猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

根据猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）核衣壳蛋白ＯＲＦ７的序列,设计了１套引物,对立了检测ＰＲＲＳＶ核酸的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法。通过对猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征（ＰＲＲＳ）标准毒株的检测,证明该方法不仅能够扩增出特异性的核酸片段。同时可以从基因水平上区分ＰＲＲＳＶ美洲型和欧洲型。使用该方法对国内临床上疑似为ＰＲＲＳ的送检样品进行检测,结果为阳性,并确定基因型均为美洲型。该研究建立的从组织中直接提取细胞总     

High risk of false positive results in a widely used diagnostic test for detection of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

During 2003 and 2004, increasing numbers of positive PRRSV RT-PCR results were reported from herds negative for PRRSV infection. Interestingly, three herds represent nucleus herds with no animal contacts from outside and without clinical symptoms of PRRS until now. Since these positive results that were obtained using a PCR protocol adapted to routine laboratory conditions could not be reproduced with other PRRSV specific RT-PCRs, controlled negative and positive samples were used to examine this phenomenon. A RT-PCR assay for detection and differential diagnosis of the European and North American genotypes of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) according to the method previously published by Oleksiewicz et al. [Oleksiewicz, M.B., Botner, A., Madsen, K.G., Storgaard, T., 1998. Sensitive detection and typing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by RT-PCR amplification of whole viral genes. Vet. Microbiol. 64, 7-22] was investigated in parallel to another recently published method [Pesch, S., 2003. Etablierung einer Nachweismethode für die zwei Genotypen von dem porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) und ein Beitrag zu seiner molekularen Epidemiologie. Thesis, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig]. A panel of 228 clinical samples sent in for PRRSV routine diagnostics served as test panel. It was found that both methods have similar analytical sensitivity. However, the primers published by Oleksiewicz were shown to yield a very high proportion of false positive results under routine diagnostic laboratory conditions, i.e. they resulted in RT-PCR products with non-PRRSV sequences, that were indistinguishable from truly positive reagents in standard gel electrophoresis settings. The reason for and possible implications of this finding as well as the risk of modifying published methods without control are discussed.     

Establishment and Application of a Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Differential Detection of Classical,Highly Pathogenic and Vaccine Strains of North American Genotype PRRSV

To establish a rapid method for differential detection of classical, highly pathogenic and TJM-F92 vaccine strains of North American genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a multiple RT-PCR assay was established. In this assay, two pairs of primers were designed according to the genomic sequences of classical, highly pathogenic and TJM-F92 vaccine strains of PRRSV. The assay could only detect PRRSV, but not detect CSFV, FMDV, PRV and PCV2. The detection limit of the method was as little as 1.13×10³ copies/μL of templates. The established assay was successfully used to detect 349 clinical samples and 119 samples were positive for PRRSV, of which 5 samples were positive for classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), 107 samples for highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) and 7 samples for TJM-F92 vaccine strain (V-PRRSV), while 7 samples were positive for HP-PRRSV and V-PRRSV. The results indicated that the established multiple RT-PCR assay could be used for differential detection and epidemiological investigation of PRRSV.     

PRRSV美洲型经典株、变异株和疫苗株多重RT-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立及应用

为建立猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）的快速鉴别检测方法,本研究针对PRRSV美洲型经典株、高致病性变异株以及TJM-F92疫苗株的Nsp2基因序列特点,设计2对特异性引物。经优化反应条件后,建立了能同时检测并区分PRRSV美洲型经典株、变异株及疫苗株的多重RT-PCR方法。该方法特异性强,与猪其他病毒间不存在交叉反应;敏感性高,对重组质粒标准品的检出下限为1.13×10³拷贝/μL。应用所建立的方法对349份临床疑似病料进行检测,结果检出PRRSV阳性119份,其中美洲型经典株5份、变异株107份、TJM-F92疫苗株7份,且有变异株和TJM-F92疫苗株混合阳性7份。表明本研究成功建立了PRRSV美洲型经典株、变异株及TJM-F92疫苗株的多重RT-PCR鉴别检测方法,可用于PRRSV的临床检测及流行病学调查。     

Oral transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by muscle of experimentally infected pigs

The current study was performed to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could be transmitted to pigs by feeding muscle tissue obtained from recently infected pigs. Muscle obtained from pigs infected with either a European strain (EU donor pigs) or American strain (US donor pigs) of PRRSV was fed to PRRSV-free receiver pigs. The donor pigs were slaughtered 11 days post-infection (dpi). PRRSV was detected by conventional virus isolation in muscle at 11 dpi from 7 of 12 EU donor pigs and 5 of 12 US donor pigs. In contrast to conventional virus isolation, all muscle samples from infected pigs were positive for viral nucleic acid by PCR, except for muscle from one animal infected with the American strain of PRRSV. Five hundred grams of raw semimembranosus muscle from each of the donor pigs was fed over a 2 days period (250 g per day) to each of two receiver pigs (48 receiver pigs). The receiver pigs were housed separately in five groups. One of the five groups was fed muscle obtained from US donor pigs that was also spiked with the American strain of PRRSV. Sentinel pigs were placed in-contact with the group of receiver pigs fed spiked muscle. All receiver pigs became viraemic by 6 days post-feeding (dpf). There was evidence of horizontal transmission with sentinel pigs, in-contact with receiver pigs, becoming viraemic. The study demonstrates that PRRSV could be infectious through the oral route via the feeding of meat obtained from recently infected pigs.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒通用型实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据GenBank登录的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）北美型毒株和欧洲型毒株N蛋白基因保守序列,设计1对特异性引物和1条探针,以ABI公司PRRSV RNA为标准品,优化了PRRSV实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,25μL反应体系引物prrsv-f/prrsv-r（20μmol/L）各0.5μL,探针prrsv-p（10μmol/L）0.5μL为反应最佳工作浓度,标准曲线Ct值和模板启始浓度的log值之间具有良好的线性相关性。特异性、敏感性和重复性检测结果显示,该方法能特异的检测PRRSV北美型毒株和欧洲型毒株,与其他主要猪病病原检测无交叉反应;针对PRRSV RNA标准品检测,灵敏度可以达到10拷贝;重复性检测Ct值变异系数为0.74%～1.52%。用建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,对40份临床样品检测,与商品化试剂盒检测结果完全一致。     

高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒吉林株的分离鉴定及生物学特性

从吉林某猪场采集曾接种过猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗的发病猪病料,经RT-PCR初步鉴定为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒后,利用反转录合成cDNA,用针对PRRSV M、N基因片段设计的特异性引物进行扩增及电泳,在紫外凝胶成像系统下可见约为660bp特异性扩增条带。解剖发病仔猪,发现其有HP-PRRSV发病的特征,两耳及鼻端淤血,呈蓝紫色,肺部等内脏器官淤血呈暗红色。病理组织切片显示,病猪有典型的间质性肺炎的特征性病理变化。将其接种于Marc-145细胞后,在培养至第4代时出现典型的细胞病变（CPE）,表现为细胞聚集成丛、随后固缩、变圆、脱落;经Reed-Muench法计算得出两PRRSV分离株的病毒滴度分别为10-5.30 TCID50/0.1mL和10-5.53TCID50/0.1mL。用间接免疫荧光试验观察到在接种病料的Marc-145细胞胞浆内出现特异性荧光,而未接种PRRSV的细胞对照则未见到荧光反应。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF7基因的遗传变异分析

从GenBank中随机选取25株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的全基因序列进行同源性分析并构建了基因进化树,同时对PRRSV ORF7基因序列进行遗传变异分析,发现PRRSV美洲株之间或欧洲株之间的ORF7基因相对保守,但美洲株和欧洲株的ORF7基因的核苷酸及氨基酸同源性较低.说明建立的针对N蛋白的多种检测方法在高致病性PRRSV肆虐的现今仍具有实用性.     

猪瘟病毒和不同型猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立能同时检测猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的方法,针对CSFV和PRRSV的基因序列设计3对特异性引物,第1对引物扩增CSFV毒株NS2基因508bp片段,第2对引物扩增PRRSV美洲型经典毒株和变异毒株Nsp2基因338bp/248bp片段,第3对引物扩增PRRSV欧洲型毒株ORF5基因614bp片段。经过反应条件的优化,建立了能同时检测并区分CSFV毒株和PRRSV美洲型经典毒株、变异毒株及欧洲型毒株的多重RT-PCR方法。该方法可以特异扩增CSFV和PRRSV,而与猪口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)均无交叉反应;对CSFV和PRRSV 4种重组质粒标准品的检出下限均为1.67×103拷贝/μL。对采集的106份临床疑似病料进行检测,结果CSFV和PRRSV变异株混合阳性4份,占3.77%(4/106);CSFV阳性7份,占6.60%(7/106);PRRSV变异株阳性17份,占16.04%(17/106)。结果表明,建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法可以用于CSFV和PRRSV的临床快速鉴别诊断和流行病学调查。     

Evaluation of the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pig meat and experimental transmission following oral exposure

A study was performed to evaluate the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pig meat collected at slaughterhouses and its potential transmission to pigs via pig meat. A total of 1039 blood samples were collected from pigs upon their arrival at the abattoir. The following day, meat samples (n = 1027) were collected from the carcasses of these same pigs. Samples originated from 2 Canadian slaughterhouses, 1 situated in the province of Quebec and the other situated in the province of Manitoba. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to PRRSV and both serum and meat samples were also tested for PRRSV nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seropositivity to PRRSV for all serum samples was 74.3%. Furthermore 45 (4.3%) of the total serum samples and 19 (1.9%) of the 1027 meat samples were positive for PRRSV by PCR. Sequence analysis of open reading frame (ORF) 5 performed on 15 of the 19 PRRSV strains identified in pig meat indicated that 9 were field strains and 6 were vaccine-like (98% to 99.7% nucleotide homology with the Ingelvac RespPRRS/Repro vaccine). One of these 6 strains presented an intermediate 2-6-2 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) cut pattern and the others showed the characteristic 2-5-2 RFLP pattern of the vaccine strain. All strains sequenced were determined to be North American strains. In only 1 of the 19 PRRSV-positive meat samples could PRRSV be isolated. To test the potential infectivity of meat samples containing residual PRRSV, 11 of the PCR-positive meat samples (weighing 1.05 to 1.8 kg) were each used in feeding experiments of 2 PRRSV antibody-negative specific pathogen-free pigs of 9 wk of age. Samples were cut into several pieces and fed to each pair of pigs on 2 consecutive days. Each pig pair was housed in a separate cubicle and serum samples were collected at -7, 0, 7, 14, and 20 to 21 days post exposure. Seven pig pairs were found to be infected by PRRSV following ingestion of meat samples, including meat samples containing vaccine-like virus, as judged by the demonstration of PRRSV antibodies and/or PRRSV nucleic acid in the serum. In summary, the present study indicated that low residual quantities of PRRSV may be found in a small percentage of pig meat collected at slaugtherhouses. Furthermore, when this meat was fed raw to pigs in the experimental setting designed, pigs could be infected by PRRSV.     

Simultaneous detection and genotyping of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by real-time RT-PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green

The feasibility of using a SYBR Green-based real-time RT-PCR assay (SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR) followed by melting curve analysis (MCA) for detecting and genotyping porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was assessed. The SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR and a previously reported two-step, non-nested RT-PCR assays were simultaneously tested on selected European (EU) and North American (US) PRRSV strains and isolates collected from diverse clinical, temporal, and geographical origins. The validation experiments showed that the optimised SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR can sensitively and specifically detect PRRSV, consistently detecting as little as 0.03TCID(50)/sample of each virus genotype, with no type-bias and no amplification signal for other swine pathogens. After MCA, two well-differentiated melting temperature (T(m)) profiles for each virus genotype were obtained, as sequencing confirmed it. High repeatability was obtained for the T(m) values, with intra-run coefficients of variation (CoVs) of 0.25 and 0.32 and inter-run CoVs of 0.42 and 0.52 for EU and US genotypes, respectively. The sensitivity of the SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR (100%) was higher than that of the RT-PCR (95.7%) when testing field isolates. This greater sensitivity of the SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR was further confirmed by the detection of a higher proportion of PRRSV-positive diagnostic specimens (29.7%) than by the RT-PCR (28.5%). The SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR test detected infection as early as 2 dpi in the sera of experimentally infected pigs regardless of virus genotype, and discriminated negative (non-inoculated), EU- and US-infected pigs. In conclusion, the reported SYBR Green ReTi RT-PCR assay coupled with MCA can detect and type PRRSV and may be useful as an alternative diagnostic assay in diverse PRRSV epidemiological circumstances.     

猪繁殖—呼吸道综合征病毒（PRRSV）CH—1a株基因型鉴定

根据猪繁殖－呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）美洲型毒株和欧洲型毒株的基因组序列设计合成了２对引物,即１００８ＰＳ／１００９ＰＲ和１０１０ＰＬＳ／１０１１ＰＬＲ。我国分离的ＣＨ－１ａ株用这２对引物均能扩增出与预期大小相符的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ产物,分别与美洲型代表株（ＶＲ－２３３２）的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ产物大小相当。特异性试验表明,这２对引物均不能扩增其他常见的繁殖障碍相关病毒的ＲＮＡ或ＤＮＡ以及未感染的ＭＡＲＣ－１４５细胞ＲＮＡ。间接免疫荧光试验也证明,ＣＨ－１ａ株与ＰＲＲＳＶ核衣壳蛋白特异性单克隆抗体以及美洲型毒株抗血清均呈阳性反应。因此初步证实ＣＨ－１ａ株为美洲型ＰＲＲＳＶ。     

Heterologous challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) vaccine virus: no evidence of reactivation of previous European-type PRRS virus infection.

In Denmark, a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) control programme, comprising vaccination of seropositive herds with a live American type PRRSV vaccine, was started in 1996. In several of these herds, spread of vaccine virus from vaccinated 3-18 week old pigs to non-vaccinated sows was demonstrated by the isolation of vaccine virus from fetuses and stillborn piglets. Surprisingly, sows infected with the American type vaccine strain consistently exhibited significantly stronger serological responses towards European type PRRSV than American type PRRSV. In order to elucidate whether the unexpectedly strong serological reaction towards European-type PRRSV in American type PRRSV infected sows was due to a booster reaction, or reactivation of an unrecognized, latent infection in the sows with European type PRRSV, a challenge study with the vaccine was carried out. In this study, the stronger serological response towards European type PRRSV than towards American type PRRSV was reproduced, and reactivation of the previous natural infection with European PRRSV could neither be demonstrated by virus isolation nor by RT-PCR. So, the increase in antibody titers towards European PRRSV in previously European PRRSV infected pigs after challenge with the vaccine strain seems to be the result of a boosting effect on the immune system, induced by the heterologous vaccine PRRSV strain.     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒双重液相基因芯片检测方法的建立

为了实现快速检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)并同步鉴别高致病性PRRSV毒株(HPPRRSV),根据PRRSV囊膜蛋白GP2基因保守序列和HP-PRRSV特有的Nsp2基因区保守序列设计特异扩增引物和杂交探针,通过双重一步法RT-PCR不对称扩增和双重微球杂交反应,建立了双重液相基因芯片方法。对12株PRRSV以及其他12种猪病原体的检测显示,该法能特异性检测12株PRRSV毒株并准确鉴别其中7株HP-PRRSV,与其他病原体无交叉反应;对PRRSV、HP-PRRSV病毒液的检测低限均小于每个反应0.5TCID_(50);其组内、组间检测变异系数均10%;检测55份疑似临床样品并与商品化荧光RTPCR试剂盒比较检测结果,符合率达98.2%(54/55)。研究结果为适应临床快速检测PRRSV提供了一种新的分子生物学检测方法。     

我国猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒基因型鉴定

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,从我国东北和华北地区分离的２个猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）毒株中扩增获得部分核衣壳蛋白基因。该基因片段长度与美洲型野毒株ＶＲ２３３２ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增片段相同,均为４３３ｂｐ,长于欧洲型Ｌｅｌｙｓｔａｄ毒株扩增片段长度（３９５ｂｐ）。此外,用另１对引物,从这２个分离毒株及ＶＲ２３３２毒株扩增获得部分ＧＰ５蛋白基因,其限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析结果相同或相似。该结果表明,我国不同地区流行的ＰＲＲＳＶ可能属于同一毒株,并且来源于美洲。     

PRRS流行毒株与减毒活疫苗TJM F92株qPCR区分方法的建立与应用

 
为快速准确区分PRRS流行毒株与减毒活疫苗TJM F92株以及对流行毒株进行定量检测,按GenBank中发表的美洲型PRRSV SX 1分离株、弱毒疫苗株NSP2基因缺失部位的不同设计了一对特异性引物,通过RT PCR和体外转录的方法,构建了体外转录RNA作为标准品,并对反应条件和反应体系进行优化,旨在建立一种敏感性高、特异性强、重复性和稳定性良好的qPCR鉴别方法。结果表明,该方法最低能检测出1.0×101拷贝/μL的模板,敏感性比常规PCR高100倍;应用该方法对218份临床样本进行鉴别与定量,qPCR检出率较常规RT PCR高12.9个百分点。研究表明,qPCR鉴别方法的建立实现了对PRRS流行毒株与疫苗毒株的快速区分以及对流行毒株的定量检测,为PRRS的快速诊断提供了依据。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒RT-LAMP快速检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、灵敏、简便的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）早期检测方法,本研究利用逆转录环介导恒温扩增技术（RT-LAMP）,针对PRRSV的ORF5基因片段设计了4条引物,利用Bst DNA聚合酶在65 ℃恒温条件下进行逆转录扩增,通过1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和加入SYBR Green Ⅰ染料肉眼判断结果,建立了PRRSV RT-LAMP检测方法。结果表明,该检测方法具有良好的特异性,与其他常见病毒如猪瘟病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒等无交叉反应,较普通RT-PCR灵敏性高100倍。采用RT-LAMP和RT-PCR分别对10份临床样本同时进行检测,符合率为100%。因此,本研究建立的RT-LAMP是一种可适用于临床PRRSV检测的快速、简单、灵敏、特异的检测方法。