间接法Dot－ELISA检测副鸡嗜血杆菌的研究

本文首次成功地建立了检测副鸡嗜血杆菌（ｈｐｇ）抗原的间接法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ。Ｈｐｇ抗原的最低检出量为３．９１×１０￣５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ。Ｈｐｇ人工感染样本的抗原阳性检出率为：口咽试子９５．５％；鼻窦及眶下分泌物拭子９０．９％。经统计学分析，二者在５％显著水平无显著差异。人工感染后４天及８天口咽拭子的抗原阳性检出率分别为１００％和９５．５％。经统计学分析，二者在５％显著水平无显著差异。Ｈｐｇ自然感染样本的抗原检出率为：口咽拭子８１．７％，鼻分泌物拭子７７．８％，眶下窦分泌物拭子７６．９％。间接法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测抗原经济、快速、操作简便，有较好的敏感性、特异性和重复性，能有效检出Ｈｐｇ人工及自然感染病鸡的带菌菌况，适合于大规模抗原样本的检测，可以用作疫病早期诊断和进行流行病学调查。     

间接法Dot—ELISA检测鸡减蛋综合症抗体的建立及应用研究

应用ＳｅｐｈａｄｃｘＧ－２００层析法纯化鸡减蛋综合症病毒，利用ＮＣ膜作为载体，成功建立了检测ＥＤＳ－７６血请抗体的斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。抗原包被浓度为２μｇ／ｍｌ，被检血清浓度为１：２０，酶标兔抗鸡１ｇＧ浓度为１：２００．底物溶液最适ｐＨ值为７．２。对Ａ－Ｆ６个养禽场随机抽检血清１６０份，分别用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＨＩ和ＡＧＰ检测，Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出阳性率为５１．９％，ＨＩ检出阳性率为４６．９％，ＡＧＰ检出阳性率为３１．９％。对１４０日龄鸡人工感染试验，测定抗体消长规律。本方法不需特殊仪器。适用于基层兽医部门和养鸡场对ＥＤＳ－７６的血清学诊断和流行病学调查。     

间接Dot－ELISA检测猪细小病毒抗原的研究

本文成功地建立了间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）用于检测ＰＰＶ抗原对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为２．５ｎｇ／点。ＰＰＶ阳性猪血清的特异性阻断试验及交叉反应试验证明，该方法对ＰＰＶ抗原的检测具有特异性。以该方法检测ＰＰＶ人工感染兔样本和自然染猪样本，ＰＰＶ抗原的阳性检出率分别为肾样本１００％（１７／１７）、８１．８２％（９１／１１），肝样本１００％（１６／１６）、５６．５２％（１３／２３）。２０份随机样本的间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测结果与病毒分离和鉴定结果相符。     

银加强胶体金技术检测猪细小病毒的研究

本研究首次成功地建立了检测猪细小病毒（ＰＰＶ）抗原的银加强胶体金检测法（ＳＥＣＧＡ），并确定了操作流程中的最佳试验条件。应用该法对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为０．３１２５ｎｇ／点，其敏感性分别为间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＨＡ的８倍和１０００倍。特异性阻断试验和交叉反应试验证明ＳＥＣＧＡ具有较高的特异性。２０份样本ＳＥＣＧＡ的检测结果与病毒分离和鉴定结果完全相符。ＳＥＣＧＡ和间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对７７份样本检测的阳性率分别为８３．１％和８０．５％，其阳性符合率为９６．９％。研究结果表明本法具有经济、敏感性、特异性强等优点，可用于ＰＰＶ感染的特异诊断。为胶体金技术应用于畜禽传染病的诊断和研究奠定基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病的快速诊断

应用鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒单克隆抗体及其荧光标记物，对接种ＩＢＤ疫苗、强毒感染和自然病例鸡组织进行直接荧光抗体试验、斑点酶联免疫吸附试验和琼脂扩散试验三种检测方法的比较，结果表明，鸡接种疫苗后１０天内ＤＦＡ和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ均呈阳性反应，而ＡＧＰ只在接种后６－８天的样品中检出抗原。２２例人工感当鸡和４０例自然发病鸡组织的检测结果表明，ＤＦＡ和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ的敏感性基本一致，且高于ＡＧＰ，它们的     

间接法Dot—ELISA检测副鸡嗜血杆菌的研究

本文首次成功地建立了检测副鸡嗜血杆菌抗原的间接法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ，Ｈｐｇ抗原的最低检出量为３．９１×１０＾５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ。Ｈｐｇ人工感染样本的抗原阳性检出率为：口咽试子９５．５％；鼻窦及眶下分泌物拭子９０．９％。经统计分析，二者在５％显著水平无显著水平无显著差异。人工感染后４天及８天口咽拭子的抗原阳性检出率分别为１００％和９５．５％。经统计学分析，二者在５％显著水平无显著差异，Ｈｐｇ自然感染样本     

斑点免疫金银染色法检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒抗原的研究

用建立的斑点免疫金银染色（Ｄｏｔ－ＩＧＳＳ）法检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）抗原,确定兔抗ＩＢＶ血清工作浓度为１：４００,ＳＰＡ－胶体金探针的工作浓度为１：８０,该法对纯化ＩＢＶ抗原的最低检出量为０．４３１４ｎｇ／点,用Ｄｏｔ－ＩＧＳＳ与斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）同时检测１５只人工感染ＩＢＶ鸡的气管,肺,肾病科,ＩＢＶ阳性检出率均为１００％,对３２份疑似ＩＢＶ感染鸡病料检测,Ｉ     

Dot—ELISA检测牛副结核病抗体的研究

本文利用提纯的副结核分枝杆菌胞浆特异性抗原，建立了检测牛副结核抗体的Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，用该方法对粪便培养阳性性的３２头份牛副结核病血清检测，检出２７头，阳性检出率为８４．４％，其敏感性与ＥＬＩＳＡ相似，与１０头ＯＴ变态反应阳性牛血清检测，无交叉反应。Ｍ－ｐｈｌｅｉＭ．ｆｏｒｔｕｉｔｕｍ．Ｍ．ｋａｎｓａｓｉｉ人工高兔血清经两次用Ｍ．ｐｈｌｅｉ悬液吸收，用建立的Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法也无交叉反应     

Dot—ELISA检测犬瘟热病毒抗原的研究

用建立的三抗体夹心法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）抗原,其抗原最低检出量为１．１５μｇ／ｍＬ（０．５７６２５ｎｇ／点）,经与常规ＥＬＩＳＡ对１０４份自然感染犬的血液白细胞样本,６０份眼结膜分泌物样本,７３份脾、肝、淋巴结等脏器样本进行检出的阳性率分别为９２．３１％、６６．６７％、８３．５６％和９０．７２％、６３．２９％、８１．８６％;两种方法检出的总阳性率分别为８３．５４％（１９８／２     

应用单克隆抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验检测兔出血症病毒

应用建立的单克隆抗体夹心酶联兔疫吸附试验（ＭｃＡｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）,检测了人工感染兔出血症病毒（ＲＨＤＶ）ＤＪＲＫ细胞毒、肝毒的兔以及自然感染ＲＨＤＶ的兔的组织样品。结果表明,感染死亡兔的肝、脾、肾、骨髓样品病毒抗原的检出率为１００％,淋巴结和肌肉的检出率分别为９７．５％和７９．５％。ＭｃＡｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ能检出肌肉中血凝试验不能检出的ＲＨＤＶ抗原。此外,还用ＭｃＡｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测了肝毒人工感染兔血中ＲＨＤＶ的动态,并对１０份兔出血症脏器灭活苗的效价作了滴定。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein