小麦茎秆变刚度模型与临界载荷

在对麦类作物茎秆整体抗倒性的研究中,针对作物茎秆结构参数如弹性模量、惯性矩、节间长度以及载荷分布等在不同节间的变化情况,建立了变刚度杆件模型,采用初参数法对该模型的临界载荷作了分析.通过对乳熟期的小麦品种晋农190的测试,得到了其在不同节间位置处的结构参数,采用变刚度模型对该品种的承重能力作了计算,得到该品种的安全系数为1.97,表明该品种有较强的抗倒伏能力.针对该品种茎秆各节间局部失稳的分析表明,该品种在自重及穗重作用下很难发生Brazier屈曲.     

胡麻茎秆离散元柔性模型建立与接触参数试验验证

针对胡麻联合收获过程中茎秆位姿变化与运动特性等关键环节离散元研究缺乏柔性模型和接触参数的问题,本文以胡麻根部茎秆、中部茎秆、颈部茎秆为研究对象,以其本征参数为研究基础,计算得胡麻茎秆各部建模参数,采用离散元法bonding模型构建胡麻茎秆柔性模型,并以胡麻茎秆各部本征参数、接触参数试验值为水平值,通过Plackett-Burman试验和Central-Composite试验确定胡麻茎秆之间、茎秆与收获装备之间的接触参数,通过胡麻茎秆剪切试验与堆积角试验验证模型可靠性。结果表明：胡麻植株离散元柔性模型参数中法向刚度Kn为1.13×109N/m3,切向刚度Ks为5.6×108N/m3,法向临界应力σ为6.67MPa,切向临界应力γ为8.5MPa,粘结半径Rj为0.25mm;胡麻茎秆-收获装备间恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数最优值分别为0.33、0.28、0.14,胡麻茎秆-胡麻茎秆间恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数最优值分别为0.3、0.508、0.033;剪切试验中胡麻茎秆根部、中部、颈部剪切最大载荷与仿真结果相对误差分别为1.67%、3.09%、5.44%,堆积角试验中胡麻茎秆平均堆积角与仿真结果相对误差为0.31%,误差较小。胡麻茎秆柔性模型与接触参数和实际情况较为相符,可表征胡麻茎秆物理特性,为胡麻茎秆离散元仿真提供参考。     

玉米鲜秸秆力学特性试验研究

为了提供玉米秸秆打捆装置的力学参数及理论基础,根据玉米茎秆的几何尺寸构建了玉米茎秆的几何模型,并运用复合材料力学理论建立其力学模型;利用万能试验机对玉米鲜秸秆进行弯曲、有节轴向压缩、有节径向压缩、无节轴向压缩及无节径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出其载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。试验结果表明:玉米鲜秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;此外,有节茎秆较无节茎秆所需的压缩力更大,因此在设计压缩机构时需考虑节间对打捆装置的影响。     

基于离散元的柔性作物茎秆振动响应仿真

建立考虑柔性作物茎秆振动响应特性的动力学模型,对探索谷草分离机理、分析谷物分离过程和联合收获机参数优化具有重要意义。本文提出考虑柔性作物茎秆振动响应特性的动力学仿真模型,研究了作物茎秆的动力学响应特性。首先,给出了作物柔性茎秆的动力学模型和动力仿真方法;以成熟期小麦第3节间为例,测量了茎秆的内外径、单位质量密度和弹性模量等参数;对茎秆的横向弯曲振动和纵向拉伸振动进行仿真,研究茎秆的动力学响应特性,并与理论计算结果进行比较。通过仿真获得长度108mm、外径3.7mm、内径1.9mm、弹性模量5.27GPa的小麦茎秆的横向振动频率和纵向振动频率分别为164.28、7633.59Hz,与理论计算结果的相对误差分别为0.28%和0.12%。最后,通过谷草分离仿真实验,验证了柔性作物茎秆模型的实用性。     

三七茎秆离散元参数标定与试验

针对利用离散元法进行三七联合收获、茎秆杀秧等关键作业过程仿真分析时，三七茎秆本征参数、三七茎秆及作业装备间接触参数缺乏问题，以三七茎秆为对象，利用EDEM软件建立三七茎秆离散元Hertz-Mindlin/Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型，通过堆积角试验和虚拟仿真试验对三七茎秆离散元参数进行标定，并建立三七茎秆杀秧装置模型。通过力学特性试验确定三七茎秆本征参数；采用圆筒提升法进行三七茎秆堆积角试验，使用Origin软件对堆积角图像进行轮廓拟合得到三七茎秆堆积角为44.53°;设计Placktt-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验和Central-Composite试验确定三七茎秆及作业装备间接触参数，并利用堆积角试验和剪切试验验证模型的可靠性。结果表明：三七茎秆与作业装备间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数分别为0.319、0.25、0.029;三七茎秆间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数最优值分别为0.4、0.29、0.032;Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型法向刚度K_n为3.26×10⁸...     

