Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates from Serbia to carbendazim and flutriafol

Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet, is primarily controlled by fungicides. Benzimidazole and demethylation inhibiting fungicides, including carbendazim and flutriafol, have been widely used in Serbia. Since these fungicide groups have a site-specific mode of action, there is a high risk for developing resistance in target organisms, which is the most important limiting factor in Cercospora leaf spot chemical control. A rapid identification of flutriafol and carbendazim resistance can help researchers in examining the potential of different fungicide resistance management practices, as well as in selection of fungicides for use in the areas where resistance has occurred. One hundred single-conidia isolates were collected from 70 representative locations of the sugar beet production region in Serbia. Evaluation of the isolates' sensitivity was based on the reduction of mycelial growth on medium amended with 1.25 μg mL⁻¹ flutriafol and 5 μg mL⁻¹ carbendazim. Resistance to flutriafol and carbendazim was detected in 16% and 96% of the tested isolates, respectively. All isolates resistant to flutriafol were resistant to carbendazim as well, which is the first report of a double resistance to fungicides in C. beticola. Detection of the isolates resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim using Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers confirmed the results of the in vitro tests. The efficacy of carbendazim, flutriafol, azoxystrobin, and tetraconazole at commercially recommended doses was evaluated in field trials where sugar beet plants in plots were inoculated with a mixture of isolates either sensitive and/or resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim. Carbendazim and flutriafol efficacy was very low in plots inoculated with isolates resistant to these fungicides. Presented results will contribute to development of a pathogen population sensitivity monitoring strategy that could be used for an effective CLS management in the region.     

The impact of Septoria tritici blotch in bread making quality among argentinean wheat cultivars

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is a relevant foliar wheat disease worldwide. Several reports show the importance of STB on grain yield, their components and grain protein while little is known about its effect on the rheological properties of the wheat flour. The scarce literature found, only mentions the effect of the complex of foliar diseases on wheat quality, without individualizing the effect of the different pathogens separately. This study analyze the influence of increasing doses of inoculum of Zymoseptoria tritici, on the bread making quality of ten Argentinean wheat cultivars and its possible variation according to their quality group. The increase of inoculum concentration augmented the area under disease progress curve, decreased green flag leaf area duration and green leaf area duration. Cultivars K. Flecha and B.75 Aniversario had the lowest green flag leaf area duration causing higher reduction in grain filling period and higher reductions in P, indicating a lower gliadin/glutenin ratio. STB decreased P/L and E while L, W, D, SV and bread volume increased. Cultivars differed in rheological parameters according to their quality group. Gluten/protein relationship was significant in quality group 1 and non-significant in cultivars belonging to quality group 2 and 3.     

Effect of planting date on severity of frogeye leaf spot and grain yield of soybeans

The influence of soybean (Glycine max) planting date on seasonal epidemics of frogeye leaf spot caused by Cercospora sojina and on grain yield, was evaluated during the 1991 and 1992 cropping seasons. Two susceptible (Samsoy 1 and TGx 849-313D) and one resistant (TGx 996-26E) soybean cultivars were used in field trials at Zonkwa, in the southern Kaduna state of Nigeria. Four field plantings were made at 14-day intervals from late May to mid0July. For each planting date, half the plots received foliar applications of benomyl at R₁ and R₃ growth stages, and the other half was untreated. Frogeye disease severity ratings were taken for all plots at R₄ to R₅ growth stages, and grain yield for each plot was measured at harvest. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in disease severity between the first and third plantings on the two susceptible cultivars in 1991, and on TGx 849-313D only in 1992. Corresponding yield reductions for the two susceptible cultivars averaged 13 and 31% for the treated and untreated plots, respectively, with each 2-week delay beyond the first planting date in 1991, and 5 and 6%, respectively, in 1992. There was no significant difference in disease among all treatments on the resistant cultivar, TGx 996-26E. Under Nigerian conditions, an increase in frogeye leaf spot severity can be expected with delayed planting of soybean after 1 June, and this can result in a corresponding loss of crop yield.     

Development of a formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens PfALR2 for management of rice sheath blight

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates that inhibited growth of Rhizoctonia solani, the rice sheath blight pathogen, were isolated from the rhizosphere of different crops. One of the most effective strains, PfALR2, was developed as an antibiotic resistant strain and a peat-based formulation was developed for this bacterium. The effective dose of a peat formulation was assessed for seed treatment, root treatment, soil application and foliar spraying. All individual treatments controlled the disease effectively. However, a combination of all four treatments resulted in the best sheath blight control in the greenhouse. In field trials, application of the peat-based formulation of PfALR2 effectively controlled the disease, increased yield, and efficacy was comparable to that of the commercially available fungicide, carbendazim.     

Effect of tolerance to Septoria tritici blotch on grain yield,yield components and grain quality in Argentinean wheat cultivars

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici (Mycosphaerella graminicola) is a major disease of wheat worldwide due to significant losses in grain yield and quality. Disease tolerance is the ability to maintain yield performance in the presence of disease symptoms. Therefore, it could be a useful tool in the management of the disease. Although it is known, that there is disease tolerance to STB in some wheat cultivars, this aspect has not been studied among Argentinean cultivars. The aims of this study were to evaluate genotypic differences in tolerance to STB among Argentinean cultivars, considering the relationship between the area under disease progress curve or the green leaf area or the non-green leaf area duration with the grain yield. In addition the effect of the disease on yield, yield components, test weight, grain protein concentration, wet and dry gluten concentration and the influence of tolerance on these traits was investigated. Field experiments were carried out with ten cultivars in a split-split-plot design during 2010 and 2011. Inoculation treatments were the main plots and cultivars, the subplots. STB significantly reduced grain yield, their components, test weight and increase grain protein and gluten concentration. Cultivar Baguette 10 showed major tolerance to STB, indicated by a consistent low regression slope between the green area duration and yield, while Klein Chaja was non-tolerant due to a high regression slope. However, many cultivars such as Buck Brasil, Buck 75 Aniversario, Klein Escorpion and Klein Flecha had considerably similar regression slopes to Baguette 10, provided good levels of tolerance. Other cultivars presented no significant differences. The correlation coefficient between tolerance and grain yield potential was not significant, suggesting that tolerant high-yielding cultivars can be obtained. No relationship was found between quality group or tolerance with the increase in protein and gluten concentration due to STB either.     

五种杀菌剂对花生褐斑病菌室内毒力的影响和田间药效

为了筛选对花生褐斑病田间防治效果好的杀菌剂,结合室内毒力测定(菌丝生长速率法和载玻片萌发法)和田间小区药效试验对四种杀菌剂与常规使用的杀菌剂多菌灵进行了比较。结果表明,室内毒力测定中,多菌灵对菌丝的抑制效果最强,抑菌率为91.4%;其余四种供试杀菌剂中以咪酰胺效果最好,抑菌率达85.6%;王铜效果最差;多菌灵对分生孢子的抑制率为60.9%,其余四种杀菌剂效果差异不显著。田间药效试验结果显示,咪酰胺2 000mg/kg对花生褐斑病的田间防治效果达60.62%,远远高于对照药剂多菌灵(15.53%)以及其它三种供试杀菌剂(王铜、爱可和戊唑醇)。此外咪酰胺比清水对照增产32.28%,也远远高于其它几种药剂。通过室内毒力试验和田间药效试验表明,田间杀菌剂防治花生褐斑病时,咪酰胺比对照药剂多菌灵具有更好的防治效果,适用于花生褐斑病重病地区。     

Air-assisted placement spraying for Stemphylium control in seed onions

A severe leaf spot disease on the flower stalks of seed onions is caused by a Stemphylium sp. which attacks the seed-stalk, weakening it and finally causing its collapse. The concept of applying a fungicide by a two-directional air-assisted placement spraying technique was investigated in the laboratory and subsequently proven in the field. It was shown that disease control was linear with the fungicide-protected area. Disease severity was reduced by 75% by the air-assisted placement spraying compared with 30% for cloud spraying. The results also indicated that the infection area was linearly proportional to the calculated seed yield.     

灌浆后期6-BA灌根对玉米衰老和产量形成的影响

以郑单958为材料,用浓度为10 mg/L的6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)溶液在玉米灌浆期(花后40 d)浇灌根系,研究6-BA对玉米根系与叶片衰老及产量形成的影响。结果表明,花后6-BA灌根处理能延缓玉米根系的衰老,使收获期单株总根长显著高于对照,增长48%,其中,轴根长与对照相比差异不显著,侧根长显著高于对照。6-BA灌根处理同样延缓叶片衰老,使成熟期绿叶面积增加。6-BA灌根处理显著增加吐丝期-成熟期植株吸氮量和植株干物质积累量,不影响营养器官中氮素与干物质的转运。6-BA灌根处理显著提高单株子粒产量,与对照相比增产16%,其中,主要是百粒重的增加,同时保持子粒中氮浓度不变。通过细胞分裂素延缓后期根系衰老,可能是协调玉米后期氮素吸收与转运、提高玉米子粒产量的一条途径。     

辣椒新叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性

2015—2019年,笔者在对海南地区的辣椒病害进行调查时,发现一种和常见病害症状不同的新叶斑病。田间采集病样后,经病原菌分离、显微形态观察和分子生物学鉴定,证明该病由新月弯孢[(Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijin]侵染引起,这是该种病原菌在中国危害辣椒的首次报道。生物学特性研究结果表明,玉米粉、30 ℃、pH 7.0、连续光照或光暗交替、麦芽糖和酵母提取物为病原菌最适培养条件,分生孢子最适萌发温度和致死温度分别为22~33 ℃和60 ℃（10 min）。12种杀菌剂的室内药剂筛选结果表明,45%咪鲜胺EW抑菌效果最好,浓度为1.0 mg/L时抑菌率达97.8%。16%乙霉威·10%嘧霉胺WP、25%三唑酮WP、65%代森锌WP和80%代森锰锌WP也有较好的抑菌效果,而70%甲基硫菌灵WP、80%多菌灵WP几乎无抑菌作用。     

Light use efficiencies of potato cultivars with late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Summary Potato cultivars of different maturity classes and levels of resistance toPhytophthora infestans were grown under several disease intensities in three field trials. Seasonal courses of ground cover by green foliage and final tuber yields were determined. Light use efficiencies (LUE) were calculated from regression analyses of yield on cumulative light interception. Late blight reduced tuber yields by decreasing cumulative light interception without affecting LUE. No differences in LUE between cultivars or cultivar classes were detected. Therefore, the maintenance of green leaf area is important when breeding potatoes for optimal performance in the presence of late blight. The results support the hypothesis that the correlation between lateness and reported resistance of potato cultivars is due to the vigorous foliage growth of late cultivars.     

传统绿肥贵州山地景观化利用潜力评价

为了促进贵州观光农业与生态环境的协调发展,本研究对传统绿肥贵州山地景观化利用潜力进行评价。以贵州主要种植的传统绿肥光叶苕子（Vicia villosa var.）、紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）、箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）、肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）、山黧豆（Lathyrus cicera L.）、油葵（Oil-sunflower）、二月兰[Orychophragmus violaceus （L.） O.E. Schulz]为研究对象,分析其花朵时空分布特征、花朵视觉特性等景观效益,以及各绿肥作物的生长特性及养分效益。二月兰的开花时间最早,随后是肥田萝卜、山黧豆、紫云英,接着是光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆,而油葵是夏季绿肥,初花期为6月中旬,花穗期17~43 d,花期长短表现依次为二月兰>肥田萝卜>油葵>光叶苕子>紫云英>山黧豆>箭筈豌豆。花朵分布高度为油葵150~200 cm、肥田萝卜75~95 cm、二月兰与光叶苕子及箭筈豌豆25~50 cm、紫云英和山黧豆15~25 cm。单株花朵数光叶苕子最多。单朵花面积油葵最大。单株花面积光叶苕子最大。结合观光与保育目标,可利用绿肥作物打造2—3月间的二月兰蓝紫色花海,3—4月间的紫云英紫红色花海、肥田萝卜白色花海,4月间的光叶苕子紫色花海,6—7月间的油葵黄色花海,以丰富贵州观光休闲农业的观光色调,延长观光时间,实现观光品牌的多样化。     

路明卫拌种处理对水稻生长和防治二化螟的效果

水稻生产中,二化螟的抗药性问题日益突出,为害逐年加重。路明卫是一种防治水稻螟虫的悬浮种子处理剂,其主要成分是50%氯虫苯甲酰胺。为合理安全使用该农药,达到预期防治效果,开展了路明卫种子包衣处理对水稻发芽、出苗、秧苗素质以及二化螟防效的田间试验,同时进行了田间示范验证。结果表明,路明卫安全可靠,用其(10 m L/667 m²)处理干谷或芽谷,不影响种芽的伸长、种子发根和秧苗素质;且省工高效,用路明卫拌种后可减少水稻分蘖期间(播种至播后60 d)1次二化螟农药防治,不增加水稻枯鞘、枯心的发生,还表现出显著的抗卷叶螟优势。     

Carbendazim resistance in field isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China and its management

The ascomycete fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen with an unusually broad host range and worldwide distribution. The benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim has been widely used to control S. sclerotiorum in China for more than three decades and high levels of carbendazim resistance have been reported in eastern China. In this study, carbendazim sensitivity was assessed in a total of 5042 field isolates of S. sclerotiorum collected from different geographical regions of China from 2008 to 2013. Results showed that no carbendazim resistant isolates could be detected in northwestern and northeastern China. In 2013, 0.77% and 0.72% of the field isolates assayed were highly resistant to carbendazim in Hunan and Hubei provinces of central China, respectively. In Anhui province of eastern China, the frequencies of carbendazim resistance were 18.18%, 7.05% and 7.25% in 2008, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The decrease in frequency of carbendazim resistance in Anhui province from 2008 to 2012 was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Nevertheless, no significant differences (P ≥ 0.16) were found in fitness parameters such as mycelial growth on PDA media, virulence to oilseed rape plants and oxalic acid production between carbendazim resistant and sensitive isolates. A negative cross resistance pattern was detected between carbendazim and diethofencarb. Mixture of carbendazim and diethofencarb (4:1) applied at 200 μg/mL provided 100% and 91.5% preventive efficacy against carbendazim resistant and sensitive isolates, respectively, and 87.1% and 81.7% curative efficacy against resistant and sensitive isolates, respectively.     

木薯根系分泌物与土壤浸出液对橡胶树2种致病菌的化感效果

采用平板试验,通过生长速率法分析木薯根系分泌物及其土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病病菌及棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,为判断胶园林下种植木薯的可行性提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）木薯根系分泌物对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均表现为化感促进效果,但在任一处理时间,不同浓度间对白根病病菌的化感效果与对照均未达显著差异,而对棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果呈现明显的剂量效应,浓度达40 mg/mL时,化感促进效果与对照达到显著水平。（2）木薯根系分泌物的任一浓度,对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,在不同处理天数间均未达到显著水平。（3）木薯土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均呈现化感促进效果,且存在明显的剂量效应;对橡胶树白根病病菌,处理后2 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为40 mg/mL,处理后3 d和处理后4 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为8 mg/mL;对棒孢霉落叶病病菌,在任一处理时间达到显著化感效果的浸出液浓度均至少为200 mg/mL。（4）土壤浸出液小于8 mg/mL时,3个处理时间之间的橡胶树白根病病菌化感效果无显著差异,当浓度达到40 mg/mL时,处理后2 d的化感促进效果显著大于处理后3 d和4 d;4种土壤浸出液的任一浓度,对橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果在不同处理时间之间均未达到显著差异。所以说,幼龄胶园间作木薯会在一定程度上促进橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病和白根病的发生。     

木薯褐斑病菌的室内药剂筛选

采用孢子萌发法对分离自海南的木薯褐斑病菌进行了10种杀菌剂的室内筛选。结果表明,国光多菌灵(50%多菌灵WP)和咪鲜胺(25%咪鲜胺EC)的EC50值最小,抑菌效果最好;腐霉利(50%WP)的EC50值最大,抑菌效果最差。建议生产上使用多菌灵和咪鲜胺等来防治木薯褐斑病。     

海南桑树青枯病病原菌鉴定及其分子鉴定

桑树青枯病是由青枯雷尔氏菌引起的细菌性病害,热带、亚热带地区发病严重,严重影响蚕桑产业的可持续发展。雷尔氏菌不同种间致病力和宿主各不相同,其防治策略也相应不同,准确地分离鉴定病原菌是青枯病有效防控的先决条件。本研究采集、分离了海南省琼中县桑青枯病发病桑园（‘桂桑优62’）桑树根部、茎部病原菌,并通过致病性、生理小种、生化变种测定,结合16S rDNA、特异性引物、复合PCR检测体系、序列变种等分子鉴定方法初步确定了病原菌的种类和分类地位。结果表明,引发海南省琼中县桑青枯病的病原菌属于青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）、生理小种5（race 5）、生化变种Ⅴ（biovar Ⅴ）,病原菌遗传进化分析结果显示病原菌属演化型Ⅰ（phylotype Ⅰ）即亚洲分支菌株,序列变种12（sequevar 12）。这些结果将为海南桑青枯病的有效防控奠定基础。     

