弹簧预紧力可调式振动深松机设计与试验

为了减小深松机的耕作阻力和拖拉机的动力消耗,增强深松机对不同类型土壤的适用性,设计了弹簧预紧力可调式自激振动深松机。在机具工作过程中,通过自激振动单元的振动作用,可有效减小深松机的牵引阻力;通过弹簧预紧力调节机构可改变弹簧的预紧力,以适应不同物理特性的土壤,获得理想的深松效果。田间试验表明在保证耕深的前提下,合适的弹簧预紧力可有效减小机具的耕作阻力。为了测试该深松机的减阻性能,设计了2.5、3.2、4.0km/h 3种作业速度和250、300、350mm 3种深松深度,进行了两因素三水平的全因素试验,试验结果表明：在不同作业速度与深松深度下,与非振动深松机相比,该深松机均能有效减小牵引阻力,减阻比为10.30%~22.65%;对不同作业速度和深松深度下的振动深松牵引阻力和非振动牵引阻力进行了方差分析。结果表明作业速度、耕作深度和机具类型对深公机工作阻力均有显著性影响,在不同作业速度下,由于自激振动单元的减阻作用,随着耕作深度的增加,振动深松牵引阻力增加速度小于非振动深松。     

自激式振动深松整地机设计与试验

为了减小深松耕作阻力、提高深松深度的稳定性,设计了一种入土角可控的自激式振动深松整地机。通过室内土槽对比试验优化了自激式振动深松装置的弹簧参数,验证了减阻效果,并对整机作业质量进行了田间测试。土槽试验表明:弹簧的性能参数对减阻效果有显著影响,当弹簧刚度为194 N/mm时,入土角可控自激振动深松可使牵引阻力下降29.8%,自激振动条件下入土角可控较不可控牵引阻力下降8.9%;田间试验结果表明:深松整地机作业后深松深度合格率达到100%,稳定性系数达到95.49%,土壤膨松度平均值为19.34%,土壤干扰系数为56.62%;机具作业后地表平整,碎土率平均值为76.4%,通过性能良好,较好地满足了我国北方一年两熟区深松整地技术的要求。     

自激振动深松机关键部件仿真设计及试验

针对深松整地机存在的耕作阻力大、能耗高等问题,设计了一种自激振动深松机。基于Adams建立弹簧刚度系数分别为260N/mm和475N/mm的两种自激振动总成动力学仿真模型,得到振动频率分别为7Hz和9Hz,平均振幅分别为0.102m和0.036m,弹簧最大压缩力分别为9421N和9021N,分析发现选择直径20mm、中径80mm、刚度472N/mm的压缩弹簧具有更好的深松减阻效果。基于Ansys Workbench建立整机关键部件有限元仿真模型,对松土铲进行静力学分析,结果表明:施加5000N载荷时,最大形变为0.24169mm,最大应力为214.2MPa,满足强度要求;弹簧模态分析中,固有频率最小为69.133Hz,满足设计要求。田间试验结果表明:自激振动深松机深松深度为382mm,深松耕深稳定性系数为96.8%,地表10cm内碎土率达到62.8%,整机性能满足深松机评定指标。     

振动式深松中耕作业机的研制与试验研究

阐述了配合蓄水保土技术研制的振动式深松中耕作业机的结构关系及工作原理,并对不同工况进行了作业性能以及耕作阻力测试与分析的试验研究.试验结果表明,有振动深松作业时随耕作深度的增加,拖拉机行驶速度减小,深松部件的耕作阻力增大;相同耕深条件下,无振动深松作业的耕作阻力大于有振动深松作业的耕作阻力,振动深松降低了机具牵引阻力,节省了燃油消耗,机具的研制为蓄水保墒提供了可行的作业机具.     

气吹式深松机整机振动试验研究

对气吹式深松机进行田间振动试验,得到气吹式深松机整机振动信号。通过对振动信号时域与频域的信号分析,确定了气吹式深松机振动的基频为9Hz,振动的主频为19Hz。此外,由于存在柴油机与空气压缩机的倍频成分,通过相干分析,确定了柴油机与空气压缩机的振动为气吹式深松机整机振动的主要振动源。研究可为下一步气吹式深松机整机动力学分析提供依据,为后续气吹式深松铲的优化改进、整机模态分析、整机的优化减阻,以及解决深松深度不平衡等问题提供参考。     

气吹式深松铲自由模态试验与分析

对气吹式深松铲进行自由模态试验,得到气吹式深松铲的固有频率和模态振型,通过模态置信准则分析了该试验模态阵型,结果与模态振型矩阵的验证趋于一致,表明模态分析结果与理想情况相吻合。气吹式深松铲的第1阶到4阶固有频率分别为212.073、417.499、463.254、546.504Hz,均远超柴油机的激励频率37Hz,有效避免了气吹式深松铲的共振。通过自由模态试验研究,为下一步气吹式深松铲与气吹式深松机的整机动力学分析奠定基础,并可为后续气吹式深松铲的优化改进、气吹式深松机整机的模态分析、气吹式深松机整机的优化减阻及解决深松深度不平衡等问题提供参考。     

多网格式深松机架的设计与有限元分析

针对深松机机架结构复杂、受载能力差等问题,设计了一种深松机,机架采用多网格式进行深松作业.运用ANSYS模态分析相关原理及田间试验对深松机机架进行分析.在SoliWorks中建立深松机的三维实体模型,运用ANSYS对深松机机架分析,机架采用三面体单元进行网格划分,建立有限元模型,选择分析类型,对深松机机架分析求解,计算...     

自激振动式深松机及关键部件设计

随着农业机械化的快速发展与应用，农业机械长期碾压、翻耕，破坏了土壤犁底层，使犁底层变得硬、厚、肥力降低，限制了作物产量提高与品质提升。深松机械可以改善土壤肥力、打破犁底层，为作物生长提供一个良好的土壤环境，但是目前深松机械存在田间阻力较大、机械能耗高等问题。自激振动式深松机主要是基于弹簧片使深松铲发生振动，土壤在不同频率和不同振幅下破碎，提高土壤深松效率与深松稳定性。系统论述了国内外振动深松机发展现状，对自激振动式深松机的振动弹簧、深松铲等关键部件进行设计。研究结果可以为深松机械的发展与设计优化提供参考和借鉴。     

振动深松机关键部件的设计

为减少深松机耕作阻力和牵引阻力,实现减阻节能高效作业,对振动深松机的关键部件进行优化设计.阐述振动深松机的结构及工作原理,详细说明偏心轴、深松铲铲头与铲柄的设计方案,为今后进行深松机相关的设计提供依据.     

振动深松的试验研究

应用二次正交旋转设计的试验方法对凿式振动深松铲进行了试验研究，分析了振动深松过程中牵引阻力、功率损耗与前进速度、激振频率和振幅之间的关系，借助回归分析建立了相应的数学模型，并将振动深松与无振动深松进行了对比。研究表明，振动深松不能减少总功耗，但可大幅度地降低牵引阻力。低频大振幅对振动深松比较合适。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。