水稻锰毒与铁素营养关系的研究

通过水培试验，研究了水稻锰毒与铁素营养关系，并探讨了过量锰对一些生理指标的影响。试验结果表明：地上部是生长介质中过量锰对水稻危害的主要部位；过量的锰增加铁在水稻根系的沉积，减少铁的吸收，改变体内铁的分布，降低铁的活性，诱发水稻缺铁胁迫；过量锰缺铁胁迫的水稻正常代谢受阻，叶片叶绿素、蛋白质含量减少，过氧化氢酶活性降低，而过氧化物酶活性增加     

铅对水稻锰毒拮抗效应及对稻体营养的影响初探

通过水培试验，探讨了铅对生长在含过量锰溶液中的水稻生长及某些营养指标的影响。结果表明：铅对水稻锰毒有明显的拮抗作用，它能促进受锰毒害的水稻长高和分蘖，并提高水稻的生物产量；铅能促进受锰毒害的水稻对铁的吸收，提高稻叶铁、叶绿素含量以及过氧化氢酶活性，降低过氧化物酶活性；铅也会抑制水稻对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收，降低体内的含量。     

不同脱沼泽阶段土壤中铁锰的比较研究

本文以沼泽土、起源于沼泽土的潜育型水稻土和潴育型水稻土系列为研究对象，研究了土壤脱沼过程中铁锰的变化规律。根据铁锰的剖面分布特征、土体和各粒级硅铁率与钛锰率，以及游离铁和活性铁的变化规律，土壤脱沼过程可分为两个阶段：（1）铁锰强烈淋失阶段。脱沼过程初期，土壤有机质含量甚高，且随着有机质分解加速而破坏性有机物如酸、酚类等物质的含量增加，故土壤还原能力增强，加之随着排水而提高了渗漏性，铁锰便强烈淋失。主要是以较粗粒级中的铁锰，特别是以游离态和活性态淋失为主，然后较细粒级中的铁锰亦发生明显淋失。（2）铁锰再淀积阶段。当土壤有机质下降到一定程度之后，还原能力便减弱，铁锰则氧化淀积。主要是以铁锰新生体等游离态形式向较细粒级再淀积。由于长期渍水，阻碍了铁的老化，因而再淀积的铁活性甚高，其活化度达80%以上。     

水分状况和铁,锰肥对水稻根表铁,锰氧化物胶膜厚度的影响

采用４００目尼龙娟网制作的网袋进行土－砂联合培养的盆栽试验,研究了不同水分处理和铁、锰肥用量对水稻根表铁、锰氧化物胶膜厚度及水稻铁、锰营养的影响,结果表明,水分状况是影响水稻根表铁、锰胶膜厚度的重要因素,长期淹水条件下水稻根表形成的铁、锰胶膜较厚,而干－湿交替和湿润处理形成的铁、锰胶胶较薄;施用铁、锰肥力明显增加根表铁、锰胶膜厚度。试验还表明水稻根表铁、锰胶膜以铁胶膜为主,即使在含锰丰富土壤上施用     

萘乙酸对锰胁迫下甘蔗生长及铁锰含量的影响

近年来,广西地区的甘蔗多出现黄化失绿现象,对甘蔗产量和品质造成了严重影响。现有研究表明甘蔗黄化失绿症状是由于土壤中锰离子过多引起的锰中毒现象,而植物生长调节剂生长素对锰胁迫下甘蔗生长发育有一定调控作用。探讨不同浓度的生长素萘乙酸(0、50、1 000μmol·L-1NAA)对锰胁迫下甘蔗的生长情况及铁锰含量的影响。结果表明,外施生长素能有效缓解锰对植物的毒害作用,生长素施用组的甘蔗根系生长状况(如根长、根表面、根尖数等)比对照组好;外施萘乙酸能显著影响甘蔗根系铁、锰含量及铁锰膜中铁锰含量,可减少甘蔗对锰离子的吸收,增加对铁离子的吸收,显著降低甘蔗根部铁锰膜中铁锰含量,缓解锰胁迫作用。     

