不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（４）随着饲粮ＣＰ水平的升高，仔猪结肠组织病理变化亦增加。（５）与ＣＰ２０．４％的全植物蛋白型饲粮和ＣＰ１９．２％的复合蛋白型饲粮比较，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１６．５％）可有效地降低仔猪结肠内容物中ＶＢＮ和ＡＮ含量及腹泻指数。试验表明，饲粮ＣＰ水平对结肠蛋白质腐败作用可产生显著的影响。随着饲粮ＣＰ水平的升高，结肠内蛋白质腐败、结肠组织病理变化和仔猪腹泻指数均有增加。平衡饲粮氨基酸使ＣＰ水平降低可减少结肠内蛋白质的腐败和仔猪断奶后腹泻。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪氮代谢的影响

选择30头28日龄断奶仔猪（平均体重4．5kg），研究饲粮粗蛋白质（CP）水平对早期断奶仔猪氮代谢的影响。结果显示：（1）饲粮CP水平分别与CP摄入量、CP表现消化率、可消化CP摄入量、未消化CP摄入量存在显著（P＜0．05）或极显著（P＜0．01）的正相关；（2）CP真消化率不受饲粮CP水平的影响，两者的相关关系不显著（P＞0．05）；（3）仔猪内源粪氮排泄量为0．22g／日，内源粪氮占干物质摄入量的比值为2．6g／kg；（4）饲粮CP水平分别与盲肠内容物中挥发性盐基氮（VBN）和氨氮（AN）含量的相关关系不显著（P＞0．05），但饲粮CP水平分别与结肠内容物中VBN和AN含量存在显著（P＜0．05）的正相关；（5）饲粮CP水平分别与血浆VBN和尿素氮含量存在显著（P＜0．05）和极显著（P＜0．01）的正相关，但血浆AN含量则不受饲粮CP水平的影响，两者的相关关系不显著（P＞0．05）。结果表明，随着饲粮CP水平升高，CP的真消化率不变，进入大肠的蛋白质量增加，结肠内蛋白质的腐败作用增强，血中含氮代谢产物增多。     

饲粮类型和蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选４８头２８±２日龄断奶仔猪（平均体重约５．５千克），随机分成８组，采用２×４设计研究２种饲粮类型与４个粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平（２２、１８、１７和１４％）对仔猪生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：①低蛋白质饲粮使仔猪血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ）含量和腹泻指数显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。②采食全植物蛋白型饲粮的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）和平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型饲粮的仔猪。前者的料肉比（Ｆ／Ｇ）趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。前者的ＰＵＮ含量高于（Ｐ＜０．０１）后者。③对于ＡＤＧ、ＡＤＦＩ和ＰＵＮ指标，存在饲粮类型×ＣＰ水平的交互作用（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。④全植物蛋白型饲粮和复合蛋白型饲粮取得最大日增重的ＣＰ水平（％）分别为１８．９和１９．９。试验结果表明，复合蛋白型饲粮的饲养效果优于全植物蛋白型饲粮。饲粮类型不同，蛋白质的适宜水平也不同。     

断奶仔猪赖氨酸需求参数的研究

试验选取体重约８千克的杜×大×长三元杂交断奶仔猪（公母各半）７２头，随机分为６组，每组２个重复，每个重复６头猪，分别喂以含赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）水平为０．８５，０．９５，１．０５，１．１０，１．１５，１．２０％的饲粮。通过测定饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清氮浓度的影响，探讨断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ的需求参数。结果表明，随着饲粮中Ｌｙｓ水平的提高，仔猪的平均日增重增加，饲料转化率显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），并且在１．１５％的Ｌｙｓ组生产性能达到最佳，进一步提高Ｌｙｓ水平，生产性能反而下降。各组采食量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。当饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平由０．８５％升至１．１５％，血清氮浓度无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但１．２％组极显著地高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０１），反映该组猪对蛋白质利用较差，这与该组猪生产性能差相符。以上结论提示，８～１９千克断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ需求参数为饲粮的１．１５％，按ＡＥＣ（１９８９）有关饲料Ｌｙｓ可消化率数据，折算其相应真可消化和表观可消化Ｌｙｓ为１．０３２％和０．９６７％。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

断奶仔猪色氨酸需求参数的研究

试验选取６０头体重约８ｋｇ的三元杂交（杜×（大×长））断奶仔猪,随机分为５组,每组２个重复,分别饲喂色氨酸水平为０．１３０％、０．１５５％、０．１８０％、０．２０５％和０．２３０％的玉米———玉米蛋白粉型饲粮,以探讨断奶仔猪对色氨酸的需求参数。结果表明,在０．１３０％～０．２０５％的色氨酸水平内,随着饲粮中色氨酸水平的提高,仔猪的采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率（Ｇ／Ｆ）都极显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,采食每单位色氨酸所获得的体增重显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血清尿素氮浓度显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。并且在饲粮色氨酸０．２０５％水平组,仔猪的各项指标最佳。但饲粮色氨酸０．２３０％水平组仔猪平均日增重又显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食量和饲料转化率趋于降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）,采食每单位色氨酸所获体增重显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血清尿素氮浓度趋于升高（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果提示,８～２０ｋｇ断奶仔猪获最佳生产性能的色氨酸需求参数为０．２０５％,饲粮中赖氨酸和色氨酸比例为１００：１８,相应的表观可消化色氨酸需求参数为０．１６３％。     

粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响

本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将 １６头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为 ４组,每组 ４头。以常用的粗饲料设计 Ａ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆）、Ｂ（玉米青贮 ＋羊草）、Ｃ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆 ＋羊草）、Ｄ（玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草）４种粗饲料组合的饲粮。结果表明：饲粮Ｄ干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其次为饲粮Ｂ和饲粮 Ｃ,饲粮 Ａ最低,显著低于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他 ３种饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）。各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ的氮消化率显著高于饲粮 Ｂ与饲粮 Ｃ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且饲粮 Ｂ显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 Ｂ、饲粮 Ｄ的氮利用率显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响。采用重复 ４×４拉丁方设计,８头经产中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为 ４个处理。４个处理的饲粮 ＣＰ水平分别为 １２．５６％、１３．９６％、１５．５３％和 １６．９３％。试验分为 ４个周期,每个周期１８ｄ。在 ４ｄ收集期内,全量收集粪、尿,每天测量产奶量、乳成分和干物质摄入量（ＤＭＩ）,并在收集期最后 １ｄ采集血样。结果表明：４个饲粮处理的 ＤＭＩ基本相同（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平１２．５６％的产奶量和能量校正奶（ＥＣＭ）明显低于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％的产奶量和 ＥＣＭ 基本相同,其中饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％和１６．９３％的产奶量分别为２８．１８和２８．７２ｋｇ／ｄ,ＥＣＭ分别为３２．６４和３２．０４ｋｇ／ｄ;乳成分中仅乳蛋白率随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平增加而提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％和 １３．９６％的乳氮效率明显高于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １５．５３％和 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）;随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平的提高,尿氮排出量不断增加,乳氮排出量也缓慢上涨,体内氮沉积显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）,只有饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的粪氮排出量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％的血液瘦素浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、生长激素（ＧＨ）、胰岛素样生长因子 １（ＩＧＦ １）、血糖、非酯化脂肪酸（ＮＥＦＡ）和 β－羟丁酸（ＢＨＢＡ）浓度较高;而饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ）浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,胰岛素和 ＧＨ浓度较高,ＩＧＦ １浓度较低。由此可见,饲粮 ＣＰ水平１３．９６％适合中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量２８ｋｇ／ｄ或 ＥＣＭ３２ｋｇ／ｄ的泌乳性能、氮利用和内分泌调节。     

饲粮中添加包被蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能、血液生化指标和养分表观回肠消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平包被蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能、血液生化指标和氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响。选用 １８日龄科宝 ５００肉鸡 ３７８０只,按试验要求随机分为 ７组,每组设 ３个重复,每个重复 １８０只鸡。对照组（Ａ组）饲粮添加 ０．１６％的消旋蛋氨酸（ＤＬ Ｍｅｔ）,试验组饲粮添加含量为 ５０％的包被蛋氨酸,添加量分别为饲粮的 ０．３２％（Ｂ组）、０．２９％（Ｃ组）、０．２６％（Ｄ组）、０．２２％（Ｅ组）、０．１９％（Ｆ组）、０．１６％（Ｇ组）。饲喂至 ４２日龄结束。结果表明：Ｂ组和 Ｃ组末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｂ组死亡率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其他组与对照组均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;各试验组（除 Ｇ组外）血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｂ组和 Ｃ组血浆总超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于 Ｇ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其他生化指标各组间均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;各试验组干物质和粗蛋白质表观回肠消化率均与对照组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,除 Ｇ组多种氨基酸表观回肠消化率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）外,其他试验组的各种氨基酸表观回肠消化率均与对照组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）或显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,随着包被蛋氨酸添加量的增加,肉鸡生长性能逐渐改善,氨基酸回肠消化率逐渐提高。饲粮添加 ０．１９％包被蛋氨酸（替代对照组 ６０％的蛋氨酸）即可满足肉鸡需要,即采用包被方式后,蛋氨酸最多可节约 ４０％。     

饲粮因素对早期断奶仔猪蛋白质和脂肪消化率,腹泻和生产性能的影响

选用２６日龄断奶的长白×荣昌杂交仔猪（平均体重４．８ｋｇ）,研究饲粮类型（全植物蛋白型和复合蛋白型）、饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平（常规ＣＰ水平和氨基酸平衡的低ＣＰ水平）和添加抑菌促生长剂对早期断奶仔猪ＣＰ和粗脂肪（ＥＥ）消化率、腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）复合蛋白型饲粮（ＣＰ２１．８％）的ＣＰ和ＥＥ消化率高于全植物蛋白型饲粮（ＣＰ２１．６％）。复合蛋白饲粮使仔猪腹泻指数明显降低。采食复     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein