Effects of Ca2+/CaM Messenger System Inhibitors on Ethylene-Induced Increase in Lycopene Content

The changes of lycopene content during ripening and senescence of tomato fruit and the relationship between ethylene glycol-bis (EGTA, Ca2+ chelator), verapamil (Vp, Ca2+ channel blockers), trifluoperazine (TFP), chloropromaize (CPZ) (CaM antagonism) and ethylene-induced increase in lycopene content in tomato fruit were investigated. Lycopene content accumulated obviously during ripening and senescence of tomato fruit after harvest at pink stage. Low temperature inhibited but ethylene enhanced the lycopene content.Meanwhile, ethylene also promoted calmodulin (CaM) content in tomato fruit, which was related to the concentration of ethylene. When EGTA, Vp, TFP and CPZ with ethylene were used to treat tomato fruit, ethylene-induced increase in lycopene content could be reversed, indicating that blocking Ca2+ channel in plasma membrane or chelating extracellular Ca2+ or inhibiting the activity of CaM could decrease the action of ethylene, and suggesting that Ca2+-CaM messenger system may be involved in lycopene increase inducedby ethylene.     

Changes of Activities in NAD Kinase and NADP Phosphatase During Ripening and Senescence of Tomato and Strawberry Fruits

Activities of NAD kinase(NADK)and NADP phosphatase and relationship between the two enzymes and temperature, respiration, ethylene production and trifluoperazine(TFP) were studied during ripening and senescence of strawberry and tomato frnits after harvest at 4℃and 20℃. The activity of NAD kinase in strawberry decreased slowly during first four days, then increased gradually. The NADP phosphatase activity increased at the second day, decreased the next day,then increased again. In tomato fruit, the activities of NAD kinase and NADP phosphatase increased at the second day, decreased with the ripening and senescence of the fruit. The change trend of NAD kinase and respiration in the two fruits were similar, the same were NADP phosphatase and ethylene production. TFP enhanced the activity of NAD kinase and had little effect on NADP phosphatase. Low temperature(4℃ ) activated the NAD kinase and reduced the activity of NADP phosphatase. These results indicated that the NAD kinase and NADP phosphatase were related to the ripening and senescence of strawberry and tomato fruits. The activation of NAD kinase probably postponed the ripening and senescence of the fruits.     

The Maturation and Senescence in Relation to Ca2+ , CaM Content and Ca2+ -ATPase Activity and Active Oxygen Metabolism in Strawberry Fruits

The changes in content of Ca2 + and CaM, Ca2 + -ATPase activity and active oxygen metabolism during strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Chunxing) fruits maturation and senescence were investigated in this study. The results showed that the soluble Ca2 + content and SOD activity in fruits tended to decline and O2.-production rate to increase, the Ca2+ -ATPase activity peaked at first and then declined during fruits maturation and senescence. There were the highest CaM content at white stage in preharvest fruits and at marked senescence stage in postharvest ones. The above biochemical changes in fruits stored at low temperature (4℃) were slower than those stored at normal temperature(25℃ ). Thus, it indicated that the stimulation of calcium messenger system and accumulation of active oxygen free radical were closely related to fruits maturation and senescence.     

反义ACS转基因乙烯缺陷型番茄的生理特性

反义 ACC合成酶 (ACS)基因番茄的采后生理性状与普通番茄不同 ,该番茄的果实和叶片乙烯以及果实呼吸强度受到抑制 ,果实乙烯释放量为 0 ,没有出现呼吸高峰 ,呼吸强度在 10～ 14 mg.kg-1.h-1之间波动 ,极显著低于对照 (高峰时为 2 4 .55mg.kg-1.h-1)。反义番茄的叶绿素降解和番茄红素的合成亦受阻 ,果实在采后和贮藏期间逐渐变为黄色或桔黄色而番茄红素的合成很少 ,到采后 30 d仅有 0 .0 4 A.g-1(fw)。乙烯催熟采后 30 d的反义番茄 ,番茄红素增加 6 0倍。反义番茄 PG酶活性在采后缓慢上升 ,到采收后的第 4 5天达到最高为 4 5.16μmol.g-1.h-1,但其活性也仅为普通番茄的一半。乙烯利催熟前后 ,反义番茄的 PG酶活性没有显著性变化     

The Relationship Between Senescence and Ca2+-ATPase Activity of Microsomal Membrane and Lipid Peroxidation in Harvested Peach Fruit

Peach fruit easily soften and have a short storage time at normal temperature. In this study, peach fruit (Prunus persica sieb et Zucc cv. Yingqing) were picked and stored at 25 and 4℃ to investigate the senescence in correlation with Ca2+- ATPase activity of microsomal membrane and lipid peroxidation during ripening and senescence. In comparison with that stored at 25℃, the fruit stored at 4℃ exhibited a higher flesh firmness, lower respiration rate, and generated the late bigger peak value of Ca2+-ATPase activity as well as maintained the higher activity of the enzyme. Meanwhile, the lower levels of super oxygen radical (O2-) production and content of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation were observed. Sodium orthovanadate (SO) and erythrosin B (EB), as Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, could stimulate the respiration rate. The results suggested that the slower senescence rate of peach fruit was closely related to the higher peak value and longer duration of Ca2+-ATPase activity in microsomal membrane, with the slighter membrane lipid peroxidation and lower O2(-) production rate.     

Ca2+/CaM在壳聚糖调控不结球白菜离体叶片氨同化关键酶活性中的作用

用壳聚糖(CTS)、Ca^2 、Ca^2 螯合剂(EGTA)、异博定(Vp)、LaCl3、氯丙嗪(CPZ)、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和腺苷三磷酸(ATP)单独或混合处理不结球白菜离体叶片。结果表明,CTS、Ca^2 、DTT和ATP单独处理均能提高谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性;而EGTA、异博定、LaCl3和CPZ单独处理则使GDH和GS活性降低。CTS可以与外源Ca^2 及DTT和ATP互作促进GDH和GS活性;而在EGTA、质膜Ca^2 通道阻断剂异博定和LaCl3以及CaM拮抗剂氯丙嗪分别存在下,则降低GDH和GS的活性。说明CTS在调控氨同化关键酶GDH和GS活性时,可能有Ca^2 信号系统的参与,从而使得壳聚糖处理的不结球白菜的品质和单株鲜重有所提高。     

番茄果实成熟衰老相关因子研究进展

番茄果实成熟衰老是一个有序而复杂的过程,也是一个多因子高度协调的遗传调控过程,影响番茄果实成熟衰老的因子很多,包括各种植物激素﹑相关酶类以及各种外源物质等。本文论述了与番茄果实成熟衰老相关的植物激素及其类似物(乙烯﹑脱落酸﹑水杨酸﹑茉莉酸﹑多胺)﹑相关酶类(脂氧合酶﹑保护酶类﹑软化酶类),以及外源物质(1-甲基环丙烯﹑一氧化氮﹑钙)对番茄果实成熟衰老的影响,并探讨了各种相关因子对其成熟衰老的影响机理。     

钙素对夜间低温胁迫下番茄光合产物生产与积累的影响

以番茄品种辽园多丽为试材,利用人工气候室模拟设施生产中的夜间低温环境,研究钙素对6℃夜间低温下番茄叶片光合产物生产和积累抑制的缓解效应。结果表明,与正常温度生长的植株相比,6℃夜间低温显著降低了番茄叶片的光合作用及各器官的干物质积累和果实产量与品质;用钙素灌根处理均比低温生长对照植株提高了番茄叶片的光合作用、根系活力及果实产量和品质;但是用抑制剂EGTA和LaCl3灌根则进一步促进了夜间低温的抑制效应。说明钙素灌根处理能显著缓解夜间低温对番茄植株的光合物质生产和积累的抑制。     

低压条件下梨枣和番茄乙烯的变化

以梨枣和番茄为试材,研究了2种果实在低压贮藏过程中组织内乙烯和乙烯释放量的变化。结果表明,低压可有效抑制梨枣和番茄组织内乙烯的产生,减少组织内乙烯的积累;梨枣和番茄在低压条件下的乙烯释放量低于常压;低压可推迟番茄乙烯高峰的出现,降低乙烯峰值,并且能有效延缓梨枣和番茄的成熟与衰老。     

不同钙效应剂对长春花光合特性的影响

研究了细胞质膜钙通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl3)、胞内IP3通道阻断剂肝素(Heparin)、胞内CaM活性抑制剂三氟啦嗪(TFP)对长春花光合作用的影响,结果发现:Ca2+通道阻断剂处理后长春花叶片净光合速率(Pn)、PSII最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)均下降,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)及Chla、Chlb、Chla+Chlb含量上升,表明Ca2+通道阻断剂对长春花的光合作用有较大影响,且不是通过加速叶片光合色素降解或抑制其合成来实现抑制叶片的光合能力;其中Heparin处理的长春花叶片相关参数变化幅度最大,表明胞内钙库通过IP3通道释放的Ca2+在长春花叶片光合作用过程中发挥了更积极的作用.     

Extracellular and Intracellular Calcium both Involved in the Jasmonic Acid Induced Calcium Mobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the role of intracellular and extracellular Ca2＋ and calmodulin （CAM） in jasmonic acid （JA） signaling. The laser scanning microscopy was used to detect the changes of [Ca2＋]cyt of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells which pretreated with different types of calcium channel blocker. Moreover, the expression of VSP, one of JA response genes, was also investigated after pretreated with the above blocker and antagonist of CaM. The results showed that extracellular and intracellular calcium both involved in the JA-induced Ca2＋ mobilization, and then Ca2＋ exerted its functions through activating the CaM or CaM related proteins. The apoplast calcium influx and the calcium release from the calcium stores are both involved in the JA-induced calcium mobilization, then the JA-induced Ca2＋ transmited the JA signal through CaM or CaM related proteins, and regulated the JA responsive genes.     

钙处理对苹果梨叶片钙调蛋白含量及过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性的影响

以延边地区苹果梨树为试材,探索苹果梨树体生长期进行钙处理后对叶片钙调蛋白(CaM)含量及POD、PPO活性的影响。结果表明:钙处理对苹果梨叶片的CaM含量及POD、PPO活性有明显影响。其中幼果期、果实迅速膨大期、果实成熟期3个时期都喷施质量分数为0.5%CaCl2+20 mg/L NAA的处理对增加叶片CaM含量的效果最好,果实迅速膨大期喷施质量分数为0.5%CaCl2对降低叶片POD、PPO活性的效果最好。     

杨梅果实贮藏期间若干生理特性的研究

以荸荠杨梅（Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.）八成熟果实为试验材料，分别测定了在(21±1)℃、(11±1)℃和(1±1)℃三种温度下贮藏过程中的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、POD、PG、可溶性果胶和纤维素含量等若干生理指标的变化。在(21±1)℃贮藏温度下，出现了呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰，表现出某些呼吸跃变型果实的特征。POD和PG与杨梅果实的衰老关系密切，而纤维素酶可能不是引起杨梅果实衰老的主要生理因子。     

Changes of Reactive Oxygen Species and Related Enzymes in Mitochondria Respiratory Metabolism During the Ripening of Peach Fruit

The fruits of peach cultivar Yuhua 3 were used as materials to investigate the changes of active oxygen and related enzymes in mitochondria respiratory metabolism during ripening of peach fruit, involving their influence on the proceeding of peach fruit senescence. The results showed that the large decrease in firmness occurred between maturity II and IV. The decrease in firmness coincided with an increase in respiratory intensity. Obvious peaks of respiratory intensity lagging to the rapid change of fruit firmness could be shown during peach ripening. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） had a cumulative process and positively correlated with respiratory intensity. During peach ripening, the content of Ca^2＋ increased, the activities of succinic dehydrogenase （SDH）, cytochrome C oxidase （CCO）, H＋-ATPase, and Ca^2＋-ATPase decreased varying in different degree at the later step of ripening. These suggested a close relationship existed between ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration, namely, both ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration probably played important roles in ripening and senescing of peach fruit.     

