风沙半干旱区旱地玉米提高降水生产效率的栽培技术研究

研究垄膜沟种微集雨和全地面平铺覆膜栽培技术对提高旱地玉米天然降水利用率的影响。结果表明,田间沟垄微集雨结合覆盖有效地利用了垄膜的集雨和沟覆盖的蓄水保墒功能,改变了降雨的时空分布,使降雨集中在沟内,明显提高了降雨的利用率,特别是5 mm左右微小降雨的利用率。全地面平铺覆盖栽培最大限度降低了土壤水分的无效蒸发,达到保墒的目的。田间沟垄微集雨技术和全地面平铺覆盖栽培技术能增加玉米产量,提高降水利用率。     

大垄栽培条件下的土壤环境与马铃薯产量

试验进行了大垄与小垄两种栽培模式下的一些土壤环境因子及马铃薯产量的差异研究,结果表明:大垄栽培改善了结薯区及根区的土壤生态环境,使该区的土壤容重和出苗后10￣25cm耕层土壤温度显著降低;使20￣30cm土壤含水量显著地增加;促进了养分释放;大垄栽培相对于小垄使马铃薯总产量和商品薯产量明显增加,且均达到极显著水平。大垄栽培使总产增加24.31%,商品薯产量增加得更大,达到61.74%。大垄栽培是可以在黑龙江省大范围推广的栽培方式。     

Steam treatment to prevent carrot decay during storage

Organically grown carrots (Daucus carota L.) have a relatively short storage and shelf life, mainly because chemical measures cannot be implemented to control plant pathogens. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that steam treatments substantially reduced decay of stored organically grown carrots. Prior to being packaged, winter carrots were exposed to 3 s of steam. After 60 days of storage at 0.5°C plus an additional week at shelf conditions (20°C), 2% of the carrots were decayed, as opposed to 23% in the nontreated control. When carrot was inoculated with the fungi Alternaria alternata, [(Fr. : Fr.) Keissler] A. radicina (Meier) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [(Lib.) De Bary], percentages of decay, after similar periods of storage and shelf life, were 5% for steam-treated carrot and 65% for the nontreated control. In semi-commercial experiments carrots were treated with steam during the sorting process, and similar results were obtained. Higher decay was found in spring-grown carrots because of the presence of the bacterium Erwinia carotovora.sub. sp. carotovora     

Soil quality responses to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China

This paper explores the soil responses to alfalfa that is established using a field micro-catchment technique to harvest water under semiarid conditions. The field micro-catchment technique involved setting up ridges and furrows alternately on the flat land. The ridges served as the rainfall harvesting zone and the furrows as the planting zone. Five treatments were set up in this study: (1) conventional cultivation in a flat plot without mulch (CK), (2) plastic mulched ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (M30), (3) plastic mulched ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (M60), (4) bare ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (B30), (5) bare ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (B60). The mulching treatments increased the productivity of seeded alfalfa and significantly (p < 0.05) increased water use efficiency, causing the soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TSN) and C/N ratio to increase. We also found that the alfalfa root system was very good at breaking up the plowing pan created by many years of tillage. In the M30 and M60 treatments, the total forage yield during the 3 years was higher than in CK by 10.7% and 40.3% respectively, whereas the total forage yield over the 3 years in the B30 and B60 treatments were lower than in the CK treatment by 14.2% and 28.3%, respectively. The water use efficiency in the mulching treatment was significantly higher than in the other treatments. After 3 years (2001–2003), the SOC content in ridge and furrow treatments (M30, M60, B30 and B60) was increased by 7.4%, 14.2%, 4.5% and 1.8%, respectively, contrasting with a decrease of 3.5% in the CK treatment. The increase in SOC positively correlated (R² = 0.6257) with the forage yield of alfalfa in the ridge and furrow treatments. The TSN for CK, M30, M60, B30 and B60 increased by 0.35%, 1.70%, 2.30%, 0.75% and 0.64%, respectively by the end of the 3 years. However, we found that the available phosphorus (P) in the mulch treatments during the 3-year period decreased rapidly indicating that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer to alfalfa-cultivated land under these management conditions. In conclusion, the ridge and furrow with mulch treatments, especially M60 treatments, proved to be a better pattern for alfalfa establishment, soil quality and nutrient cycling under semiarid conditions.     

Tuber initiation and development in irrigated and non-irrigated potatoes

Tuber initiation and development are processes basic to potato production and are particularly critical in areas with short growing seasons. It is important to know how and to what extent management decisions affect these processes in order to maximize the yield of marketable tubers. A two-year field study, conducted in southcentral Alaska, examined top growth, tuber initiation, and tuber development in eight potato cultivars grown with and without irrigation. Plants of the cultivars Allagash Russet, Bake-King, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Lemhi Russet, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Superior were harvested weekly throughout the growing season, and top dry weight, numbers of tubers, and individual tuber fresh weights were recorded. Top dry weight was reduced by moisture stress shortly after emergence in 1993, and about one month following emergence in 1994, when early-season soil moisture was greater. The weight of tubers was similarly affected within approximately 5 wk of emergence in 1993 and 6 weeks in 1994. Tuber weight at harvest was increased two-to three-fold by irrigation in all cultivars. The number of tubers each plant set was affected by irrigation in most, but not all, cultivars. Some varieties (Lemhi Russet in 1994, Allagash Russet both years) set more tubers than were maintained through the growing season. Tuber remnants found during sample collection indicated that tuber reabsorption had occurred. Irrigated Green Mountain had more than one tuber initiation period during the season, whereas other varieties such as Shepody maintained a relatively constant number of tubers following initial tuber set. Tuber size distribution at the end of the growing season showed that larger tubers were favored by irrigation.     

Crop rotation impacts on potato protein

The impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilization on potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) protein yield and nutritional quality are well documented but of little benefit to growers with limited access to fertilizer or capital (e.g. in lesser developed countries). This study was conducted 1) to evaluate the extent which crude protein yield in potatoes can be influenced by crop rotation with no N fertilizer and 2) to determine if crop rotation and minimal application of N fertilizer can meet the total protein yield of potatoes achieved with recommended quantities of N fertilizer. A field study was conducted in which potatoes followed previous crops of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin ( Lupinus albus L. Ultra), oats ( Avena sativa Astro), and potatoes. Tuber protein yield following alfalfa with no N fertilizer was about 50 kg/ha greater than when following potatoes or oats in one study year. In another year, tuber protein yield was greatest following vetch, achieving 149 kg protein/ha with no N fertilizer. These results were directly linked to the N contributions of rotation crop residues and were reflected in the plant-available N levels measured in soil. Applying one-half the recommended rate of N fertilizer resulted in protein yields comparable to a well-fertilized potato-potato rotation in a relatively dry year, but not in a year with more favorable precipitation. Particular crops grown in rotation with potatoes can make significant contributions to the total protein harvested in tubers.     

垄作覆盖模式对夏玉米耕层含水量及产量形成的影响效应分析

以免耕平作为对照,研究不同垄作覆盖模式对夏玉米耕层土壤含水量、干物质积累与分配以及产量的影响效应。结果表明,垄作和覆盖栽培的保水效果在玉米生育后期尤其是干旱时更为显著。相同条件下宽窄行垄作栽培处理的增产效果明显优于等行距垄作处理,无覆盖条件下等行距垄作处理的实际产量较平作处理提高0.5%,宽窄行垄作处理提高8.91%;覆盖条件下等行距垄作处理与宽窄行垄作处理的实际产量较平作处理分别提高3.62%和11.59%。相关及通径分析表明,子粒实际产量与开花至成熟期耕层土壤平均含水量、大喇叭口期叶片干重以及成熟期叶片干重呈显著正相关。提高开花至成熟期耕层土壤平均含水量、降低开花期茎鞘干重、促进叶片的干物质积累是垄作覆盖模式下玉米获得高子粒产量的主要原因。     

大豆大垄高台密植栽培技术

大垄高台密植栽培技术是在“深窄密”模式的基础上,增加了土壤库容,而发展起来的一项垄平结合、宽窄结合、旱涝综防的大豆栽培模式。主要介绍该技术独特的技术优势和严格的操作标准。     

环渤海低平原区青贮玉米垄作覆膜种植模式研究初报

为探索环渤海低平原区青贮玉米最佳种植模式,本试验以等行距露地平作为对照,研究了6种种植模式对青贮玉米光合特性、产量及耕层土壤水分、温度变化的影响。结果表明,宽窄行种植和起垄覆膜均能提高青贮玉米的光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,同时各覆膜处理均能提高0~20 cm土层的土壤含水量和土壤温度。其中40/70垄作膜侧模式效果最优,较对照增产30.52%,差异达到显著水平。综合分析认为,40/70垄作膜侧模式具有土壤增温、集雨保墒、促进光合、稳产增产作用,在春季干旱少雨的滨海平原区具有广阔的应用前景。     

甘蔗大型机械化收获模式对蔗地土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响

为明确机械收获对蔗地土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响,以消除蔗农对大型机械收获系统对甘蔗耕层土壤严重压实的顾虑。以广西红壤坡耕地为研究对象,设置机械收获和人工收获2种处理,研究机械收获对耕层土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响。结果表明：蔗垄0~40 cm土层,土壤容重、贯入阻力、抗剪强度、田间持水量和总孔隙度等土壤物理性状在机械收获和人工收获间均无显著差异。蔗沟0~20 cm土层,机械收获后,土壤紧实度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度显著提高,总孔隙度和通气孔隙度下降。同人工收获相比,机械收获过程中,机具行走对蔗沟土壤造成压实,但对蔗垄土壤影响不显著。蔗垄土壤紧实度在垂直梯度上存在2个明显交替变化的界面,0~20 cm土层以人工收获的土壤紧实度较高,20~40 cm土层以机械收获的土壤紧实度较高。第1年宿根季和第2年宿根季人工收获处理蔗茎产量均高于机械收获处理,但差异不显著。综上所述,在固定道技术下,甘蔗机械收获对蔗垄土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响不显著。本研究为规范甘蔗机械收获操作,减少大型机械对蔗地土壤压实提供了科学依据。     

西吉县旱地马铃薯双垄全膜覆盖集雨栽培技术

西吉县连年干旱的自然状况成为当地马铃薯产业发展的主要限制因素。通过多年的试验摸索总结出旱地马铃薯双垄全膜覆盖集雨栽培技术,主要包括选择地块,规格划行;合理施肥,起垄覆膜;土壤处理,防虫除草;选择良种,适时收获等环节。为西吉县乃至宁南山区马铃薯抗旱高产栽培提供了先进的技术和经验。     

Influence of treatment of soil with carbofuran on the subsequent performance of insecticides against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae)

A sandy loam soil was treated with 2·5 kg carbofuran/ha on each of five occasions between May and October 1984. In 1985, the field performance of benfuracarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and furathiocarb against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae) was studied in this soil and in identical but previously untreated soil by applying exponentially increasing doses of granular formulations to radish and carrots at drilling. Chlorfenvinphos reduced numbers of larvae of both pests by >90% in both soils but the performance of all the carbamates was significantly worse in the previously treated soil than in the previously untreated soil. Dazomet, a partial soil sterilant, was applied to part of the experimental area in October 1985 and the performance of aldicarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and thiofanox against cabbage root fly was assessed in 1986. The efficiency of aldicarb and chlorfenvinphos was not affected by any of the pre-treatments but that of carbofuran and carbosulfan was reduced in all the pre-treated soils, including the soil treated with dazomet. Carbofuran residues in radish were detectable only in plants grown in previously untreated soil. In laboratory incubations, a dustless base formulation of carbofuran was degraded more quickly in pre-treated than in untreated soils but a granular formulation was degraded more slowly and at a similar rate in both soils.     

全膜覆盖双垄集雨沟播种植马铃薯的效益分析

在降雨量400 mm左右的原州区开城镇寇庄村,对晋薯7号进行了不同覆膜方式的研究,测定了0～20 cm土层地温和0～100 cm土壤含水量,以探索全膜覆盖双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤温度和含水量的影响。结果表明:在马铃薯生长的每一个时期,不同土壤深度的地温和有效积温总体表现为:秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培>顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培>播期全膜双垄沟播栽培>秋季半膜栽培>顶凌半膜栽培>播期半膜栽培;不同处理土壤含水量是秋季覆膜栽培>顶凌覆膜栽培>播期覆膜栽培,全膜覆盖栽培>半膜覆盖栽培。播期半膜栽培马铃薯667 m2产量为1 436.9 kg,而秋季全膜覆盖双垄沟播栽培667 m2产量达到1 762.7 kg,增产效果非常显著。     

白浆土上大豆“三垄”栽培法的效应分析

本试验于１９８９－１９９１年在黑龙江省８５４农场进行,土壤类型为白浆土。本文探讨了低湿地白浆土上“三垄”栽培法和平作栽培法两种不同耕作方式对大豆生长及产量的影响,结果表明,大豆“三垄”栽培法与平作相比,三年平均增产１６．３１％。产量差异达τ０．０１显著水平。在“三垄”栽培条件下,大豆叶面积指数,光合势,叶／粒比和经济系数显著。与平作相比,“三垄”栽培法在大豆的生育前期使０－２０ｃｍ土层的温度和土壤     

Effect of annual sequence of removing or flaming potato vines and fumigating soil on verticillium wilt of potato

The effects of removing or flaming potato vines and soil fumigation on population density ofVerticillium dahliae in soil, severity of Verticillium wilt, and tuber yield were studied in a field near Alliston, Ontario, between 1993 and 1996. Vines were physically removed or flamed using a propane flamer in September just before harvest and soil was fumigated with metam-sodium (Vapam) at 550 L/ha in October after harvest. Vine removal had no effect on soil populations ofV. dahliae, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), or tuber yield. Flaming once (1993), twice (1993 and 1994), or three (1993,1994, and 1995) times reduced the soil population density ofV. dahliae, and flaming twice (1993 and 1994) reduced AUDPC compared to the nontreated control, but had no effect on tuber yield. Fumigation once (1993) or twice (1993 and 1994) reduced pathogen density in soil and AUDPC, but did not increase tuber yield. Fumigation once (1993) or twice (1993 and 1994), in combination with flaming twice (1993 and 1994), was equally and significantly effective in reducing both population density ofV. dahliae in soil and AUDPC values and in increasing tuber yield in 1995. Annual flaming of vines in combination with soil fumigation once (1993) or twice (1993 and 1994) in the fall improved the control of Verticillium wilt of potato and realised the greatest profits.     

窄畦窄行穴播大豆群体生理指标及光分布特点

采用大区对比法对窄畦窄行穴播大豆各生育阶段群体生理指标及冠层光分布特点进行了分析。结果表明：与传统的宽畦宽行穴播相比,窄畦窄行穴播大豆群体ＬＡＩ高,叶片功能期长,相对光强高;在鼓粒期（Ｒ５）,降低了叶片密集点所处的高度,减小了叶片密集度和消光系数,改善了整个冠层的光照条件,提高了净光合生产率,积累了更多的干物质,从而使籽粒产量提高了１７．８％。     

垄膜沟种技术对辽西旱地春玉米土壤水分及产量的影响

在辽西风沙半干旱雨养农业区采用垄膜沟种技术,可有效提高自然降水利用率,达到保水增墒、减少无效蒸发,提高玉米产量的作用。试验结果表明,垄膜沟种技术种植的春玉米全生育期内在同等降雨条件下土壤含水量比常规地膜覆盖增加0.75个百分点,比裸地增加3.32个百分点。春玉米单株总叶面积比常规地膜覆盖和裸地种植分别增加了881.70 cm²和714.39 cm²,为春玉米增产提供了物质保障。垄膜沟种技术可提高玉米经济性状指标,增加产量,试验单产达11 847.39 kg/hm²,较裸地种植增加了2 681.62 kg/hm²,增产29.14%;比常规地膜覆盖种植增加了484.37 kg/hm²,增产4.25%。     

Influence of slitted polyethylene mulch,nitrogen rates,and trickle irrigation on potatoes

In 1974, potatoes(Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown on unmulched, clear, and black slitted polyethylene. Production and tuber specific gravity of the potatoes were determined at four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 lb/A) and with two varieties (Superior and Katahdin). In 1975, potatoes were grown on unmulched and clear slitted polyethylene with and without trickle irrigation. Nitrogen increased marketable yields up to 150 lb/A on the unmulched potatoes. Irrigation increased the marketable yields of potatoes on both unmulched and mulched plots. However, no advantage was found in marketable yields, specific gravities or tuber sizes of the potatoes grown on either clear or black slitted polyethylene mulch over conventional unmulched soil for the ‘Superior’ or ‘Katahdin’ varieties.     

Chemical composition and some plant characteristics in relation to quality of some promising cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Twenty three cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots consisting of fifteen local and eight exotic cultivars were analysed for various chemical constituents including dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), -carotene, total and reducing sugars, phenolics, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, sodium potassium and ash. In addition other characteristics such as days to maturity, root weight and length, flesh thickness, core diameter, number of forked and cracked roots per plot have been studied. Yellow carrots were found to have maximum root length, water soluble carbohydrates and minimum -carotene content. The exotic cultivars were found to have higher TSS content than the local cultivars, while the latter cultivars had higher mineral contents than the former. However, on the average, dry matter content, total water soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars were found to be greater in exotic cultivars than in local ones, but -carotene, phenols and phosphorus contents were greater in local cultivars. A significant positive correlation between -carotene content, ash percentage and days to maturity was observed. A wide variation in chemical constituents and plant characteristics was observed indicating a high genetic variability in the material under study.     

大豆不同栽培方式研究初报

根据1990—1992年的试验资料,分析不同栽培方式对大豆产量、有关生理指标和群体生态环境的影响。结果表明:在土壤条件基本一致,栽培水平相同的情况下,窄行穴播产量高于窄行条播、垄上穴播、垄上双条播。窄行穴播亩产为277.3kg,较窄行条播、垄上穴播、垄上双条播分别增产14.12％、24.18％、26.51％。窄行穴播增产的原因是提高大豆中后期叶面积系数,增大净光合生产率、植株地上部干物质积累量以及光合速率。既保证了植株个体良好的生长,又使群体有一个理想的生态环境条件,从而使大豆获得了高产。