3株牛病毒性腹泻病毒的分离鉴定及其基因分型

为确定牛呼吸道传染病的病原以及牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)在临床健康牛群中是否存在持续性感染,本研究采集了内蒙古自治区和黑龙江省两个牛场牛鼻拭子46份及肺脏样品8份,采用MDBK细胞进行病毒分离培养,经BVDV特异性引物RT-PCR检测有3份样品为阳性。利用间接免疫荧光检测3株阳性样品,可以观察到特异性荧光,表明分离得到3株BVDV,分别命名为480、A0583和Lung-6。进一步研究显示480、A0583和Lung-6均为非致细胞病变型。对3株分离病毒的5'端非编码区和Npro基因进化树分析显示3株病毒均属于BVDV1型,其中480株属于BVDV1c亚型,A0583株和Lung-6株同属于BVDV1m亚型。本研究首次在国内同一个牛场分离到BVDV1m(A0583)和BVDV1c(480)两个基因亚型。本研究为我国BVDV-1型不同基因亚型的抗原关系分析及BVDV疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Development of a novel diagnostic test for detection of bovine viral diarrhea persistently infected animals using hair

The purpose of this study was to determine whether manually plucked hairs might serve as an alternative sample for a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) testing. Twenty three, 1~3 week old, non-bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccinated calves, found to be positive for BVDV by immunohistochemical staining, were selected and hairs were manually plucked from the ear. qRT-PCR was performed on samples consisting of more than 30 hairs (30~100) and whole blood. All 23 animals were positive for the virus by qRT-PCR performed on the whole blood and when samples of more than 30 hairs were assayed. Additionally, qRT-PCR was performed on groups of 10 and 20 hairs harvested from 7 out of 23 immunohistochemical staining-positive calves. When groups of 20 and 10 hairs were tested, 6 and 4 animals, respectively, were positive for the virus.     

Implementation of immunohistochemistry on frozen ear notch tissue samples in diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus in persistently infected cattle

Background

Bovine viral diarrhea is a contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants and one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. Bovine viral diarrhea virus belongs to the genus Pestivirus, within the family Flaviviridae. The identification and elimination of the persistently infected animals from herds is the initial step in the control and eradication programs. It is therefore necessary to have reliable methods for diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus. One of those methods is immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue is a routine technique in diagnosis of persistently infected cattle from ear notch tissue samples. However, such technique is inappropriate due to complicated tissue fixation process and it requires more days for preparation. On the contrary, immunohistochemistry on frozen tissue was usually applied on organs from dead animals. In this paper, for the first time, the imunohistochemistry on frozen ear notch tissue samples was described.

Findings

Seventeen ear notch tissue samples were obtained during the period 2008-2009 from persistently infected cattle. Samples were fixed in liquid nitrogen and stored on -20°C until testing. Ear notch tissue samples from all persistently infected cattle showed positive results with good section quality and possibility to determinate type of infected cells.

Conclusions

Although the number of samples was limited, this study indicated that immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue can be successfully replaced with immunohistochemistry on frozen ear notch tissue samples in diagnosis of persistently infected cattle.     

Endemic infections of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes 1b and 2a isolated from cattle in Japan between 2014 and 2020

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea. In Japan, a previous study reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were predominant until 2014. Because there is little information regarding the recent epidemiological status of BVDV circulating in Japan, we performed genetic characterization of 909 BVDV isolates obtained between 2014 and 2020. We found that 657 and 252 isolates were classified as BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, respectively, and that they were further subdivided into 1a (35 isolates, 3.9%), 1b (588, 64.7%), 1c (34, 3.7%), and 2a (252, 27.7%). Phylogenetic analysis using entire E2 coding sequence revealed that a major domestic cluster in Japan among BVDV-1b and 2a viruses were unchanged from a previous study conducted from 2006 to 2014. These results provide updated information concerning the epidemic strain of BVDV in Japan, which would be helpful for appropriate vaccine selection.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒CC13B株全基因组序列及分析

从长春地区某牛场发生疑似为牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病的病牛粪样中分离到1株病毒,经序列测定为牛病毒性腹泻病毒命名为BVDV CC13B株。核苷酸序列的测定结果显示,CC13B毒株的完全基因组序列由12 265个核苷酸组成,其中5′端非编码区包含380个核苷酸,3′端非编码区包含188个核苷酸。病毒基因组含有1个大的读码框架,编码1个由3 898个氨基酸组成的前体多聚蛋白。序列对比结果显示,CC13B毒株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与国外CP-5A毒株同源性最高,分别为为96.2%和97.3%;而与国内分离株JZ05-1的同源性最低,分别为69.8%和71.0%。系统进化树分析结果表明,CC13B毒株与国内分离的长春184、Xinjiang-3156和H等分离株归类为BVDV基因Ⅰ型的Ib基因亚型。结果表明,长春地区近年发生的牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病依然主要由BVDV基因Ⅰ型毒株引起。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒基因2型代表株全基因组序列分析

为了解我国牛病毒性腹泻(BVD)的分子流行病学情况,本研究对分离的3株牛病毒性腹泻病毒基因2型(BVDV-2)代表株全基因组进行序列分析,应用RT-PCR法分段扩增3株BVDV-2(XJ-04、SD-09和QH-09)的全基因组序列,共分为18个片段:A～Q以及5'-UTR和3'-UTR的部分序列。除5'-UTR和3'-UTR部分序列外,A～Q基因片段末端相互重叠。经序列拼接获得3株全基因组序列,全长均为12 284 bp。将测序结果与GenBank登录的瘟病毒科代表毒株序列、自我裂解酶(Npro)、结构蛋白(C、Erns、E1、E2)以及标准株BVDV-1 NADL和BVDV-2 890进行核苷酸以及氨基酸序列同源性分析。结果表明:XJ-04、SD-09和QH-09的全基因组序列同源性高于99.6%,3株BVDV-2分离株与890和NewYork93株亲缘关系最近,属于BVDV-2a亚型。在致细胞病变型的XJ-04、SD-09、QH-09株的NS2/3基因上无外源基因的插入。本研究分离的BVDV-2株为国内首次鉴定国内分离株全基因组序列,为我国BVD的分子流行病调查提供依据。     

Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido,Japan

In our previous study, we genetically analyzed bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs) isolated from 2000 to 2006 in Japan and reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were predominant. In the present study, 766 BVDVs isolated from 2006 to 2014 in Hokkaido, Japan, were genetically analyzed to understand recent epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′-untranslated region of viral genome revealed that 766 isolates were classified as genotype 1 (BVDV-1; 544 isolates) and genotype 2 (BVDV-2; 222). BVDV-1 isolates were further divided into BVDV-1a (93), 1b (371) and 1c (80) subgenotypes, and all BVDV-2 isolates were grouped into BVDV-2a subgenotype (222). Further comparative analysis was performed with BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a viruses isolated from 2001 to 2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the viral glycoprotein E2 gene, a major target of neutralizing antibodies, revealed that BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates were further classified into several clusters. Cross-neutralization tests showed that BVDV-1b isolates were antigenically different from BVDV-1a isolates, and almost BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates were antigenically similar among each subgenotype and each E2 cluster. Taken together, BVDV-1b viruses are still predominant, and BVDV-2a viruses have increased recently in Hokkaido, Japan. Field isolates of BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a show genetic diversity on the E2 gene with antigenic conservation among each subgenotype during the last 14 years.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒感染牛外周血单核细胞对IFN-α、β、γmRNA转录的影响

为了解牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染对干扰素（IFN）mRNA转录时相的影响,探讨宿主-病毒之间的相互关系,用非致细胞病变（noncytopathic,NCP）和致细胞病变（cytopathic,CP）型BVDV感染临床健康BVDV检测阴性的荷斯坦奶牛外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对感染后IFN-α、β、γmRNA转录水平的变化进行定量分析。结果表明,CP型和NCP型BVDV感染PBMC后,Ⅰ型IFN（IFN-α、β）均呈现出不同程度的转录水平上调,且差异极显著（P〈0.01）;只有IFN-α在CP型BVDV感染后4,12h（P〈0.5）出现转录下调。IFN-γ在整个感染过程中均呈现出不同程度的转录水平上调,且差异显著（P〈0.05）。这表明2种生物型BVDV感染可引起PBMC中IFN mRNA转录水平升高。     

1株牛病毒性腹泻病毒河北株的分离鉴定与遗传演化分析

从河北省保定市某养殖场采集疑似患病毒性腹泻/黏膜病(BVD)的犊牛粪便6份,进行牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)的分离培养,根据GenBank上登录的BVDV5'-UTR片段设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术对目的片段进行扩增,扩增得到的目的基因片段送至公司测序,测序结果进行同源性分析和系统进化树构建.结果:分离出1株致细胞病...     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒JY株分离鉴定

为了对疑似含有牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)的种公牛精液进行检测并分离病毒,本研究采用细胞培养、免疫荧光及纳米PCR技术,对采自吉林省某牛病毒性腹泻(BVD)发病牛场中使用的种公牛精液进行检测与病毒分离。共采公牛精液8份,接种牛肾细胞系(MDBK)进行分离培养。分离得到阳性毒株为非致细胞病变(NCP)型,测得第4代病毒效价为10^6.25TCID₅₀/mL。纳米PCR检测5′-UTR和E2基因,测序后与GenBank上已发表的BVDV流行毒株核酸序列比对和进化分析。结果表明,分离毒株属于BVDV-1型,与BVDVJL株亲缘关系最近,5′-UTR核苷酸同源性为100%,E2基因核苷酸同源性为99.3%,命名为BVDVJY株。研究显示,本次采集的种公牛精液携带BVDV-1型毒株。该牛场BVD的发生疑似与种公牛精液带毒有关,对牛场BVD的防治起到警示作用。     

二重RT-PCR同时检测VSV与BVDV核酸

水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)与牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)具有相近的传播途径与类似的检测方法，本文参照文献报道的基因序列，设计合成了两对能分别扩增VSV(202bp)、BVDV(341bp)基因片段的引物，并对PCR扩增条件进行优化，建立了二重RT-PCR方法，可同时检测VSV与BVDV病毒核酸。VSV产物经测序显示与报道的核酸序列同源性为88．6％。二重RT-PCR同时检测VSV与BVDV经济、快速、敏感、特异，可用于实验研究和流行病学调查。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白的截短表达与鉴定

利用牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）BA株接种MDBK细胞,提取病毒RNA。参照已发表的BVDV基因组序列,利用Oligo6生物学软件设计扩增E2基因的1对引物,引入酶切位点并去掉E2蛋白的跨膜区及疏水区。通过RT-PCR扩增了长约1000bp的E2基因片段,克隆到pMD18-T载体上,酶切并测序鉴定。然后将目的片段进一步定向克隆到pET30a表达载体,转化BL21表达菌。取转化菌培养,并用IPTG诱导,获得了以包涵体形式表达的重组蛋白。将重组蛋白变性、纯化和复性后,用免疫印迹与间接ELISA检测表明纯化的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,为牛病毒性腹泻病毒诊断试剂的研制奠定了基础。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白的多克隆抗体制备及鉴定

为制备牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)重组E2蛋白的兔源多克隆抗体,本研究利用表达BVDV E2蛋白的重组质粒pET30a-E2转化E.coli BL21(DE3),经诱导表达获得重组E2蛋白。Western blot检测显示纯化蛋白能够与BVDV参考阳性血清反应。以纯化的重组E2蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,病毒中和试验测定其中和效价为1:2048,间接免疫荧光和western blot试验表明其具有良好的反应性和特异性。本研究制备的BVDV重组E2蛋白兔源多克隆抗体可应用于BVDV的检测,同时为进一步建立检测BVDV E2蛋白的ELISA方法奠定基础。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒生物型转化分子机制的研究进展

从病毒基因与宿主细胞基因的重组、病毒基因的复制与重排、病毒基因的重复复制和序列插入、病毒基因的缺失和点突变几个方面阐述了牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）由非致细胞病变型（NCP）向致细胞病变型（CP）转化的分子变异机制。总结了前人对NCP型向CP型BVDV转化研究的结果，归纳了5种生物型转化形式，揭示了BVDV具有高变异性。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒BVDV-JL株的分离与鉴定

本研究从吉林某牛场表现严重腹泻症状濒死牛的胸腺病料样品中分离一株病毒,该病毒在MDBK细胞中盲传4代无细胞病变产生,而通过RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光试验、微量血清中和试验检测表明该分离病毒株为牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV),并命名为BVDV-JL.将BVDV-JL株F4代细胞培养液(10<'7.13>TCID<,50>/...     

