Suppression of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri using autumn-sown glucosinolate-producing cover crops in organically grown bell pepper

Experiments were conducted to compare growth characteristics, biomass production and glucosinolate content of seven autumn‐planted glucosinolate‐producing cover crops that were terminated the following spring. The control of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri following cover crop incorporation into soil was characterised and fruit yields of bell pepper transplanted into cover crop‐amended soil were determined. Differences in glucosinolate concentration and composition were noted between cover crop roots and shoots and among cover crops. Total biomass production by cover crops ranged from 103 g m⁻² for garden cress to 894 g m⁻² for Indian mustard (F‐E75), but cover crop biomass was not correlated with D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri control. D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri control in bell pepper varied by cover crop. D. sanguinalis control by cover crops ranged from 38% to 79%, and A. palmeri control was 23% to 48% at 4 weeks after transplanting (WATP) bell pepper in 2004. D. sanguinalis control was positively correlated with total glucosinolate production, but A. palmeri control was not. D. sanguinalis control in 2005 ranged from 0% to 38% at 2 WATP. In the absence of weeds, cover crops did not negatively affect fruit yields which were often higher than in the absence of a cover crop. Glucosinolate‐producing cover crops are not a stand‐alone weed management strategy, but some will provide early season control of D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri without having a negative effect on transplanted bell pepper.     

基于Landsat8的城市热岛效应与地表因子关系研究——以长春市为例

城市化进程导致的城市热岛问题成为21世纪人类需要面对的重要问题之一。文中以长春市为例,使用2014年Landsat8 OLI和TIR数据分析了城市热岛效应与地表因子之间的关系。基于Landat8 TIR数据特点,选用分裂窗算法反演地表温度用于表征城市热环境并分析其空间格局特征。基于"植被-不透水面-土壤"模型,探讨了线性光谱混合模型得到的城市不透水面和植被盖度作为表征城市人为建筑和绿地信息的能力。结果表明:长春市大部分区域有明显的城市热岛效应,占比约45%,其中最显著的区域位于缺少植被覆盖的大片连续分布的不透水面区域;不同城市土地覆被类型的地表温度差异明显,平均地表温度从高到低的土地覆被类型依次为不透水面、裸土、耕地、绿地和水体,各类型平均温度和最高温度的最大温差分别达到8.2和16.1℃;与归一化建筑指数和植被指数相比,光谱解混得到的不透水面比例和植被盖度与地表温度之间的关系更为显著,是表征城市建筑和绿地信息更优的指示因子,其相关关系表明城市建筑能够增加城市热岛效应而城市绿地具有降温效应。     

Use of heat for disinfestation and control of insects in dates: Laboratory and field trials

Heat treatment of dates at the time of harvest, was examined as an alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide, which has been phased out in Israel under the Montreal Protocol. In laboratory studies, the influence of 40°, 45°, 50° and 55°C on the levels of disinfestation and mortality ofCarpophilus hemipterus larvae was examined over a 2-h exposure period. The ratio of the number of insects found outside the feeding sites to the total number of insects, was greatest at 50°C (92.3%), significantly greater than at 40° and 55°C. At 50° and 55°C, 100% mortality was obtained. Since drying temperatures for most date varieties is between 45° and 50°C, and because percent disinfestation and control was most effective at 50°C, these findings were examined under field conditions. Field trials were carried out at a commercial drying station where the crated dates are placed on the ground inside a plastic-clad hothouse. The stacks were covered with plastic liners to form ‘drying ducts’ through which heated air was sucked using fans positioned at the opposite end of the ducts. It was shown that from 1 to 2 h were required for the dates to reach the set temperature of 50°C. During the following 2-h aeration, the dates were exposed to 50°C heated air, after which an examination of infested dates inserted into the drying ducts, and natural infestations showed that successful control and emigration were obtained. This method produced results comparable to those obtained with methyl bromide fumigation, and was suitable as a replacement technology for infestation control. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 7, 2005.     

Increasing the use of trichogrammatids in insect pest management: A case study from the forests of canada

Practical uses of trichogrammatid egg parasites occur world-wide against many lepidopterous pests on several key crops. Although several million hectares are treated annually, most of these remain at research and plantation scale, and there are relatively few commercial insectaries producing these organisms as crop protection agents. With few exceptions, trichogrammatids are produced by small, specialized industries with low technology and high labour inputs. Increases in the commercial uses of these naturally occurring ovicides, particularly in intensive agricultural systems with high per-capita output, have been limited by problems in the scale and economy of production, together with variability in control effect. To become more widely acceptable as plant protection products, trichogrammatids should compete with established methods in cost, availability, efficacy and reliability. Using a specific example from the forest resources of Canada, this paper focuses on an industrial approach to developing a Trichogrammma sp. as a viable component for insect pest management. In particular, it addresses the problems of production economy and scale, quality control, storage, and application technology.     

Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water, persistent insufficient precipitation, lack of moisture, and high evapotranspiration. Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event. Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions, ranging from 50 to 750 mm. In general, the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south. The Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate) data, including monthly precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by the University of Idaho, were used in this study. The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps. The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020, according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales. Moreover, the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007, 2014, and 2018. In many semi-arid regions of Iran, the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000, 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018. In general, this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020. In a way, moderate, severe, and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage, gradually decreasing. According to the PDSI, during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014, extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran. Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions, on the other hand, only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003, except for the eastern areas and wetter regions. The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.     

黄斑星天牛热空气处理技术研究初报

通过热空气、木材和锯末等 3种不同传热介质对黄斑星天牛 (Anoplophoranobilis)幼虫在不同温度条件下的热处理试验发现 ,热空气温度为 55℃ ,相对湿度为 30 %左右 ,经过80min即可全部杀死天牛幼虫 ;木材作为传热介质 ,在 55℃情况下经过 35min可完全杀死天牛幼虫 ;锯末作为传热介质 ,55℃ 2 5min、6 0℃ 2 5min、6 5℃ 1 0min和 70℃ 5min均可以杀死天牛幼虫 ;自然感染黄斑星天牛、芳香木蠹蛾东方亚种和杨干透翅蛾 ,规格为 1 0cm× 1 0cm× 32cm的木段 ,当加热使中心温度达到 55℃后 ,幼虫和蛹全部死亡。     

Check dam extraction from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis: A case study in the Yanhe River Basin of the Loess Plateau,China

Check dams are widely used on the Loess Plateau in China to control soil and water losses, develop agricultural land, and improve watershed ecology. Detailed information on the number and spatial distribution of check dams is critical for quantitatively evaluating hydrological and ecological effects and planning the construction of new dams. Thus, this study developed a check dam detection framework for broad areas from high-resolution remote sensing images using an ensemble approach of deep learning and geospatial analysis. First, we made a sample dataset of check dams using GaoFen-2 (GF-2) and Google Earth images. Next, we evaluated five popular deep-learning-based object detectors, including Faster R-CNN, You Only Look Once (version 3) (YOLOv3), Cascade R-CNN, YOLOX, and VarifocalNet (VFNet), to identify the best one for check dam detection. Finally, we analyzed the location characteristics of the check dams and used geographical constraints to optimize the detection results. Precision, recall, average precision at intersection over union (IoU) threshold of 0.50 (AP₅₀), IoU threshold of 0.75 (AP₇₅), and average value for 10 IoU thresholds ranging from 0.50-0.95 with a 0.05 step (AP_50-95), and inference time were used to evaluate model performance. All the five deep learning networks could identify check dams quickly and accurately, with AP_50-95, AP₅₀, and AP₇₅ values higher than 60.0%, 90.0%, and 70.0%, respectively, except for YOLOv3. The VFNet had the best performance, followed by YOLOX. The proposed framework was tested in the Yanhe River Basin and yielded promising results, with a recall rate of 87.0% for 521 check dams. Furthermore, the geographic analysis deleted about 50% of the false detection boxes, increasing the identification accuracy of check dams from 78.6% to 87.6%. Simultaneously, this framework recognized 568 recently constructed check dams and small check dams not recorded in the known check dam survey datasets. The extraction results will support efficient watershed management and guide future studies on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau.     

基于灰色系统的特大城市热岛强度的预测分析——以天津市夏季热岛为例

城市热岛已对城市居民的生产生活产生了十分严重的影响,研究其形成和演变规律对城市建设有着十分积极的意义。文中利用天津市近25年Landsat卫星影像反演的温度数据、近60年人口与城镇化率等数据,运用灰色关联模型分析了热岛强度与常住人口、市区人口、城镇化率、全国城镇化率等五个因素的关联程度。优选灰色预测、S型、线性等19种曲线模型进行热岛强度双指标的预测,根据热岛强度与中国城镇化率变化趋势进行相关驱动因素的讨论,结果表明:1)最高热岛升温与特大城市热岛强度曲线相似性和变化率都与国家城镇化率的变化相一致,主要受国家城市化空间格局影响。2)最高热岛升温采用灰色预测模型具有较高的模拟精度,热岛升温总量预测采用时间和中国城市化率的复合模型具有较高的精度,模拟结果与实际城市热岛效应的现状及其发展趋势具有较好的一致性。3)模拟结果显示2025年天津市城市热岛强度持续升温,热岛升温进一步加强,但趋势大大减弱,预计2025年达到顶峰。4)特大城市热岛与国家城镇化进程密切相关,主要原因是特大城市作为国家城市化战略的重要空间,担负国家城市化的重要职能。     

气候变化及景观格局与生态系统碳储存的耦合关系——以祁连山为例

气候变化及景观格局与生态系统的结构、功能及动态变化密切相关.祁连山生态系统(QLME)是中国重要的生态功能区,基于多元数据,运用遥感及GIS技术,结合InVEST及GeoSOS-FLUS模型,探索CSET与方法,实现对QLME碳储存的估算.定量估算及分析表明:(1)不同景观类型背景下QLME碳储存具有明显的时空差异性,...     

Derivation of salt content in salinized soil from hyperspectral reflectance data: A case study at Minqin Oasis,Northwest China

Soil salinization is a serious ecological and environmental problem because it adversely affects sustainable development worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. It is crucial and urgent that advanced technologies are used to efficiently and accurately assess the status of salinization processes. Case studies to determine the relations between particular types of salinization and their spectral reflectances are essential because of the distinctive characteristics of the reflectance spectra of particular salts. During April 2015 we collected surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth) at 64 field sites in the downstream area of Minqin Oasis in Northwest China, an area that is undergoing serious salinization. We developed a linear model for determination of salt content in soil from hyperspectral data as follows. First, we undertook chemical analysis of the soil samples to determine their soluble salt contents. We then measured the reflectance spectra of the soil samples, which we post-processed using a continuum-removed reflectance algorithm to enhance the absorption features and better discriminate subtle differences in spectral features. We applied a normalized difference salinity index to the continuum-removed hyperspectral data to obtain all possible waveband pairs. Correlation of the indices obtained for all of the waveband pairs with the wavebands corresponding to measured soil salinities showed that two wavebands centred at wavelengths of 1358 and 2382 nm had the highest sensitivity to salinity. We then applied the linear regression modelling to the data from half of the soil samples to develop a soil salinity index for the relationships between wavebands and laboratory measured soluble salt content. We used the hyperspectral data from the remaining samples to validate the model. The salt content in soil from Minqin Oasis were well produced by the model. Our results indicate that wavelengths at 1358 and 2382 nm are the optimal wavebands for monitoring the concentrations of chlorine and sulphate compounds, the predominant salts at Minqin Oasis. Our modelling provides a reference for future case studies on the use of hyperspectral data for predictive quantitative estimation of salt content in soils in arid regions. Further research is warranted on the application of this method to remotely sensed hyperspectral data to investigate its potential use for large-scale mapping of the extent and severity of soil salinity.     

Control of plant diseases by natural products: Allicin from garlic as a case study

This review aims to increase awareness of the potential for developing plant protection strategies based on natural products. Selected examples of commercial successes are given and recent data from our own laboratory using allicin from garlic are presented. The volatile antimicrobial substance allicin (diallylthiosulphinate) is produced in garlic when the tissues are damaged and the substrate alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulphoxide) mixes with the enzyme alliin-lyase (E.C.4.4.1.4). Allicin is readily membrane-permeable and undergoes thiol-disulphide exchange reactions with free thiol groups in proteins. It is thought that these properties are the basis of its antimicrobial action. We tested the effectiveness of garlic juice against a range of plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes in vitro. Allicin effectively controlled seed-borne Alternaria spp. in carrot, Phytophthora leaf blight of tomato and tuber blight of potato as well as Magnaporthe on rice and downy mildew of Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis the reduction in disease was apparently due to a direct action against the pathogen since no accumulation of salicylic acid (a marker for systemic acquired resistance, SAR) was observed after treatment with garlic extract. We see a potential for developing preparations from garlic for use in organic farming, e.g. for reducing the pathogen inoculum potential in planting material such as seeds and tubers. We have tested various encapsulation formulations in comparison to direct treatment. Note added in proof: The complete chemical synthesis of azadirachtin has now been achieved. Nature (2007) 448: 630–631     

Mapping desertification potential using life cycle assessment method: a case study in Lorestan Province,Iran

In recent year, desertification has become one of the most important environmental hazards all over the world, especially in developing countries such as Iran. Understanding the factors impactingon desertification and identifying the regionswith high desertification potential are essential to control this phenomenon (i.e., desertification). The life cycle assessment (LCA) method is essential in assessing the desertification of ecosystems, especially for susceptible ecosystems with high degradationrisks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the desertification potential of Lorestan Province, Iran, based on the LCA method. We selected aridity, fire and dust as three indicators of desertification and collected data from 2000 to 2015. We divided the study area into 6 types of ecoregionsaccording to the climate types (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) and dominant species (Quercus brantii and Astragalusadscendens), and calculated the characteristic factor (CF) of eachindicator (aridity, fire and dust) by combining the indicator layers and ecoregion layer of the study area. In a given ecoregion, the sum of CF values of aridity, dust and fire indicators represents the life cycle inventory (LCI) desertification value (the higher the LCI value, the greater the desertification potential).Then, we obtained the desertification potential map by combining and overlapping the ecoregions and the normalized indicators based on the LCA method. Aridity and fire exhibit significant impacts on desertification in the study area compared with dust. In the study area, semi-arid ecoregion with Quercus brantiias the dominant species is the largest ecoregion, while arid ecoregion withQuercus brantiias the dominant species is the smallest ecoregion.Arid ecoregion withAstragalusadscendensas the dominant species (LCI desertificationvalue of 1.99) and dry sub-humid ecoregion withQuercus brantiias the dominant species (LCI desertification value of0.79)show the highest and lowest desertification potentials, respectively. Furthermore, arid ecoregion with Quercus brantii as the dominant species also has a higher LCI desertification value (1.89), showing a high desertification potential. These results suggest the necessity of proper management and appropriate utilization in these ecoregions. In general, assessing desertification potential using the LCA method on a local and regional scale can possibly provide a new methodology for identifying and protecting areas with high degradation risks.     

流域水资源保护补偿标准研究——以京冀“稻改旱”工程为例

文中基于水资源保护行为的成本及其在水质、水量方面产生的外部经济性构建了水资源保护补偿标准计算模型,并以密云水库上游流域稻改旱工程为例,对其补偿标准进行了计算和分析。计算结果显示:在不考虑家庭劳动力成本的情况下,该水资源保护行为的成本为8802.68元/hm2,补偿标准为5165.41元/hm2;若将劳动力的务工收入作为其务农的机会成本,则补偿标准为1600.60元/hm2。     

可持续发展观视角下的绿洲生态承载力研究——以民勤绿洲为例

通过实地调研,以民勤县2004-2008年的国民经济统计资料和民勤县志等相关资料为依据,应用生态足迹计算模型对民勤绿洲2008年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行计算和分析,结果表明：民勤绿洲2008年人均生态需求为2.6782232hm^2,人均生态承载力为1.5568037hm^2,人均生态赤字为1.1762765hm^2...     

新疆夏季行星边界层参数化方案模拟特征研究

行星边界层参数化方案(PBL)对天气气候和大气环境的模拟与预报具有重要影响.通过基于单柱模式(SCM)的乌鲁木齐单点理想实验,以及新疆2019年8月15—18日的一次降水天气过程的模拟检验及诊断分析,研究了YSU、ACM2、BOULAC、GBM、MYJ和QNSE 6种常用的PBL参数化方案模拟的大气比湿、位温等气象要素...     

A light microscopic study of the course of cellular division of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites grown in vitro.

The cellular division of trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis group was followed microscopically in stained preparations from axenic cultures. Eleven successive stages were described, documented by photomicrographs and their survival times calculated.     

Improving soil heat and moisture forecasting for arid and semi-arid regions: A comparative study of four mathematical algorithms

Mathematical modeling is extensively used for ecohydrological processes because it facilitates data acquisition. However, modeling of soil moisture and heat remains challenging in dry ecosystems. In this study, we examined the performance of four models in simulating hydrological processes in a semi-arid mountain grassland (SMG), and in shrubland forming a transitional zone between the desert and an oasis (desert–oasis ecotone; DOE) in northwestern China. We used precipitation, air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and other meteorological variables to estimate moisture and temperature at different soil depths. Four methods were used to test model performance, including partial least squares (PLS) regression, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMR), back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN), and neural network time series. Our results showed that BPANN had the best prediction accuracy and supplied a robust modeling framework capable of capturing nonlinear environmental processes by improving the stability of the weight-learning process. Soil depth in SMG for which model performance was optimized was 20?cm for PLS and SMR. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have a remarkable applicability compared to other algorithms for increased accuracy in time-series predictions; however, they could not depict soil moisture or temperature dynamics at 160?cm depth in SMG, and at 10?cm depth in DOE. Using conventional meteorological data as primary predictors, and avoiding the complexity of distributed hydrological models can be helpful in developing a regional capacity for soil moisture and heat forecasting.     

A case study of FD and BN phytoplasma variability in Croatia: multigene sequence analysis approach

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Uncultivable bacteria from the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ are associated with grapevine yellows (GY) diseases worldwide. In Euro-Mediterranean...     

APSIM-wheat模型在我国干旱半干旱地区的适应性评价——以内蒙古地区为例

利用内蒙古6个代表性站点的春小麦田间试验数据和同期逐日气象数据对APSIM-wheat模型在内蒙古地区的适应性进行研究,确定了10个春小麦品种的作物参数。结果表明:模拟春小麦的播种至出苗、开花和成熟各阶段天数与实测天数有较好的一致性,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0~1.7d,0.8~4.1d和1.0~2.8d;模拟的10个春小麦品种中,地上部分生物量模拟与实测的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)为12%~24%,10个品种产量的模拟与实测的归一化均方根误差为2%~26%,作物生育期、地上部分生物量和产量的检验结果均在可接受的范围内。说明APSIM模型对内蒙古地区春小麦生育期、地上部分生物量和产量具有较好的模拟结果,验证后的APSIM模型在内蒙古地区有较好的适应性。以上结果为今后在内蒙古等干旱半干旱地区深入开展气候变化对作物生产的影响和适应研究奠定了良好的基础。