牛卵泡AGTR2序列结构及表达特性分析

【目的】研究牛卵泡发育过程中关键调控蛋白CART的候选受体AGTR2的分子特征和立体结构,并结合AGTR2在不同生理状态牛卵泡的表达特性分析其功能。【方法】 同期发情处理后,经B超声波连续监测（每12 h 一次）采集牛双侧卵巢,分离优势卵泡（dominant follicles, DF）和从属卵泡（subordinate follicles, SF）;其中3头牛DF和SF分别分离颗粒细胞（granulosa cells, GCs）,抽提总RNA后,经反转录、引物特异性扩增、胶回收及测序,获得AGTR2基因全CDS区;生物信息学方法对其序列结构、亲缘关系及立体结构进行分析;设计AGTR2和内参基因RPLP0 qRT-PCR引物,分析AGTR2在牛DF和SF的差异表达情况;另1头牛DF和SF经4%多聚甲醛固定后,设定阳性、阴性对照组和试验组,应用免疫组织化学技术对AGTR2进行表达和定位分析。【结果】 AGTR2 CDS区全长1 089 bp,编码362个氨基酸;牛卵泡AGTR2氨基酸序列与NCBI数据库获得的其他24种动物对应的氨基酸序列BLAST分析表明,该序列与印度水牛序列相似性最高（99.4%）,与其他动物序列相似性为92.0%—98.9%;立体结构和功能域分析表明,AGTR2立体结构中包含有7个横跨细胞膜的平行的α螺旋结构,符合G蛋白偶联受体（G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs）的典型特征;qRT-PCR分析结果表明AGTR2 mRNA在DF的表达量极显著高于SF（P<0.01）,且差异表达倍数达7.47倍;免疫组织化学分析结果表明AGTR2在牛DF和SF颗粒层、膜层细胞均有表达,特异性显色强度表明AGTR2在SF膜层细胞表达量高于DF。【结论】 AGTR2属于G蛋白偶联受体,符合神经肽CART受体的基本特征;本试验为进一步研究AGTR2在牛卵泡发育过程中调控信号通路和激素分泌的机理奠定基础,同时,对后期鉴定CART的受体、深入阐明CART调控牛卵泡发育的作用机理具有重要意义。     

Blockage of ovulation by an angiotensin antagonist

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is present in high concentrations in preovulatory follicular fluid, and ovarian follicular cells have specific Ang II receptors. To investigate the possible direct involvement of Ang II in ovulation the specific receptor antagonist of Ang II, saralasin, was administered by intraperitoneal injection to immature rats in which follide development and ovulation had been induced with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), respectively. Saralasin halved the number of oocytes found in the fallopian tubes 17 to 20 hours after administration of hCG. The antiovulatory effect was observed when saralasin was given 1 hour before hCG or 1 or 3 hours after hCG but not when given 5 hours after hCG. Simultaneous administration of Ang II reversed the saralasin blockage of ovulation. These results indicate a direct, obligate role for Ang II in ovulation and raise the possibility of contraceptive and profertility applications for agonists or antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system that are aimed at the ovulatory process.     

G—CSF对脑挫伤大鼠血浆及脑组织中AngⅡ和ET含量的影响

目的探讨粒细胞集落刺激因子（G—CSF）对脑挫伤大鼠血浆及脑组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ／（AngⅡ）和内皮素（ET）含量的影响．方法采用自由落体法致SD大鼠脑挫伤动物模型．将大鼠随机分为治疗组、对照组和正常组,治疗组脑挫伤后2h开始应用G-CSF（浓度为2mg／L）皮下注射10ptg／kg／d,共5d．对照组和正常组2h后给予等量的生理盐水皮下注射,共5d．正常组假手术不致伤．每组大鼠再随机分为两个亚组分别为治疗1周组、治疗2周组、对照1周组、对照2周组、正常1周组和正常2周组．分别在造模成功1周和2周后检测各组血浆及脑组织中AngⅡ和ET的含量．结果1周：对照组血浆及脑组织中AngⅡ和ET的含量均增高,与正常组比较有差异（P〈O．05）．2周：对照组血浆及脑组织中AngII和ET的含量增加更加明显,与正常组比较有显著的差异（P〈O．01）．治疗组1周和2周的结果是血浆及脑组织中AngⅡ和ET的含量与对照组比较均有降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．结论脑挫伤大鼠血浆及脑组织中Ang1I和ET的含量明显升高,G-CSF能降低两者的含量,从而起到对受损伤的脑组织的保护作用．     

