Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol

This work investigated the yield and nature of solvent-soluble organic compounds extracted from flax shive using a room temperature reaction (20 °C) with sodium ethoxide catalyst at four different concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 M) in anhydrous ethanol. Results were compared with the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 M) at two different reaction temperatures (20 °C and 100 °C). Quantitative yield from flax shive varied linearly with sodium ethoxide concentration and averaged 54.5 mg/g on a dry-mass basis (db) at 1.0 M. In contrast, the quantitative yield using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide was much lower, averaging 2.2 mg/g (db). Yield did not differ significantly due to changes of particle size in either case, or due to changes of temperature over the range considered in the case of sodium hydroxide.Analyses using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) confirmed all extracts to contain aromatic compounds, thus likely lignin derived, but found differences in chemical characteristics between the two extraction methods. One key difference was the presence of compounds with methyl ether groups in sodium hydroxide extracts that were absent in the case of sodium ethoxide extracts. Given that flax contains a mixed guaiacyl-syringyl lignin, methyl ether groups would be expected to be present. Control reactions on three model compounds were carried out to confirm that transesterification occurred with sodium ethoxide. These control reactions also demonstrated that methyl ether groups would be expected to remain intact under the extraction conditions reported here. In light of the higher yield of solvent soluble compounds recovered by extraction with basic ethanol, flax shive may represent a source of value-added phenolic constituents. This processing method may also represent a useful pre-treatment prior to the production of biofuels by cellulose degrading organisms.     

Fractionation of flax shives with pressurized aqueous ethanol

Fractionation of flax shives into major biopolymer constituents, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, was carried out with pressurized aqueous ethanol in a pressurized low-polarity water extractor. The effect of processing parameters such as temperature, ethanol concentration, flow rate, sample size and solvent/feed ratio on the simultaneous extraction of hemicelluloses and lignin was determined. More than 80% of total hemicelluloses and ∼78% of total lignin were removed simultaneously in a single step under the following conditions: 180 °C, 30% (v/v) ethanol concentration, 3 mL/min flow rate, and 45 mL/g solvent/feed ratio. Under these extraction conditions, cellulose degradation was negligible. Further, the separation of lignin from hemicelluloses was carried out using two simple alternative methodologies based on precipitation. Since no acidic or alkali catalysts were used, the degradation of biopolymers was negligible and the oligomer/monomer ratio of sugars was 825:1. Characterization of fractionated biopolymers was carried out with scanning electron microscopy and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). FT-IR spectra of isolated lignin and hemicelluloses showed that both polymers were comparable to commercially available products.     

超声辅助提取无患子中阿魏酸工艺研究

以乙醇水溶液为提取剂,采用超声波辅助方法提取无患子果肉中阿魏酸,以高效液相色谱法检测阿魏酸提取量,经优化后,提取无患子中阿魏酸的最佳工艺条件为:固液比1:5、乙醇浓度40％、超声时间45 min、超声功率160W,此条件下无患子果肉中阿魏酸提取量可达(0.034 2±0.001 2)mg/g.该方法最佳提取工艺合理、可靠,可供无患子阿魏酸的进一步研究及其综合利用提供借鉴和参考.     

天亚7号油纤兼用型亚麻育种研究

围绕高产、抗亚麻枯萎病和油、纤两用的育种目标，利用复式杂交选育出了天亚７号亚麻新品种，并且在自然和人工病圃内进行了抗亚麻枯萎病的鉴定。在品比和区试过程中，天亚７号表现显著增产，籽实含油率达４１．９％，工艺长度５０．７ｃｍ。在自然病田内苗期死亡率０．１９％，在病圃内成株期发病率为３．２％，其它综合性状均优于对照品种。     

重庆市涪陵区亚麻试种情况初报

本文总结了涪陵区两年试种亚麻的基本情况。摸索了亚麻在涪陵日照低值区域生长发育特点和高产经验，为今后生产发展提供科学合理的栽培技术措施。     

亚麻品种资源的聚类分析及评价

对52个国内亚麻品种进行聚类分析,形成了亚麻品种的系统分类,亚麻可分为4个品种群.其中品种群Ⅱ包含两个亚群,亚群Ⅰ为油用及油纤兼用类型,亚群Ⅱ为纤维用类型.亚群Ⅱ包括了我国主要栽培品种,这些品种抗病性强,产量水平高,农艺性状优良.品种群Ⅵ的明显特点是主茎分枝多,单株果数多,抗病性强,其中红木65和匈牙利5号为我国品种选育的骨干亲本.     

枇杷果皮中多酚物质提取和纯化工艺的优化

以枇杷果皮为材料,提取分离和纯化枇杷多酚类物质,试验确定乙醇为多酚浸提溶剂,通过正交试验优化乙醇浸提枇杷果皮多酚的工艺参数。结果表明：液料比10.0 ∶ 1(mL ∶ g),80 ℃下,在50％体积分数的乙醇中浸提90 min,连续浸提2次,多酚得率可达34.76 mg/g DW(干重）。运用静态吸附和动态吸附试验对大孔吸附树脂及对多酚纯化工艺条件进行筛选,从AB-8、LX-1、NKA-9、D101、XAD-5和DM301等6种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出的XAD-5型树脂具有较好的吸附及解吸性能,吸附率和解吸率分别达到76.44％和74.32％。XAD-5型树脂纯化枇杷多酚的工艺条件为：进样浓度1.50 mg/mL,样液体积5 BV,进样流速1.5 BV/h,洗脱剂乙醇体积分数为70％,洗脱流速1.5 BV/h,洗脱体积1.2 BV,此工艺下枇杷果皮多酚纯度可达76.52％,回收率为56.44％。     

云南宾川县亚麻生产技术系列报道之五—亚麻品比试验研究

通过对阿里亚娜、阿高斯、汉姆斯、范妮4个品种丰产性、抗逆性、高产稳产性试验，选出阿里亚娜为大面积推广品种，阿高斯为搭配品种，汉姆斯和范妮为继续试验品种。     

亚麻优异种质创新利用及发展

亚麻种质创新工作采用外源总体 DNA导入 ,Co6 0— γ射线处理种子、植株以及利用雄性核不育材料进入转育等方法创造新类型、新材料 ,提供给育种家 ,培育出一批优异亚麻新品种 ,促进了亚麻生产的飞速发展。随着新的生物技术和信息技术的突破 ,对今后种质创新工作进行展望     

气候变化对甘肃胡麻生产的影响

利用1981—2000年甘肃全省71站点胡麻产量和生长期(4～10月)气象资料,用EOF、小波分析和积分 回归等统计分析方法分析胡麻产量的时空特征,以及不同气象因子对胡麻产量的影响。结果表明,胡麻产量分布 由北向南依次递减;在降水量变化一定的条件下,胡麻产量随温度的升高而降低;在温度变化一定的条件下,胡麻 产量随降水的增加而增加,适时早播可避免胡麻籽粒期高温对产量的影响。为适应气候变化,应积极试验扩大复 种面积,提高商品量。     

密度对亚麻纤维细胞发育的影响

本文研究了密度与亚麻纤维形成发育的关系 ,结果表明 :亚麻植株横切面上的纤维细胞数无论密度如何变化 ,均以中部最多 ,下部次之 ,上部最少。纤维细胞大小 :下部最大 ,中部次之 ,上部最小。在快速生长期以前 ,茎中部的纤维细胞数量随密度的增加而增加 ,而纤维细胞群数则随密度的增加而减少。开花后直到工艺成热期 ,茎中部的纤维细胞均以中密度最多 ,分别为 5 30个和 6 6 2个 ;纤维细胞群数则以其最少。     

纤维素酶辅助法提取柚子皮中多糖的工艺研究

目的纤维素酶辅助法在柚子皮多糖提取的应用。并筛选出最佳提取条件。方法采取单因素及正交实验的方法,对料液比、反映时间、酶解温度、pH值以及酶含量进行考察,以柚子皮多糖的提取量作为评价指标,找到最佳提取条件。结果酶辅助提取的最佳提取工艺：料液比1：30、反映时间5．5h、酶解温度60℃、pH值5．5、酶含量0．1％。结论纤维素酶辅助法可作为柚子皮多糖提取的一种有效方法。     

胡萝卜多糖的提取研究

温水提取胡萝卜多糖,对胡萝卜多糖的提取工艺进行研究。比较料液比、提取时间、提取温度、pH值4个因素对多糖提取率的影响。并采用正交设计法优化提取条件,确定了理论上的最佳提取工艺为A2B2C3D3,即提取温度为60℃、料液比为1:30、提取时间8 h、pH值为11。在此工艺条件提取胡萝卜多糖,其提取率为21.27%。     

亚麻锈病发生特点及防治

从亚麻锈病的发生、发展、危害及病原菌生长发育规律到病害综合防治,进行了系统研究,明确了该病的发生与品种、土壤类型及气象因素等诸方面的关系,为病害防治提了理论依据;也明确了带菌土壤和种子是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径,用药剂防治效果可达75%以上;同时建立了综合防病体系。     

甘肃胡麻地方品种种质资源品质分析

对甘肃116 个胡麻地方品种种质资源的粗脂肪含量、5种脂肪酸含量及碘价等主要品质性状进行测定分 析,对品质性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,甘肃胡麻地方种质资源粗脂肪含量,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚 油酸、亚麻酸含量及碘价的平均值分别为37. 48%、5. 90%、5. 32%、29. 05%、10. 94%、48. 76%和175. 60。粗脂肪 含量普遍较低,油酸和亚麻酸含量高。5种脂肪酸中棕榈酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸含量变异较小,硬脂酸和油酸变异较 大;不同品质性状间的相关关系和相关程度不同,粗脂肪含量与亚油酸含量有极显著的正相关,与硬脂酸含量有极 显著的负相关;亚麻酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸含量均呈极显著的负相关关系,与碘价呈极显著的正相关关 系;棕榈酸与油酸含量有显著的正相关,硬脂酸与油酸含量有极显著的正相关,油酸与碘价呈极显著负相关。初步 筛选出一批高油分、高油酸、高亚麻酸的优良种质。     

亚麻抗倒伏性状分析及培土对亚麻抗倒伏的影响

对亚麻抗倒伏机理及抗倒伏栽培技术研究表明:(1)采用倒伏指数能较好地反映亚麻抗倒伏能力,用倒伏程度能客观准确地评价亚麻倒伏的实际情况。(2)亚麻的抗倒伏能力与一级分枝长、一级分枝角度、单茎鲜重、冠层鲜重、冠层附着水量、倒伏指数、单株分茎数、根系鲜重,根系干重等性状呈负相关。与茎粗、茎秆抗折力、茎秆干重等性状呈正相关。(3)与倒伏程度关系最密切的几个性状中,茎秆抗折力对倒伏程度的直接作用最大,其次为茎粗和单茎鲜重。(4)快速生长期至现蕾期培土,可降低植株重心高度,使倒伏程度降低9.12%,比不培土的单株平均产量高16.21%,粒重增加2.68%,果粒数增加9.24%,单位面积产量高14.67%,而且差异达显著或极显著水平,但经济系数、株高、纤维的工艺长度等性状无明显变化,培土措施对抗倒伏能力差的品种效果较好,而对抗倒伏能力强的品种作用较小。     

亚麻品种资源对枯萎病的抗性评价 —06

利用亚麻枯萎病病圃,对508份国内外亚麻品种资源进行了抗枯萎病的鉴定和评价,按照参试品种较统 一感病对照发病率的降低率,把抗枯萎病程度划分为高抗(HR) 、中抗(MR) 、低抗(LR) 、低感(LS) 、中感(MS)和高 感(HS)共6个级别。各个级别的品种资源数分别为45、38、64、92、112 和157;分别占试验资源总数的8. 9%、 7. 5%、12. 5%、18. 1%、22. 1%和30. 9%。高、中抗资源共计16. 4%。筛选出的高抗和中抗枯萎病资源中有41份 属于首次报道,其中包括13份国外引进品种、7份国内地方品种和21份国内育成品种,一些重点抗源已成功地应 用于亚麻抗枯萎病育种实践。     

Optimization of ethanol production from microwave alkali pretreated rice straw using statistical experimental designs by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ethanol production from agro-waste provides an alternative energy-production system. Statistical experimental designs were used for optimization of critical nutrients and process variables for ethanol production. The critical nutrients and process variables were initially selected according to a Placket-Burman (PB) design. Selected factors (inoculum level 1-5%, pH 4.5-7, temperature 25-35 °C and urea concentration 0.25-0.75 g/L) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level four-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under optimum conditions of inoculum level 3%, pH 5.75, temperature 30 °C and urea concentration 0.50 g/L maximum ethanol production obtained 13.2 g/L from microwave alkali pretreated rice straw with ethanol productivity 0.33 g/L/h. Under optimum conditions ethanol production studied at fermenter level and obtained ethanol concentration 19.2 g/L, ethanol productivity 0.53 g/L/h and ethanol yield to consumed sugar 0.50 g/g. These results indicated that ethanol production can be enhanced by optimization of nutritional and process variables.     

Impact of aggregate coating with a PEC elastomer on properties of lightweight flax shive concrete

Lightweight concrete becomes an important subject of research because of its insulating properties. The main objective of this research is to present a process improving the flax shive behaviour in a cement matrix. Flax shives stem from flax culture. It is the major product (50% of biomass weight). To be used as aggregates, shives should have a hydrophobization treatment. The aim of this work is the treatment of shives with a biodegradable elastomer: poly(PEG-co-CA). This elastomer is synthesized by the polycondensation of polyethylenglycol (PEG) and citric acid (CA). After their treatment with PEC elastomer, flax shives show a decrease in water absorption. Then, they are incorporated in a cement matrix. Mechanical properties, thermal properties and behaviour towards water (dimensional variations) of concrete are determined. The shive treatment shows an improvement in compressive and flexural strengths but an increase in thermal conductivity. The extreme dimensional variations (EDVs) and drying shrinkage (DS) decrease also with concrete prepared with treated shives compared to the standard. Overall the lightweight concrete obtained exhibits performances close to those of wood concrete.     

椰子水多糖的提取工艺

对椰子水多糖的提取工艺进行研究, 分别探讨温度、 pH 值、 提取时间、 乙醇体积比等因素对多糖提取率的影响。 结果初步表明, 以料水比 1 ∶ 10、 温度 75 ℃、 pH7.0、 提取时间 120 min, 然后加入乙醇, 使得乙醇浓度（体积比）为 85％时, 4 ℃下沉淀 24 h 的工艺条件有利于椰子水多糖的提取。