安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。     

典型种养结合奶牛场粪便养分管理模式

规模化奶牛场粪便养分产生量大,因种养分离引发严重环境污染,亟需建立粪便综合养分管理模式,以实现奶牛粪便养分的合理施用。该文以典型种养结合模式"固液分离—堆肥+氧化塘—农田利用"的奶牛养殖场为案例,通过实地调研、粪便及土壤样品采样测定、以及文献参数收集等研究方法,制定了奶牛场粪便综合养分管理模式。主要结果为该存栏量2 978头的奶牛场粪便氮、磷年产生量为204和33 t/a,粪便经过收集和处理后,可供农田利用的氮磷养分为126和27 t/a。基于作物养分需求量和土壤供肥量,以及粪肥投入占总养分的比例为50%和粪肥养分的当季利用率为30%,据估算,1 473 hm~2奶牛场配套农田可施用的粪肥氮、磷养分总量分别为727.6和131.2 t/a。因此,奶牛场配套农田可有效承载粪便氮磷养分供给量。实施粪便综合养分管理模式,可充分利用粪便养分资源用于作物生长,减少粪便养分直接排放到环境,从而确保种养结合模式奶牛场长期可持续生产。     

山东省肥料施用与养分平衡状况研究

对山东省1952年以来肥料的施用情况和养分平衡状况进行了分析,结果表明:山东省自1952年以来,化学肥料用量逐步增加,有机肥用量逐渐减少;2002年有机肥用量仅占肥料施用总量的35.50%,其中有机氮肥、磷肥和钾肥分别占氮、磷、钾肥用量的26.09%、34.55%和57.60%,而化学肥料用量占肥料施用总量的64.50%,其中无机氮、磷、肥占氮、磷、钾肥的比例分别为73.91%、65.45%和42.68%,化学肥料用量明显高于有机肥;而且全省137个县市之间养分分配极不平衡,单位耕地面积化肥用量相差数千倍。进一步对全省氮、磷、钾投入产出状况进行分析发现,氮素从1982年开始盈余,每年盈余的氮素在30万吨左右;磷素从1972年开始盈余,2002年盈余高达134.64万吨;自1952年以来,钾素一直处于亏缺状态,目前每年亏缺60万吨左右。     

长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤养分和小麦产量的影响

【目的】等氮、磷、钾养分投入条件下,探索黄淮海小麦主产区化肥和有机肥施用对小麦的增产效果以及土壤养分的演变规律,为小麦科学施肥及土壤肥力的提升提供依据。【方法】本研究以8年长期定位试验为平台,在冬小麦—夏玉米的传统种植制度下,有机肥和化肥处理均分别设置5个施氮 (N) 量:0、120、240、360、600 kg/hm2,共9个处理。化肥处理的磷、钾用量等同各有机肥处理带入的量。于每年小麦收获期测定小麦产量和土壤养分含量。【结果】在土壤养分方面,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均随有机肥用量的增加而增加,并且呈逐年增长的趋势。化肥在提高土壤有机质及全氮方面与施肥量无明显关系,年际间差异不明显,基本处于同一水平。增施化肥在开始几年能够缓慢提高土壤有效磷和速效钾的养分含量,之后保持稳定。在同一施氮水平下,有机肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷钾养分含量均显著高于化肥各处理。在作物增产方面,施氮240、360、600 kg/hm2的有机肥处理小麦产量均显著高于施氮120 kg/hm2的有机肥处理,但三个处理之间差异不显著;化肥各处理间均差异不显著。除施N 120 kg/hm2水平下,化肥处理产量显著高于有机肥处理外,其他相同氮水平下化肥处理与有机肥处理无显著差异。【结论】有机肥在培肥土壤方面,效果明显优于化肥,并且有机肥处理随施肥量的增加能够持续提高土壤养分库容量,而化肥对于土壤养分的提升效果不大,始终处于一个相对较为稳定的水平。有机肥和化肥施用均对小麦产量具有显著的提升效果。在N 120 kg/hm2的低氮条件下,化肥对小麦的增产效果优于有机肥,而在高于N 240 kg/hm2的养分条件下,有机肥与化肥增产效果基本一致。另外,当产量提高到一定水平后,增加施肥量无助于作物产量的提高。     

有机肥等氮量替代化肥对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

通过5年定位试验,研究有机肥等氮量替代化肥对玉米地土壤养分及酶活性的影响,探索有机肥等氮量替代化肥,实现化肥减量增效。田间试验设置5个不同施肥处理：（1）100%化肥氮（CK）;(2)25%有机肥氮+75%化肥氮（M25）;(3)50%有机肥氮+50%化肥氮（M50）;(4)75%有机肥氮+25%化肥氮（M75）;(5)100%有机肥氮（M100）。研究结果表明：与CK相比,有机肥替代处理的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量在2019年（施肥第4年）和2020年（施肥第5年）均无显著差异,全磷含量在2019年无显著差异,但在2020年有机肥替代处理的土壤全磷含量均比CK少,其中M50、M75、M100处理为0.89、0.91、0.90 g/kg,与CK相比分别显著减少17.87%、15.24%、16.47%,M25处理与CK相比差异不显著。在2019和2020年试验中,M100处理的土壤有效磷含量为31.03～36.37 mg/kg,与CK相比,M100处理显著提高了土壤有效磷含量;在2020年试验中,各有机肥替代处理的土壤有效磷含量显著大于CK。与CK相比,有机肥替代处理的土壤脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性...     

荒漠绿洲农业生态系统养分平衡与调控

通过研究新疆绿洲农业生态系统历年养分平衡演变情况发现，N盈余为-26.9%～+27.2%，P₂O₅盈余为188.1%，K₂O则亏缺，新绿洲化肥投入已占养分总投入的74.9%，有机养分投入逐年减少。提出了养分良性循环指数(M_N)概念，当前新绿洲M_N只有0.128。阐述了人为调控模式施肥制度，其M_N可达到0.581，有机氮再循环系数H接近1。为了培肥地力，模式养分平衡要求N盈余在40%以上，以实现绿洲农业生态系统养分良性循环。     

我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策

本文基于国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系养分管理岗位团队“十一五”和“十二五”计划对全国蔬菜的试验和调查结果(共1227个农户地块，其中578个设施蔬菜地块，649个露地蔬菜地块)，细致分析了我国蔬菜化肥和有机肥使用本底及施肥中存在的主要问题。分析结果表明，1) 我国蔬菜化肥养分 (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) 用量平均为1092.0 kg/hm2，是全国农作物化肥养分用量 (328.5 kg/hm2) 的3.3倍，其中设施和露地蔬菜化肥养分用量平均分别为1354.5和 859.5 kg/hm2，分别是全国农作物化肥养分用量的4.1和2.6倍。2) 我国蔬菜肥料 (化肥 + 有机肥) 中氮、磷和钾各自总用量普遍超量，主要设施蔬菜N、P₂O₅和K₂O施用总量平均分别是各自推荐量的1.9、5.4和1.6倍，主要露地蔬菜N、P₂O₅和K₂O施用总量平均分别是各自推荐量的2.7、5.9和1.5倍，区域间蔬菜肥料养分用量不均衡现象突出，蔬菜种类间肥料养分用量差异大。3) 有机肥和基施化肥中的N、P₂O₅、K₂O比例不合理，P₂O₅占比明显过高。设施栽培蔬菜总养分投入、有机肥养分和基施化肥养分N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O分别为1.00∶0.85∶0.94、1.00∶1.10∶0.88和1.00∶0.95∶1.09；露地蔬菜三者比例平均分别为1.00∶0.63∶0.56、1.00∶1.01∶0.84和1.00∶0.90∶0.67。4) 基肥化肥养分用量比例普遍过高，设施和露地蔬菜平均分别达到45.7%和51.0%，其中华北、华东、华中和西南地区设施蔬菜基肥化肥养分比例平均在45.5%～68.7%之间，华中地区露地蔬菜基肥化肥养分比例平均高达63.0%。5) 按合理施肥条件下设施蔬菜有机肥替代化肥45%、露地蔬菜有机肥替代化肥35%的比例估算，主要设施蔬菜化肥养分减施潜力平均在34.8%～67.1%之间，主要露地蔬菜化肥养分减施潜力在41.9%～76.8%之间。我国主要菜区今后在减少N、P₂O₅、K₂O投入总量的同时，应高度重视协调N、P₂O₅、K₂O比例以及化肥的基追肥比例，改进磷肥使用策略，并制订化肥精准减量、有机肥替代化肥、施用专用新型化肥、推广水肥一体化技术等技术对策。     

减量施肥条件下生物有机肥对土壤养分供应及小白菜吸收的影响

[目的]研究化肥减量施用条件下混合加入生物有机肥对土壤养分供应、蔬菜养分吸收及生物量的影响,为化肥减量化应用的实践提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽试验方法,以小白菜为供试作物,研究生物有机肥与不同比例的化肥配合施用,对土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及蔬菜生物量、氮磷钾吸收量的影响。[结果]生物有机肥在一定的时间内能够提高土壤氮、磷、钾的供给,在减少该区常规施肥用量15%~25%的条件下,对土壤供肥能力不产生明显的影响,并可减少农业面源污染,减轻环境污染压力;小白菜生长试验显示,两种肥料混合施用,在减少化肥常规用量的15%~25%时,对小白菜的生物量、氮磷钾吸收量均不产生不利影响,并在一定程度上提高肥料的利用率。[结论]生物有机肥对土壤氮、磷、钾不仅具有活化作用,还能稳定氮、磷、钾养分的供应。     

我国耕地土壤养分变化与肥料投入状况

根据全国耕地地力监测点 10余年监测结果 ,分析了我国耕地土壤养分变化与肥料投入状况。结果表明 ,有机肥投入量有逐渐减低的趋势 ,而化肥投入量稳中有升 ;常规施肥区土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾年度间基本稳定 ,而速效磷稳中有升 ;空白区土壤有机质、速效氮基本稳定 ,速效磷、速效钾有下降趋势。养分收支平衡分析表明 ,氮磷盈余、钾亏缺。氮盈余量北方旱地、南方旱地和水田随年度稳中有升 ,而北方水田逐渐下降 ;磷盈余均稳中有升 ;钾亏缺南方水田在缓解 ,而其他农田在逐渐加大     

有机农业生产与西部大开发

加强生态环境保护和建设是实施西部大开发的根本。简述了西部地区资源特色与优势,重点分析了西部有机农业的发展潜力,并提出西部地区有机农业生产发展对策。     

Key soil nutrient requirements for different yield levels in North China

ABSTRACT

Soil chemical properties are closely related to crop production levels. Understanding the relationships between soil nutrients and different yield levels is important for improving the efficiency of fertilization management programs. The objectives of this study were to understand the key soil nutrient requirements for different crop yield levels using 10 experimental wheat-maize rotation sites and to optimize fertilization applications in North China. The results found significant differences between the soil chemical properties among the study sites, with average contents in the range of 10.07–14.72 g/kg for soil organic carbon (SOC), 0.38–1.29 g/kg for total nitrogen (TN), 56.43–89.77 mg/kg for available nitrogen (AN), 17.36–48.54 mg/kg for available phosphorus (AP), 79.4–184.5 mg/kg for available potassium (AK), 0.78–5.97 mg/kg for soil Cu, and 0.75–2.20 mg/kg for soil Zn. The soil pH values were 6.46–8.19. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between high-level yields and higher contents of SOC, TN, AN, and AP when a suitable soil pH were present. The higher levels of soil SOC and TN were important for maintaining high-level yields in these regions. Soil AN and pH are two key limitations that could significantly (p < 0.05) improve medium-level yields. Although some soil indicators, including SOC, TN, AN, AP, soil pH, soil Zn, and Cu could significantly influence low-level yields, soil amendments with C, N, and available P and having a suitable soil pH were especially important for improving low-level yields. These results could be used to improve conventional methods of fertilization management and increase the efficiency of fertilizer use in North China.     

Mulberry nutrient management for silk production in Hubei Province of China

The silk industry is important for south China's rural economy. Leaves of mulberry (Morus spp.) are used for silkworm production. Hubei province is one of the main silk‐producing provinces in China. The objectives of this research were to survey the fertilization practices in the mulberry‐producing regions in the province and to determine the best nutrition‐management practice for mulberry plantations. A survey and a series of field experiments with N, P, K, and micronutrients were conducted from 2001 to 2002. In addition, a silkworm‐growth experiment was also conducted by feeding leaves harvested from various fertilization treatments. The results indicate that poor soil fertility and unbalanced fertilization were the main factors limiting mulberry‐leaf yield and quality in Hubei province. Nitrogen fertilization of mulberry has reached a high level (454 kg ha^–1 y^–1) in Hubei province, but P‐ and K‐fertilization rates have not been matched with N‐fertilization rates as farmers are not aware of the significance of P and K. Balanced fertilization showed positive nutrient interactions with respect to mulberry yield and quality. Potassium application increased yield and quality (protein and sugar concentration) of mulberry leaves. Silkworm growth and cocoon quality were improved when silkworms were fed with the leaves derived from K‐fertilized plants in comparison with those taken from control plots. Application of Mg, S, and B also significantly improved leaf sugar, essential and total amino acid concentrations, but did not increase leaf yield significantly. It is concluded that a fertilizer dose of 375 kg N ha^–1, 66 kg P ha^–1, and 125 kg K ha^–1 is suitable for the cultivation of mulberry in the Hubei province along with Mg, S, and B, wherever necessary, for the improvement of yield and quality of mulberry leaves.     

可持续的中国农业养分管理: 挑战与展望

China has to raise agricultural productivity in its limited and shrinking farmland to guarantee food security for its huge and ever-growing population. Sustainable soil nutrient management is of paramount importance to the world's most populous country. Critical challenges the country is facing in sustaining soil fertility and in alleviating the hazardous impact of intensive fertilizer use are discussed in this paper. It is emphatically pointed out that national strategies as well as area-specific action plans with respect to scientific nutrient management are urgently needed to balance productivity and sustainability in the future. Relevant proposals for addressing those challenges are also presented.     

Dynamic aspects of nutrient requirements by intact plants

Abstract

When plant tissues are analyzed, the interpretation of the mineral composition depends on all the dynamic factors of mineral uptake, distribution, redistribution, and interactions. Each of these factors must be viewed in the proper perspective to insure a valid interpretation of the nutrient requirements of plants.

Since plant growth is dynamic, the factor which must be considered is the rate of nutrient supply to the rate of nutrient demand for growth. These rates vary throughout the life cycle of the plant.

In tissue analysis, the critical concentrations may vary throughout the plant depending on the plant part and nutrient element under consideration. Here, also, the dynamic factors should be considered to insure the proper applications of these critical concentrations.     

精准农业中土壤养分分析的适宜取样数量的确定

为研究适合丘陵地区的土壤养分取样数量,减少采样分析成本,本文采用Cochran（1977）公式对丘陵地区土壤特性的取样点数量进行了探讨。结果发现：在1km。研究区域内,利用Cochran公式对土壤养分进行预估,其取样数目比网格取样法明显减少,土壤中的N以15％的相对误差为宜,在置信度分别为90％和95％条件下,分别只采集2个和3个样本就能反映其含量水平;P以15％的均值误差为宜,在置信度分别为90％和95％条件下,分别采集17个和25个样本就足够反映其基本情况;Mg以5％的均值误差为宜,在置信度分别为90％和95％下,取样数量分别为11个和15个。     

浅论中国能源农业的发展

该文提出了能源农业的概念,总结了中国能源农业建设的主要技术类型,并根据中国发展能源农业的驱动因素,在借鉴国内外能源农业发展历史及现状的基础上,提出了当前中国发展能源农业应关注的几个关键领域。     

Definition of sustainable and unsustainable issues in nutrient management of modern agriculture

Abstract. Sustainable management of nutrients in agricultural systems is critical for sufficient production of nutritious foods and to minimize environmental pollution. In this overview, we discuss some of the most important factors influencing nutrient cycling, and how practices for sustainable nutrient management can be optimized. In most cases, problems are associated with excessive use of nutrients (manures, other organic amendments, and inorganic fertilizers). Options for dealing with such problems at the farm level include: reducing nutrient inputs to balance exports, increasing the land area on which manures are applied, and export of excess nutrients from the farm in the form of value-added products. These strategies can be used singly, or in combination. Nutrients in the human food chain are often not recycled back to primary crop production. To manage such issues, and avoid regional nutrient accumulations, we need to develop a better understanding of large-scale nutrient flows, and develop policies to manage them. We stress the importance of scale when considering nutrient management in the future.     

东北农牧交错带农业生态系统结构优化生产模式

以位于东北农牧交错带的吉林省长岭县种马场为例，调查了其农业生产状况，运用线性规划模型对该地区的农业生态系统结构进行优化，提出了适合该地区的优化生产模式。经过优化设计后，农业生态系统的结构趋于合理，优化后的农业生态系统可以使1 hm²农田的纯收益达到8254.6元，是优化前(4019.96元)的2.05倍，单位面积土地承载牛的数量也明显增加。优化结果使农业生态系统的结构趋于合理，整体效益明显优于优化之前，本优化方案对该地区农业生态系统结构调整具有一定的指导作用。