水稻土和潮土中铁锰氧化物形态与稀土元素地球化学特征之间的关系研究

稀土元素在土壤中的含量和分馏特征对它们在环境中的分布、迁移、转化、归宿以及生态效应都有重要的影响。铁锰氧化物矿物的表面作用已被认为是表生环境中元素活化迁移和污染的重要机制之一。本研究以亚热带北端的长江三角洲地区和亚热带南端的珠江三角洲地区的典型水稻土和潮土剖面为例,探讨了铁锰体系对土壤稀土元素含量和地球化学分馏的影响。研究结果表明:铁锰氧化物中以晶质态氧化铁与土壤稀土元素的结合作用为主,并且对潮土的作用要比水稻土更为显著。游离态氧化铁对水稻土Ce富集和Eu亏缺均有积极贡献;锰氧化物可能会通过对二价Eu的氧化而减少其在土壤中的亏缺程度。水稻土和潮土中稀土元素在剖面中的分馏程度也受到铁锰氧化物含量的影响,低含量的铁锰氧化物会使不同发生层之间稀土元素的分馏差异增大。Eu在铁游离度高的南亚热带水稻土中会通过还原并随Sr元素一起淋失。     

石灰性土壤果树失绿病及其发生的原因

植物失绿病又称黄化病、黄叶病,是石灰性土壤铁素营养失调引起的生理病害。在我国西北、华北等地区发病相当普遍,它对林木、果树、牧草、蔬菜及大田作物均有危害。     

淹水还原条件下红壤中葡萄糖及腐殖酸对铁锰形态的影响

通过设置不同的葡萄糖/腐殖酸配比模拟还原性土壤体系,考察长期(约74 d)淹水培养过程中铁锰元素在土壤溶液/矿物相中的分布形态演变。结果表明:在淹水培养初期,葡萄糖的添加可以促进铁锰离子的还原溶出,同时土壤中可交换态和酸可提取态铁、以及可交换态锰的含量也会随之增加;而腐殖酸的添加则会促进土壤中可氧化态铁/锰含量的升高。随着培养时间的增加,铁锰离子浓度及各个土壤提取形态的铁锰含量大多呈现降低趋势,铁锰元素逐渐转化成提取性更低的矿物形态。因此,淹水环境中铁锰还原溶出-分布形态演变受到土壤中有机物质种类和含量的显著影响,呈现出不同的金属移动性和生物有效性。     

苗期水稻和小麦对缺锰胁迫的响应差异及机理

锰是植物生长发育所必需的微量营养元素，缺锰会导致植株矮小，叶片黄化，发育不良等，严重时可致植株死亡。水稻和小麦是我国主要的粮食作物，但种植在有效锰含量不同的土壤中；水稻主要种植在锰有效性高的南方酸性土壤中，小麦主要种植在有效锰含量低的北方石灰性土壤中。为探究水稻和小麦响应缺锰的差异及其机理，本研究采用水培法比较了水稻和小麦苗期在缺锰和加锰处理条件下的生长情况以及植株各部位元素含量和分配情况，并采用绝对定量法比较了小麦和水稻中锰转运基因的表达水平。研究结果表明，与供锰充足的植株相比，缺锰三周严重抑制水稻的生长，而不影响小麦的生长；在缺锰条件下，小麦根到地上部的转运率比供锰充足时提高了16.4%；相反，水稻体内锰从根到地上部的转运率降低了7.5%；苗期小麦根中TaNRAMP2的绝对表达量是水稻OsNRAMP2的3.8-5.1倍。这些结果表明，小麦比水稻更耐缺锰胁迫，这可能与NRAMP2在小麦中的高表达有关。     

铁/锰氧化菌诱导土壤重金属生物成矿研究进展

综述了铁锰氧化菌诱导成矿对重金属环境行为的影响,分别从铁/锰氧化菌与生物成矿、铁/锰氧化菌诱导铁锰氧化物沉淀耦合重金属稳定化以及铁锰氧化物对土壤中重金属的作用方面进行阐述;并从铁/锰氧化菌生物成矿方式、铁/锰氧化菌诱导生物成矿过程对土壤重金属的稳定化机制等方面进一步总结了铁/锰氧化菌在不同重金属生物成矿修复中的应用,以及微生物诱导成矿过程的调控因素,分析胞外聚合物、温度与酸碱度、共存离子和其他因素对成矿过程的影响,以期为微生物诱导成矿修复重金属污染提供理论参考。未来工作可进一步关注生成矿物稳定重金属的长效性,不同微生物菌群组合对成矿效果的调控,以及铁/锰氧化菌在重金属复合污染场地土壤修复中的应用等方面。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.