小麦茎秆粘弹性力学性质试验研究

由于小麦茎秆是具有粘性性质的生物材料,因此在研究茎秆作物优种生物力学评价指标时需要考虑小麦茎秆的粘弹性力学性质,即将流变性质作为应用生物力学方法评价作物优种的指标之一.为此,以小麦的茎秆为材料,试验研究了蜡熟期小麦茎秆材料应力松弛和蠕变等流变性质;同时,分析了不同品种小麦茎秆材料流变性质的差异性,并结合粘弹性力学理论进行了流变学分析,得到了两个小麦品种茎秆材料的应力松弛和蠕变模型.结果表明:不同品种小麦茎秆材料的流变性质不同;小麦茎秆材料的应力松弛特性和蠕变特性可分别用五元件的Maxwell模型和四元件(Burgers)模型来描述.     

玉米不同耐密植品种茎秆穿刺强度的变化特征

以耐密抗倒性不同的品种（稀植大穗品种JK 518和JK 519、耐密抗倒品种XY335和CS 1;中等耐密品种ND 108）为材料,设5个密度处理,研究玉米茎秆的穿刺强度（RPS）的变化特点及其对群体种植密度的响应。结果表明玉米茎秆穿刺强度随生育期递进而增强,不同耐密性品种间随种植密度变化有较大差异。茎秆基部节间的穿刺强度随群体密度增加呈线性递减。茎秆节间RPS随着节位的上升而呈二次函数递减;不同耐密性品种间RPS以抽雄-吐丝期差异明显,以穗位以下节间,尤其第3～6节间表现差异较大。玉米抽雄前茎壁增厚早、     

甘蔗去皮与切断特性试验

以湖北省仙桃市产青皮甘蔗为试验材料,利用自制的刃口为15°的刀片和夹具在微机控制电子万能试验机上对青皮甘蔗茎秆节间和节点处去皮及切断特性进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:在对甘蔗茎秆的节间进行去皮时,刀片载荷呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势;在对甘蔗茎秆的节点进行去皮时,刀片载荷呈现先增加后降低再增加后降低的变化趋势;对甘蔗茎秆的节间和节点进行切断试验时,刀片载荷均呈增加的变化趋势.     

黄淮海地区大豆茎秆力学特性的多品种对比试验研究

为了更准确地研究大豆收割机脱粒过程中大豆茎秆与大豆籽粒以及脱粒滚筒之间的作用力,利用万能材料试验机对5个品种的大豆茎秆分别做了三点弯曲试验和剪切试验,得到了5个品种的茎秆不同高度处的最大剪切力、最大弯曲力、最大切应力、惯性矩、弹性模量及抗弯刚度等力学参数,掌握了大豆茎秆不同高度承受弯曲力以及剪切力的一般规律。结果表明:随着茎秆高度的增加,除了阜豆15的抗弯刚度是先增大后减小之外,柳豆109、荷豆19、皖豆28、皖豆33的抗弯刚度和最大切应力都呈逐渐减小的趋势,为今后大豆收获机械相关部件的研究提供了理论依据。     

作物茎秆抗倒性综合评价指标的力学分析

应用力学理论分析了茎秆"临界力"和各类"倒伏指数",评价作物抗倒性的缺陷和优点;建立了作物茎秆的"非完善压杆"力学模型;用小挠度理论推导出了作物茎秆最大挠度和转角的表达式。通过对该表达式的分析,提出了用茎秆"挠度指数"、茎秆"倾斜指数"以及茎秆"载荷敏感度"作为作物抗倒性的综合评价指标,该指标具有理论分析合理、物理意义明晰、测量方便以及操作简单等优点。同时还给出了切实可行的田间测量方法,为抗倒伏研究和相关农业机械的设计提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。