G—CSF对脑挫伤大鼠血浆及脑组织中AngⅡ和ET含量的影响

目的探讨粒细胞集落刺激因子（G—CSF）对脑挫伤大鼠血浆及脑组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ／（AngⅡ）和内皮素（ET）含量的影响．方法采用自由落体法致SD大鼠脑挫伤动物模型．将大鼠随机分为治疗组、对照组和正常组,治疗组脑挫伤后2h开始应用G-CSF（浓度为2mg／L）皮下注射10ptg／kg／d,共5d．对照组和正常组2h后给予...     

牛卵泡颗粒细胞CART与候选受体的分子对接及其功能

通过同源建模预测牛卵泡颗粒细胞(GCs)可卡因–苯丙胺转录肽(CART)与候选受体ZMPSTE24的三维结构,运用分子对接技术分析二者的结合模式,探究其分子互作关系;选取3头健康成年母牛,分离GCs,转染TEDDM1、CMKLR1、AGTR2、ZMPSTE24沉默序列,提取总RNA,并采用q RT–PCR检测TEDDM1、AGTR2、CMKLR1、ZMPSTE24等4个候选受体沉默后m RNA的相对表达量;采用CCK–8法测定各试验组和对照组GCs增殖情况;采用ELISA法检测各组培养液中雌激素(E2)的质量浓度,研究此4个候选受体在牛卵泡GCs中的功能。结果表明：ZMPSTE24与CART存在1个结合位点、9个盐桥、17个氢键;4个候选受体试验组的m RNA相对表达量均极显著(P<0.01)低于si NC组和空白组的,表明TEDDM1、CMKLR1、AGTR2、ZMPSTE24在GCs中沉默效果良好;TEDDM1、CMKLR1、AGTR2、ZMPSTE24沉默后,各试验组的细胞增殖率和培养液中E2质量浓度均极显著(P<0.01)低于阳性对照组(不加CART)的。可见,4个...     

Mutations in the pericentrin (PCNT) gene cause primordial dwarfism

Fundamental processes influencing human growth can be revealed by studying extreme short stature. Using genetic linkage analysis, we find that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the centrosomal pericentrin (PCNT) gene on chromosome 21q22.3 cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II) in 25 patients. Adults with this rare inherited condition have an average height of 100 centimeters and a brain size comparable to that of a 3-month-old baby, but are of near-normal intelligence. Absence of PCNT results in disorganized mitotic spindles and missegregation of chromosomes. Mutations in related genes are known to cause primary microcephaly (MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, ASPM, and CENPJ).     

Truncating neurotrypsin mutation in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation

A 4-base pair deletion in the neuronal serine protease neurotrypsin gene was associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation (MR). In situ hybridization experiments on human fetal brains showed that neurotrypsin was highly expressed in brain structures involved in learning and memory. Immuno-electron microscopy on adult human brain sections revealed that neurotrypsin is located in presynaptic nerve endings, particularly over the presynaptic membrane lining the synaptic cleft. These findings suggest that neurotrypsin-mediated proteolysis is required for normal synaptic function and suggest potential insights into the pathophysiological bases of mental retardation.     

Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are endothelial cell-specific growth factors. Direct comparison of transgenic mice overexpressing these factors in the skin revealed that the VEGF-induced blood vessels were leaky, whereas those induced by Ang1 were nonleaky. Moreover, vessels in Ang1-overexpressing mice were resistant to leaks caused by inflammatory agents. Coexpression of Ang1 and VEGF had an additive effect on angiogenesis but resulted in leakage-resistant vessels typical of Ang1. Ang1 therefore may be useful for reducing microvascular leakage in diseases in which the leakage results from chronic inflammation or elevated VEGF and, in combination with VEGF, for promoting growth of nonleaky vessels.     