敲除OsNramp5基因创制低镉优质粳稻新材料的应用评价

【目的】探究在粳稻中敲除Os Nramp5基因对镉等金属元素积累、产量和品质的影响,为科学高效地生产优质健康粳米提供新材料和理论参考。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,在优良食味高产粳稻品种南粳46背景下对OsNramp5进行基因敲除,结合标记辅助选择,获得了无外源基因的Os Nramp5敲除突变系,考查其产量和品质性状变化特征,以及在不同镉含量土壤中和锌肥、硒肥喷施后的籽粒镉、锰、硒等七种金属元素的含量变化。【结果】在T0代获得了5种OsNramp5不同变异类型的转基因植株,设计开发了其中3种突变型的特异分子标记,进而结合标记辅助选择,在各植株的T2代中获得不含潮霉素选择标记基因和CAS9蛋白基因的纯合敲除系。与野生型相比,无论在高浓度还是低浓度镉含量土壤中,敲除系整株包括籽粒中的镉含量和地上部组织中锰含量均显著低于南粳46;敲除系的株高略微下降,穗粒数显著降低并导致其单株产量明显下降,但在低分蘖肥处理中产量下降未达显著。敲除系稻米外观总体好于对照,蛋白质和直链淀粉含量明显高于对照,导致其食味值明显降低。敲除系籽粒中铜、锰和硒的含量显著低于对照,但在施用锌肥和硒肥后可以显著提高...     

Sensitivity of Botryosphaeria dothidea from apple to tebuconazole in China

The white rot disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea threatens apple production in Bohai bay area and along the Yellow River of China, where disease control is largely dependent on fungicides such as tebuconazole. A total of 146 isolates of B. dothidea obtained from different apple orchards in six provinces were tested for their sensitivity to tebuconazole, carbendazim and iprodione. The EC₅₀ values of all tested isolates for tebuconazole were from 0.035 to 1.415 μg/mL. The broad range of EC₅₀ values of tebuconazole suggests an obvious variation among the 146 isolates. Isolate HB13 (EC₅₀ = 1.415 μg/mL) showed reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole, with an EC₅₀ value significantly higher than those of the other 145 isolates tested. The low sensitivity of HB13 was stable after 15 generations, and this isolate showed similar pathogenicity as susceptible strains. EC₅₀ correlation analysis indicates no cross resistance between tebuconazole and carbendazim and iprodione. Field efficacy trials showed that tebuconazole remains very effective for apple white rot control in China.     

近10年云南省育成的粳稻品种性状分析

云南省近10年（2011—2020年）已育成粳稻品种98个,根据区域试验组别和品种类型可分为中海拔常规粳稻、高海拔常规粳稻、三系杂交粳稻、两系杂交粳稻4种类型,比较分析了这4种类型高原粳稻品种的产量、抗性和米质。结果表明,育成的品种以常规粳稻为主,占比73.47%;育种主体以科研院所为主,占比90.82%;杂交粳稻产量较常规粳稻高6.16%,中海拔常规粳稻产量较高海拔常规粳稻高6.42%,每穗实粒数增加是近年高原粳稻增产的主要因素;对稻瘟病抗性总体不足,而对白叶枯病具有较强抗性;稻米品质总体不佳,中海拔常规粳稻米质优于高海拔常规粳稻,限制云南高原粳稻米质的关键因素是整精米率、垩白粒率、精米率和垩白度。适当增大个体,构建更高层次的个体群体协调平衡是高原粳稻育种的重点方向。     

绿肥不同还田量对烤烟产质量的影响

通过大田试验研究绿肥不同还田量对烤烟产质量的影响。结果表明,烟叶产量与绿肥少量、中等还田量呈显著正相关。通径分析发现,绿肥中等还田量影响烟叶产量和质量,绿肥少量还田量主要对烟叶产量有一定作用,而对烟叶质量影响较小;绿肥大量还田量主要影响烟叶质量,而对烟叶产量作用较小。提出绿肥中等还田量对提高烟叶质量作用较大,并提倡绿肥还田量以中等适宜为佳．．