Prevalence of serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cattle in Uruguay

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus in beef cattle in Uruguay. A random sample of 230 herds selected with probability proportional to population size based on the number of cattle was chosen from a list frame of all registered livestock farms as of June 1999. Sera from up to 10 heifers, cows and bulls (up to 30 sera total per herd) were collected on selected farms between March 2000 and March 2001 and evaluated by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Overall, 6358 serum samples were evaluated. We also collected data on previous diagnosis of BHV-1 or BVD infections and on the use of vaccines against these agents.

The estimated prevalence of exposure to BHV-1 and BVD at the herd level for the Uruguayan beef population was 99% and 100%, respectively. Approximately 37% of beef cattle in Uruguay have been exposed to BHV-1 and 69% to BVD virus. Only 3% of beef herds in Uruguay regularly (typically, annually) use vaccines against either of these agents.     

Interferon stimulated genes, CXCR4 and immune cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) induces immune responses mediated by chemokines and interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs). Cultured bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ncpBVDV-naïve cattle were used herein to demonstrate that BVDV infection modulates chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), CXCL12, IFN-I, ISGs and selected immune cell marker (CD4, CD8, CD14) mRNAs, and that these acute responses to viral infection are reflected in PBMC cultured with serum from heifers carrying fetuses persistently infected (PI) with ncpBVDV. Infection of PBMC with ncpBVDV increased IFN-β, ISG15, RIG-I, CXCR4, CXCL12, and CD8 mRNA concentrations after 32 h. Culture of PBMC with uterine vein serum from acutely infected heifers, inoculated with ncpBVDV during early gestation to generate PI fetuses, also increased the concentration of CXCR4, RIG-I and ISG15 mRNAs. In vitro PBMC treatment with ncpBVDV or uterine vein serum from acutely infected pregnant heifers activates chemokine, ISG and immune cell responses.     

Survey on vertical infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus from fetal bovine sera in the field

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolation and antibody survey were performed using 2,758 fetal bovine sera (FBS) collected from slaughterhouses in New Zealand, Australia and the Dominican Republic, and then sent to Japan to manufacture commercial serum for cell culture use. FBS in the Dominican Republic were pooled for each several individuals, and those collected in other countries were separated according to each individual and subjected to the tests. BVDV was isolated from 25 (0.91%) FBS, and the BVDV antibody was detected in 44 (1.60%) FBS. The survey on 139 sets of paired sera of a dam and her fetus revealed that neither the BVDV antibody nor BVDV was detected in all FBS from BVDV antibody-positive dams.     

Failure to induce mucosal disease in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus by treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone

Recent research has shown that cattle that develop mucosal disease (MD) often, if not always, have been persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) since birth. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether MD could be induced by immunosuppression of persistently BVDV-infected cattle. For that purpose, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was injected intramuscularly, twice daily for 5 consecutive days in 4 persistently BVDV-infected cattle and in 3 control cattle. Before the ACTH treatment, the numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils and mononuclear cells (MNC) per litre of blood in BVDV-infected cattle were in the same range as in the controls. Similarly, the proportions of B cells, T cells, monocytes and Fcγ⁺ cells (cells with receptor for the Fc part of IgG) were the same in the 2 groups of animals. On the other hand, the proliferative response to mitogen stimulation of MNC obtained from the control animals was twice as high as the corresponding value of the persistently BVDV-infected cattle.In all animals, ACTH treatment caused increased Cortisol concentrations, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and decreased mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation. However, the MNC count and the proportions of B cells, T cells, Fcγ⁺ cells and monocytes remained unaltered. In spite of the immunosuppression, indicated by the decrease in mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation. ACTH treatment did not provoke any clinical signs of MD in the persistently BVDV-infected cattle.