Serine-7 of the RNA polymerase II CTD is specifically required for snRNA gene expression

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribes genes that encode proteins and noncoding small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). The carboxyl-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of mammalian RNA Pol II, comprising tandem repeats of the heptapeptide consensus Tyr1-Ser2-Pro3-Thr4-Ser5-Pro6-Ser7, is required for expression of both gene types. We show that mutation of serine-7 to alanine causes a specific defect in snRNA gene expression. We also present evidence that phosphorylation of serine-7 facilitates interaction with the snRNA gene-specific Integrator complex. These findings assign a biological function to this amino acid and highlight a gene type-specific requirement for a residue within the CTD heptapeptide, supporting the existence of a CTD code.     

羊草Class Ⅱ几丁质酶基因的克隆及序列分析

[目的]克隆自然生长于黑龙江省盐碱地的羊草ClassⅡ几丁质酶基因并进行序列分析,为进一步研究几丁质酶基因的生物功能和应用奠定了基础。[方法]构建羊草叶片的cDNA文库,对其进行DNA序列测定和分析,并与GenBank中收录的植物几丁质酶基因序列及编码的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较。[结果]在羊草叶片eDNA文库中克隆出1条全长eDNA片段,片段长996bp,其中,可读框768bp,编码255个氨基酸。编码产物在结构上缺乏CBD和C-端延伸区,具有ClassⅡ几丁质酶的结构特征,其氨基酸序列与黑麦和小麦ClassⅡ几丁质酶具有很高的同源性;构建的pQE—LcChi2重组载体经诱导后表达出一个约27KD的蛋白,与推测的pQE-LcChi2基因编码产物大小一致。[结论]LcHi2基因在大肠杆菌中能够表达,是一个具有表达功能的基因。     

The obesity-associated FTO gene encodes a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylase

Variants in the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene are associated with increased body mass index in humans. Here, we show by bioinformatics analysis that FTO shares sequence motifs with Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. We find that recombinant murine Fto catalyzes the Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, with concomitant production of succinate, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. Consistent with a potential role in nucleic acid demethylation, Fto localizes to the nucleus in transfected cells. Studies of wild-type mice indicate that Fto messenger RNA (mRNA) is most abundant in the brain, particularly in hypothalamic nuclei governing energy balance, and that Fto mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus are regulated by feeding and fasting. Studies can now be directed toward determining the physiologically relevant FTO substrate and how nucleic acid methylation status is linked to increased fat mass.     

Human lineage-specific amplification, selection, and neuronal expression of DUF1220 domains

Extreme gene duplication is a major source of evolutionary novelty. A genome-wide survey of gene copy number variation among human and great ape lineages revealed that the most striking human lineage-specific amplification was due to an unknown gene, MGC8902, which is predicted to encode multiple copies of a protein domain of unknown function (DUF1220). Sequences encoding these domains are virtually all primate-specific, show signs of positive selection, and are increasingly amplified generally as a function of a species' evolutionary proximity to humans, where the greatest number of copies (212) is found. DUF1220 domains are highly expressed in brain regions associated with higher cognitive function, and in brain show neuron-specific expression preferentially in cell bodies and dendrites.     

Functional analysis of a complementary DNA for the 50-kilodalton subunit of calmodulin kinase II

The calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is a major component of brain synaptic junctions and has been proposed to play a variety of important roles in brain function. A complementary DNA representing a portion of the smaller 50-kilodalton subunit of the rat brain enzyme has been cloned and sequenced. The calmodulin-binding region has been identified and a synthetic analog prepared that binds calmodulin with high affinity in the presence of calcium. Like the 50-kilodalton kinase polypeptide, the concentration of the messenger RNA varies both neuroanatomically and during postnatal development of the brain. The broad tissue and species cross-reactivity of the complementary DNA suggests that the 50-kilodalton subunit found in rat brain is evolutionarily conserved and is the product of a single gene.     

Beta-arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3

beta-Arrestins, originally discovered in the context of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, also function in internalization and signaling of these receptors. We identified c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) as a binding partner of beta-arrestin 2 using a yeast two-hybrid screen and by coimmunoprecipitation from mouse brain extracts or cotransfected COS-7 cells. The upstream JNK activators apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 4 were also found in complex with beta-arrestin 2. Cellular transfection of beta-arrestin 2 caused cytosolic retention of JNK3 and enhanced JNK3 phosphorylation stimulated by ASK1. Moreover, stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1A receptor activated JNK3 and triggered the colocalization of beta-arrestin 2 and active JNK3 to intracellular vesicles. