旋转折射式喷头动能分布规律试验

以圆形及平移式喷灌机常用的Nelson R3000型旋转折射式喷头(绿色喷盘,4流道)为研究对象,应用2DVD测试100、150和200 k Pa工作压力下的水滴粒径和速度,计算并分析了水滴直径与单个水滴动能之间的关系,单位体积水滴动能和动能强度沿射程的变化趋势。结果表明:单个水滴动能与水滴直径的3.65次方呈正比关系,随着至喷头距离的增加,测点单个水滴动能最大值、最小值及平均值增大;距喷头相同测点处,测点单个水滴动能最大值和平均值随着压力的增加而减小;单位体积水滴动能随着至喷头距离的增加呈指数关系增大;距喷头相同测点处,单位体积水滴动能随工作压力的增大而减小,并随着至喷头距离的增大差异增大;距喷头0~6 m范围内,3个工作压力下动能强度均小于0.02 W/m2,且差异较小;6 m至喷洒范围末端,3个工作压力下动能强度出现最大值,分别为0.117 2、0.082 7和0.052 2 W/m2,在距喷头距离相同测点处,动能强度随工作压力升高而减小。     

基于弹道轨迹方程的折射式喷头水量分布计算模型

针对折射式喷头水量分布模拟研究较少的问题,通过高速摄像技术测得了不同工作压力和喷嘴型号下水滴射流速度和射流弧度,构建了折射式喷头水束射流速度及弧度的指数模型,在此基础上基于弹道轨迹方程和水滴蒸发模型,采用Eclipse作为开发工具编写出折射式喷头水量分布的计算程序。该软件能够在已知喷头工作参数及环境条件下,模拟出水滴粒径分布、水量分布、能量分布等指标。采用软件计算出不同工况下Nelson D3000型喷头喷洒水力特性,并依据模拟出的单喷头水量分布数据,以24 m平移式喷灌机为例进行多喷头组合叠加,与实测值进行对比,结果表明:基于3种模型下开发出的单喷头水量分布计算软件模拟出的水滴粒径分布及单喷头水量分布与实测值变化的规律相符,模拟准确度较高。不同间距下多喷头组合叠加时,喷灌均匀度相对误差在0.04%~14.77%,变化规律的差异性较小。该软件能够为移动式喷灌机优化设计提供技术支持。     

喷嘴形状对喷洒水滴动能的影响

对特定的土壤来说，喷洒水滴动能是优选喷头型式时需要考虑的重要因素。利用面粉法测得的圆形和方形喷嘴的水滴分布资料，用水滴运动方程确定水滴落地时的速度，计算了单位质量水滴沿径向不同位置处的动能和总动能。在相同压力下，方形喷嘴形成的水滴所具有的动能小于同流量的圆形喷嘴；在满足一定的水滴总动能要求时，方形喷嘴可在比圆形喷嘴低９８ｋＰａ的压力下工作，从而达到节能的目的。通过分析得出了可用于由中数直径估算中压喷头的水滴总动能的回归方程。还研究了竖管高度对水滴总动能的影响。结果表明，在常用的竖管高度范围内，高度每升高１ｍ，圆形喷嘴的水滴总动能增加约５％，方形喷嘴的水滴总动能增加６％～９％。     

考虑水滴运动蒸发的喷灌水量分布模拟

提出了有风条件下喷头水滴运动与喷灌水量分布模拟方法,并利用Visual Basic 6.0开发了喷灌水量分布模拟软件.该软件在已知单喷头的径向水量分布数据时,可以模拟出不同风速、风向、空气温湿度等环境条件下单喷头或多喷头组合的喷灌水量分布,计算出喷灌系统的组合喷灌强度、喷灌均匀系数和蒸发损失率.以9708A型喷头为例,分别对工作压力为0.20、0.25和0.30 MPa下单喷头径向水量分布以及喷灌系统组合间距为14 m x 14 m和14 m×12 m时的喷灌水量分布进行了模拟,并与实测值进行了对比,结果表明:模拟的单喷头径向水量分布与实测值总体一致,由模拟水量分布推算的喷头流量与实测值的相对误差为0.83％ ～8.01％;喷灌均匀系数模拟值与实测值的相对误差为0.69％～6.36％,蒸发损失率模拟值为0.51％ ～ 1.75％,小于实测的水量损失率.模拟了不同组合间距下的喷灌水量分布,得到的喷灌均匀系数模拟值与其他软件比较,相对误差在0.11％ ～2.44％之间.     

基于LPM的摇臂式喷头水滴分布试验研究

为了研究旋转式喷头水滴直径、速度及动能的分布规律,采用激光雨滴谱仪(Laser Precipitation Monitor,LPM)对3026B型摇臂式喷头分别在0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30,0.35 MPa这5种工作压力下进行了室内无风水滴分布试验,并根据最小二乘法原理建立了水滴分布数学模型.试验结果表明:3026B型摇臂式喷头的喷洒水滴直径与喷头距离之间总体上呈指数函数分布;直径在1~3 mm的水滴在5种压力下占整个喷洒区域的频率分别为56.80%,64.35%,72.14%,61.72%,40.17%;距喷头不同距离的水滴累积频率曲线斜率随着压力的增加逐渐减小;水滴速度与直径呈对数函数分布;水滴动能与喷头距离呈指数函数分布,其相关系数在0.8以上.压力对近处水滴直径、速度及动能的分布规律影响较小,对远处的影响较大.     

A photographic method for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers

The characterization of drops resulting from impact sprinkler irrigation has been addressed by a number of techniques. In this article, a new technique based on low-speed photography (1/100 s) is presented and validated. The technique permits to directly measure drop diameter, velocity and angle. The photographic technique was applied to the characterization of drops resulting from an isolated sprinkler equipped with a 4.8 mm nozzle and operating at a pressure of 200 kPa. Sprinkler performance was characterized from photographs of 1,464 drops taken at distances ranging from 1.5 to 12.5 m. It was possible to analyze separately the drops emitted by the main jet and those emitted by the impact arm. The proposed technique does not require specific equipment, although it is labor intensive.     

Assessing whole-field uniformity of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems

The procedure established in the literature for the evaluation of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems is limited in space and time since it is based on a sample of precipitation taken around one sprinkler during a given period of the whole irrigation event. This procedure also ignores what happens in the soil after water infiltrates. A model of the drop trajectory and of the water distribution pattern is formulated here for simulating precipitation from single sprinklers. The operating pressure determines sprinkler flow and maximum throw. Wind and evaporation distort the distribution patterns. The water distribution of individual sprinklers is overlapped to generate precipitation over the whole field and to calculate a coefficient of uniformity. Field effective uniformity is then calculated by averaging precipitation over the extension of plant roots or water redistribution within the soil profile. Application of the model has shown the impact of system management and design, field topography and wind on irrigation uniformity. Management factors such as lateral operation time or riser inclination may account for a large part of the field precipitation variations. A rough topography may also reduce uniformity significantly. Wind speed is important when it exceeds 1.8–2 m s^–1. The allowable maximum pressure loss of 20% fixed as a design criterion seems an overly strict limit when other factors may overcome pressure loss as sources of non-uniformity. The sources of non-uniformity have different scales of variation. Large-scale sources, such as lateral operation time or pressure loss, are not dampened by the crop or soil. Sources of smaller-scale variation, such as wind or inclination of the sprinkler riser, are better compensated by the crop and soil. The application of this kind of model to the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems is discussed. Received: 9 May 1997     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

固定式太阳能喷灌系统喷洒水滴动能分布的研究

[目的]提高太阳能喷灌系统水力性能的稳定性和能量转换效率.[方法]采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术,对225.7～1 145 W/m2之间不同光照强度下的固定式太阳能喷灌系统水力特性参数进行试验研究,分析了单个水滴动能、单位体积水滴动能及动能强度等参数的分布规律,并提出了系统能量转换效率的测量及计算方法.[结果]光照强度对单个...     

A particle tracking velocimetry technique for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers

A variety of techniques have been proposed in the literature for sprinkler drop characterization. An optical particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique is proposed in this paper to determine drop velocity, diameter and angle. The technique has been applied to the drops emitted by an isolated impact sprinkler equipped with two nozzles (diameters 3.20 and 4.37 mm) operating at a pressure of 175 kPa. PTV has been previously used to determine the velocity vector of different types of particles. In this research, PTV was used to photograph sprinkler drops over a region illuminated with laser light. Photographs were taken at four horizontal distances from the sprinkler, which was located at an elevation of 1.65 m over the soil surface. Drop angle and velocity were derived from the displacement of the drop centroid in two images separated by a short time step. Centrality and dispersion parameters were obtained for each drop variable and observation point. Results derive from the analysis of 2,360 images. Only 37.5 % of them (884 images) contained drops which could be processed by the PTV algorithm, resulting in a total of 3,782 drops. A filtering algorithm just validated 1,893 valid drops, which were successfully analyzed. The proposed technique uses expensive equipment requiring continued protection against irrigation water. This methodology has proven valuable to characterize irrigation water drops. Despite its robust measurement procedure, further comparison with other techniques seems necessary before this optical technique can be recommended for practical use in sprinkler drop characterization.     

坡地喷灌水滴直径与动能强度分布规律研究

在室内无风条件下应用视频雨滴谱仪实时监测了不同坡度下喷洒水滴直径和速度等信息,研究了不同坡度下水滴平均直径及直径频率沿射程方向的变化规律,分别建立了水滴平均直径、速度与坡度等之间的数学关系。以此为基础,结合坡地喷灌水量分布计算方法,提出了无风条件下坡地喷洒水滴动能强度计算模型,并通过试验验证了该模型的正确性。以雨鸟LF1200型喷头为研究对象,应用该模型重点分析了不同喷头布置方式、间距和坡度对组合喷头打击动能强度分布的影响。结果表明:随着喷头间距的增大,动能强度分布越来越不均匀,且动能强度高值区所占比例不断减小;坡度变化对坡面动能强度分布影响并不明显;三角形布置方式对减小坡地喷灌打击动能强度具有一定作用。同时考虑打击动能强度和水量分布,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议优先采用三角形布置,且间距为0.8倍的平地喷头射程。     

Response of alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis> L.) to diurnal and nocturnal saline sprinkler irrigations. I: total dry matter and hay quality

Little information is available on the quantitative effects on crops of saline sprinkler irrigations and the presumable beneficial effects of nocturnal versus diurnal irrigations. We measured crude protein content, carbon isotope discrimination and total dry matter (TDM) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) subject to diurnal and nocturnal saline sprinkler irrigations. The work was carried out in Zaragoza (Spain) during the 2004–2006 growing seasons with a triple line source sprinkler system using synthetic saline waters dominated by NaCl with an irrigation water EC ranging from 0.5 to 5.6 dS m⁻¹. The quality of alfalfa hay assessed through its crude protein concentration was not significantly affected by salinity. Carbon isotope discrimination, an indicator of the effect of osmotic stress on plant water status, tended to decrease with increases in salinity. Based on a piecewise linear response model, alfalfa grown under saline sprinkler irrigation was shown to be more tolerant (threshold soil salinity, EC_e = 3.5 dS m⁻¹) than in previous experiments under surface irrigation (threshold EC_e = 2.0 dS m⁻¹) at relatively low salinity values, but became more sensitive at higher salinity values as shown by the higher absolute slope (13.4%) for sprinkler as compared to surface irrigation (7.3%). No significant differences in TDM were found between diurnal and nocturnal saline sprinkler irrigations. The recommended practice of irrigating at night for sprinkler irrigation using saline water is therefore not supported by our results in alfalfa grown under semiarid conditions.     

Evaporation and drift losses from sprinkler irrigation systems under various operating conditions

Quantitative determinations of evaporation and drift losses from sprinkler systems were carried out under different operating conditions.Evaporation losses determined by an electrical-conductivity method ranged from 1.5 to 16.8% of the total sprinkled volume. Wind velocity and vapor pressure deficit were the most significant factors affecting the evaporation losses. Exponential relationships between the evaporation losses and both wind velocity and vapor pressure deficit have been found. For the operating pressures used in this study the least effect on evaporation was found.Drift losses measured by the magnesium-oxide method varied from 1.5 to 15.1%. Drift losses increased with the second power of the wind velocity, and decreased with increasing distance in the downwind direction.Combined losses from a sprinkler system for a given set of operating conditions have been estimated by using the results obtained from the experiments. Combined losses ranged from 1.7 to 30.7% of the applied water.     

基于MATLAB全射流喷头组合喷灌计算模拟

对国内原创全射流喷头组合喷灌进行研究后,提出了一种分析处理喷头水量分布数据以实现三维可视化编程的方法.研究表明,MATLAB语言可以方便可靠地将喷头径向水量分布数据转换为网格型数据,并绘制出单喷头和喷头组合的三维水量分布图.通过插值叠加求出各网格点总降水深,求出不同组合间距系数下的全射流喷头组合均匀系数,实现计算结果可视化.根据模拟分析,提出了组合间距系数值：正方形布置时为1.2,各喷头均匀系数平均值为82.4%;三角形布置时为1.5,各喷头均匀系数平均值为85.7%.另外认为,MATLAB语言编程进行喷头喷洒分析具有功能强大,方便快捷,可视性强等优点,适用于任何喷头水量分布的分析.     

On-demand pressurized water distribution system impacts on sprinkler network design and performance

On-farm irrigation networks are designed for optimum performance at a specific upstream pressure head. In pressurized water distribution systems operating on demand, the upstream pressure head of the on-farm network can be subject to high and continuous fluctuations depending on the number of the hydrants being simultaneously opened. In this paper, a methodology combining network design and performance analysis of a sprinkler network is described and applied to an irrigation distribution system operating at two different water demands (1,200 and 600 l s⁻¹) using a case study in Italy. Four designs of the same sprinkler network were optimized at different upstream designing pressure and were evaluated at all the possible operating conditions of the system. The expensive large pipe size diameter design presented the best performance and the highest reliability at a wide range of hydrant pressure while the small pipe size designs have the tendency to fail during the peak water demand period as a result of low hydrant pressure. Flow regulators within the hydrants showed to have an important role in stabilizing the network performance at elevated upstream pressure head.     

Sprinkler droplet size distribution measured with an optical spectropluviometer

In solid set sprinkler irrigation systems, many factors have influence on water partitioning efficiency and uniformity. Drop size formation in the irrigation process is affected by some of these factors. Soil crustiness and damage to bare soil structure are problems associated with large drops. This study shows the results of measured drop size distributions in medium-sized sprinklers. An optical spectropluviometer (OSP) with infrared beam was used to measure drop size distributions. A variety of factors were checked: sprinkler type, nozzles, jet straightening vane and working pressure. The results showed that working pressure has the most influence on drop sizes; under low-pressure conditions, drops with a diameter of about 9 mm can be formed. The influence of the jet straightening vane and the types of nozzles and sprinklers has also been studied. A good similitude is obtained between the medium drop diameters measured and those simulated with the SIRIAS ballistic simulation model.     

动态水压对坡地喷灌水滴直径分布的影响

【目的】探索坡地上采用动态水压喷灌时水滴直径分布规律。【方法】以雨鸟R5000型喷头为研究对象,应用视频雨滴谱仪对坡地喷灌水滴直径沿程分布进行了测量,分别分析了动态水压和恒压模式下水滴直径沿射程变化、水滴直径频率分布及落地水滴速度、水滴角度与水滴直径之间的关系,并比较2种压力模式下上述关系的异同。【结果】①动态水压和恒压喷灌下水滴直径存在差异,随距喷头的距离增加,二者差异逐渐增大;而随坡度增大,二者差异变小。②在喷头附近和射程末端处小水滴数量占绝大多数。③水滴平均速度与水滴直径呈对数增长,压力模式和坡度对速度与直径之间的关系不显著。④垂直落地的水滴频率大小与距喷头距离关系密切,且垂直落地水滴直径较小,压力模式对角度与直径关系的影响不明显。【结论】在坡地上,分别采用动态水压和恒压喷灌时,二者水滴直径分布规律相似,动态水压不会对坡地喷灌造成更不利影响,可应用于生产实践。     

基于2DVD的非旋转折射式喷头水滴直径分布规律

采用基于三维视频粒子测量原理的视频雨滴谱仪(Two-dimensional video disdrometer,2DVD)对喷灌机中常用的Nelson D3000型喷头在多个工作压力下水滴直径沿射程的分布进行了测量,分析了水滴直径沿射程的变化趋势及水滴速度、水滴角度与水滴直径之间的关系。结果表明:水滴直径与射程符合指数函数关系,在距离喷头相同测点处,水滴直径随工作压力的升高而减小,而射程末端的水滴直径随着压力的升高而增大;水滴速度随水滴直径增加而增大,两者呈对数关系;水滴落地时与地面夹角(简称水滴角度)随水滴直径增加呈减小趋势,水滴直径小于1.0 mm时,50、100、150和200 kPa工作压力下,与地面夹角为90°的水滴个数占总水滴数的比值分别为90.46%、84.46%、89.91%和89.15%,其余水滴与地面夹角在30°~89°之间,水滴直径在1.0~2.25 mm范围内,水滴角度随水滴直径的增加迅速减小,水滴直径大于2.25 mm时减小趋势变缓,4个工作压力下最大直径水滴落地时与地面夹角平均值为45°;工作压力对于水滴直径与速度、水滴直径与角度之间的关系影响较小。     

A comparison between the gross energy requirements of different irrigation systems in Israel

Summary The energy requirements for manufacturing irrigation equipment were evaluated from a survey of a number of factories and workshops in Israel.Based on the results obtained and the life span of the components, the annual amortization of energy by high-pressure (overhead sprinklers), medium-pressure (undertree sprinklers and sprayers) and low-pressure (drip lines) irrigation systems was calculated for citrus orchards and cotton crops as irrigated in Israel. For citrus orchards a low-pressure sprayer system amortized 1.5 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 more energy than a medium-pressure undertree sprinkler system, and 2.7 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 more than a high-pressure, overhead sprinkler system. For irrigating a cotton crop, the low-pressure drip system used 6.8 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 more embodied energy than the movable, high-pressure overhead sprinkler system.The annual energy invested in irrigation water conveyance through the National Water Carrier, at the current hydraulic pressure of 500 kPa at the farm gate, varies for a cotton crop from 20 to 45 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the northern region and from 70 to 215 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the southern region of Israel, when irrigated with 4,050 m³ ha^–1. For a citrus orchard this energy input varies from 60 to 75 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the central region and from 120 to 375 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the southern regions, when irrigated with 7,200 m³ ha^–1. For obtaining the same yield in the south as in the north, the energy input for water conveyance has to be increased by 12% in the case of a cotton crop and by 7% in the case of a citrus orchard. Thus, in the north the annual energy amortization of a dripline irrigation system amounts to one third of that expended on water conveyance but in the south amounts to one-eighteenth or less, indicating the large regional dependency of energy inputs for irrigation.Calculations show that the reduction in energy requirement for water conveyance needed by irrigation systems operating at lower pressures compensates for their higher energy losses in system amortization. For example, in citrus irrigation the substitution of medium-pressure undertree sprinkler systems for high-pressure overhead sprinkler systems was calculated to save 8% of the total energy expenditure for water conveyance to the farm gate. This would amount to a saving of 7 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 for citrus in the central region and of 8 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the south. For cotton the substitution of low pressure dripline systems for high-pressure overhead sprinkler systems could save 16% of the total energy expenditure for pressurized water conveyance. This would amount to a saving of 8 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the northern region increasing to 10 GJ ha^–1 y^–1 in the south, taking into account a higher irrigation water requirement.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 1589-E, 1985 series     

Surface energy balance model of transpiration from variable canopy cover and evaporation from residue-covered or bare-soil systems

A surface energy balance model based on the Shuttleworth and Wallace (Q J R Meteorol Soc 111:839–855, 1985) and Choudhury and Monteith (Q J R Meteorol Soc 114:373–398, 1988) methods was developed to estimate evaporation from soil and crop residue, and transpiration from crop canopies. The model describes the energy balance and flux resistances for vegetated and residue-covered surfaces. The model estimates latent, sensible and soil heat fluxes to provide a method to partition evapotranspiration (ET) into soil/residue evaporation and plant transpiration. This facilitates estimates of the effect of residue on ET and consequently on water balance studies, and allows for simulation of ET during periods of crop dormancy. ET estimated with the model agreed favorably with eddy covariance flux measurements from an irrigated maize field and accurately simulated diurnal variations and hourly amounts of ET during periods with a range of crop canopy covers. For hourly estimations, the root mean square error was 41.4 W m⁻², the mean absolute error was 29.9 W m⁻², the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.92 and the index of agreement was 0.97.