水分胁迫下玉米叶片中一氧化氮与钙和钙调素的相互作用

以玉米(Zea mays L.)为材料,研究水分胁迫下玉米叶片中NO与Ca2+和钙调素(CaM)含量之间的关系。结果显示:Ca2+鳌合剂、Ca2+通道阻塞剂和CaM拮抗剂预处理均抑制了水分胁迫诱导的NO产生和一氧化氮合酶(nitric ox-idesynthase,NOS)活性的提高,同时也能抑制水分胁迫诱导的叶片线粒体NO产生,而对叶绿体NO产生并没有影响;NO清除剂羟基2苯基4,4,5,5四咪唑1羟基3氧化物(2-4-carboxypheny l-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,c-PTIO)能抑制水分胁迫条件下Ca2+和CaM的产生以及CaM1基因表达,但对水分胁迫最初诱导的玉米叶片叶肉细胞原生质体Ca2+和玉米叶片中CaM1基因表达以及CaM含量增加没有影响。上述结果表明:水分胁迫下NO和Ca2+/CaM之间存在相互作用。     

1-MCP对‘绿宝石’梨采后成熟衰老期间H2O2含量及其相关酶活性的影响

为探讨1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对梨果实采后成熟衰老过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)代谢的作用,试验以‘绿宝石’梨为材料,用1.0 μL/L 1-MCP密封处理24 h,空气密封为对照,研究1-MCP对‘绿宝石’梨室温(25±2)℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性同形物含量(SSC)、呼吸速率、H2O2含量、抗氧化酶活性[超氧化...     

乙烯利对杏果实后熟的生理效应

以绿熟转色期的仰韶黄杏为试材，研究了乙烯利（CEPA）促杏果实后熟的生理效应，结果表明，100mg.kg^-1CEPA能加速杏果实叶绿素和AsA的降解、类胡萝卡素和花色素苷的积累、O2和H2O2产生、也能抑制SOD和POD酶活，认为CEPA加速杏果实成熟与促进细胞脂质过氧化代谢有关。     

不同处理对草莓成花过程中钙·钙调素及同化物含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同促控剂对草莓成花过程中Ca2+-CaM及同化物含量变化的影响。[方法]以草莓品种宝交早生的当年生子苗为试材,用10 mmol/LEGTA、5 mmol/LTFP和2μmol/LA2318(7清水为对照),对草莓植株进行叶面喷洒试验。[结果]叶片中的Ca2+含量在花芽分化始期时有一积累高峰,花序分化期再次积累成峰值;而顶芽中CaM的含量高峰与叶片Ca2+峰值同时出现或稍后。A23187处理可使植株Ca2+和CaM在花芽分化始期的高峰提前;EGTA处理使植株的Ca2+的含量下降,但CaM的含量变动规律性不大;而TFP可降低植株的CaM含量,但对植株的Ca2+影响不大。各处理植株的可溶性糖、还原糖和淀粉含量在成花前均处于高水平。植株的蛋白质含量在花序原始体出现时形成峰值,随后缓慢降低。[结论]该研究为阐明Ca2+-CaM在草莓花芽分化中的作用机制提供依据。     

番茄采后成熟过程种子和果皮中脱落酸与乙烯代谢的关系

以番茄中杂101为材料，研究采后果实成熟过程种子和果皮中脱落酸（ABA）含量与乙烯生物合成的关系，以及外源ABA及其生物合成抑制剂（fluridone）处理对果实ABA含量和乙烯释放量的影响。结果表明：采后番茄果实成熟过程中．种子的乙烯释放量、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）含量和ABA含量均高于同时期果皮；种子和果皮中ABA和ACC含量的峰值都出现在乙烯跃变之前；ACC氧化酶（ACO）活性变化趋势与ABA含量及乙烯释放量的变化趋势相一致；外源ABA处理使果皮和种子中ABA含量显著增加，促进了果实乙烯的生成；fluridone处理则相反。以上证据表明，番茄果实中的ABA通过刺激乙烯的生成促进果实成熟，种子可能通过调控果实内ABA含量和乙烯释放量而影响果实的成熟。