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Bowland SL Shewen PE 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2000,41(1):33-48
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a significant cost to both the beef and dairy industries. In the United States, an estimated 640 million dollars is lost annually due to BRD. Losses are largely a result of pneumonic pasteurellosis ("shipping fever"), enzootic pneumonia of calves, and atypical interstitial pneumonia. In Canada, over 80% of the biologics licensed for use in cattle are against agents associated with BRD. The objectives of this paper were (a) to summarize information available concerning commercial vaccines currently used in Canada for protection against BRD, and (b) to provide an easily accessible resource for veterinary practitioners and researchers. Information from the most recent Compendium of Veterinary Products has been tabulated for each vaccine by trade name, according to vaccine type, and the pathogens against which they are designed to protect. Additional information from published articles (peer-reviewed and other) has been provided and referenced. 相似文献
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P C Smith T Blankenship T R Hoover T Powe J C Wright 《American journal of veterinary research》1990,51(7):1147-1150
Two commercially available infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) vaccines were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting cattle from disease caused by experimental challenge exposure and natural transmission of Moraxella bovis infections. The study was conducted as 2 experiments, using a total of 81 cattle that were culture-negative for M bovis prior to vaccination. In each experiment, young adult cattle were randomly allotted to 4 groups. Each calf in groups 1 and 2 was vaccinated according to the vaccine manufacturer's directions. Groups 3 and 4 were unvaccinated controls. Three weeks after the last vaccination, each calf in groups 1 and 3 was experimentally challenge exposed by dropping a suspension of viable cells of a virulent strain of M bovis directly onto the corneal surface of each eye. Calves in all 4 groups were then commingled in open pastures so that calves in groups 2 and 4 could be naturally exposed to the calves with experimentally induced infections. Each calf was examined for signs of ocular disease on a regular basis by 2 experienced clinicians who scored each eye for severity of disease on the basis of a prearranged scale. Neither clinician was aware of the vaccination or exposure status of the calf nor to which experimental group they belonged. Lacrimal secretions were collected regularly to determine the number of eyes in which the virulent organism became established. Moraxella bovis with bacterial cultural characteristics similar to those of the virulent strain placed in the eyes of groups 1 and 3 was cultured from greater than or equal to 83% of the eyes of calves in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Four modified live reovirus vaccines were compared with a field isolate (81-176) of reovirus for safety in 1-day-old and 1-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chicks. At 1, 3, 5, and 7 wks after vaccination, blood, cloacal swabs, and hock tendon samples were collected and assayed for residual virus. Tendon samples were also examined microscopically and scored for histological changes. Vaccine efficacy was monitored by challenging chicks 7 wks postvaccination via the footpad with the 81-176 isolate. Serum samples were collected throughout the trials and assayed for reovirus antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In chicks vaccinated at 1 day of age, three of the four vaccine viruses were consistently recovered from the hock tendon tissues. Post-challenge virus recoveries were similarly positive for the same vaccine viruses. Histological lesion scores of the tendons paralleled the degree of virus recovery. In the chicks vaccinated at 1 wk old, none of the vaccine viruses were recovered, nor were tendon lesion scores substantially elevated. Following challenge, however, virus was recovered from all vaccinated groups. 相似文献
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James F Evermann 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(4):919-29, x
The use of biologics in veterinary medicine has been of tremendous value in safeguarding our animal populations from debilitating and oftentimes fatal disease. This article reviews the principles of vaccination and the extensive quality control efforts that are incorporated into preparing the vaccines. Examples of adverse events that have occurred in the past and how enhanced vigilance at the level of the veterinarian and the veterinary diagnostic laboratory help to curtail these events are discussed. Emphasis on understanding the ecology of viral infections in dogs and cats is introduced, together with the concepts of the potential role of vaccines in interspecies spread of viruses. 相似文献
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Vaccination of day-old broiler chicks against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease using commercial live and/or inactivated vaccines 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Day-old broilers were administered live and/or inactivated vaccines to assess vaccine efficacy against challenge with Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Chicks were from commercial breeder pullets vaccinated against ND and IBD using several live vaccine primers followed by an inactivated ND-IBD vaccine at 18 weeks. The most efficacious initial ND-IBD vaccination program was live ND virus by eye drop and live IBD vaccine injected subcutaneously (SQ) followed 2 hours later with inactivated ND-IBD vaccine SQ. The next two most efficacious programs were live vaccine alone and the inactivated vaccine only. Inactivated vaccine given SQ had no adverse effect on live IBD vaccine given 2 hours earlier in a similar site. Administration of inactivated vaccine by vent was not as efficacious as administration SQ. A booster of a second live ND-IBD vaccine drinking water at 18 days significantly increased levels of circulating antibody, regardless of the initial vaccination program. 相似文献
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The virus titers of seven commercial B1 strain Newcastle disease vaccines were evaluated. A 2 log difference in virus content was found between the vaccine with the highest titer (10(8.8) EID 50/ml) and the one with the lowest titer (10(6.8) EID 50/ml). Broiler chickens were vaccinated with the high- and low-titered vaccines to compare hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody and challenge responses. The effect of vaccination at different ages on the HI titers was also examined. There were no significant differences between vaccine groups in HI antibody response or resistance to challenge. However, the high-titered vaccine may provide a margin of safety with the currently used methods of mass vaccination. 相似文献
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The efficacy of three commercial Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) immunizing agents-a bacterin, a recombinant fowlpox-MG vaccine, and a live F-strain vaccine-was compared in specific-pathogen-free hens in egg production. Three groups of 25 chickens were vaccinated with one of the vaccines at 10 wk of age and 25 birds were not vaccinated. At 25 wk of age (and approximately 50% egg production), 20 birds from each of the three vaccinated groups and 15 nonvaccinated controls were challenged with virulent R-strain via aerosol; the birds were necropsied and evaluated at 10 days post-challenge. The MG bacterin and live F-strain vaccinations were both protective and resulted in significant differences in air sac lesions, tracheal lesions, and ovarian regression compared to the nonvaccinated controls and the recombinant fowlpox-MG vaccine (P < or = 0.05). The evaluation of ovarian regression is a useful method of testing the efficacy of MG vaccines in laying hens. 相似文献
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U Magnusson 《Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene》2012,47(Z4):333-337
In this review, possible comparative advantages of studying endocrine disruption in farm animals vs laboratory rodents are discussed. First, using farm animals, the generality of findings in laboratory rodents are challenged. Farm animals may in certain aspects be better models for humans than laboratory rodents, and sometimes there might be methodological advantages in using farm animals. Second, there are several in vitro studies based on cell-culture systems from sows and cows where the effects of chemicals on sex steroid secretion can be measured and maturation and fertilization of oocytes may be assessed. These in vitro systems are powerful tools for dissecting the mechanisms of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Third, in a set of recent in vivo studies using sheep, goats and pigs, in which very different exposure regimens to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been used, a full panel of reproductive parameters pertinent to farm animals were assessed. Clinically, it is suggested that endocrine disruption in farm animals should be considered when impaired reproduction could be linked to change in source of feed or pasture. Finally, epigenetic and toxicogenomic approaches can be particularly rewarding in elucidating endocrine disruption in future farm animal studies. 相似文献
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Rajawat YS Sundaresan NR Ravindra PV Kantaraja C Ratta B Sudhagar M Rai A Saxena VK Palia SK Tiwari AK 《British poultry science》2008,49(2):111-117
1. The immune responses induced by recombinant plasmids containing Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F (pVAX.nd.f) or HN (pcDNA.nd.hn) genes separately or in combination in bi-cistronic (pIRES.nd.hn.f) constructs were evaluated in maternal antibody-positive commercial chicks. 2. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests demonstrated the expression of both F and HN proteins in Vero cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the expression of HN and/or F genes in muscle, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), spleen and liver after immunisation. 3. Chicks inoculated intramuscularly thrice (two booster doses) with pVAX.nd.f and pcDNA.nd.hn did not develop detectable haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies. In contrast, an increase in a NDV-specific cell-mediated immune response was demonstrated. 4. After challenge with virulent NDV, chicks immunised with the recombinant plasmids as well as those in control groups succumbed to Newcastle disease. 5. Based on these results, it is concluded that DNA vaccines containing HN and/or F genes fail to protect commercial chicks, possibly due to interference from maternal antibodies. 相似文献
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García de la Fuente JN Gutiérrez-Martín CB Ortega N Rodríguez-Ferri EF del Río ML González OR Salinas J 《Veterinary microbiology》2004,100(1-2):65-76
The protective efficacy of two inactivated commercial (A, B) and two new inactivated vaccines (M7, QS) against ovine enzootic abortion was determined in two separate experiments in sheep. Vaccine A contained chlamydiae propagated in chicken embryos, adjuvated with Marcol 82, and vaccine B contained chlamydiae cultured in cell monolayers, adjuvated with aluminium hydroxide. For the preparation of the experimental vaccines, Chlamydophila abortus AB7 strain was cultured in McCoy cells and adjuvated with QS-21 (QS) or Montanide ISA 773 (M7). The ewes were vaccinated twice subcutaneously and challenged at 90 days of gestation. Protection was evaluated by clinical, bacteriological and serological examinations, and compared to two control groups: one of infected but not vaccinated ewes, and another of vaccinated but not infected ewes. The experimental vaccines induced considerably better protection than the two commercial ones. The new vaccine M7 especially showed no abortions, a good antibody response, the highest newborn lamb weights and the lowest level of C. abortus shedding at lambing. 相似文献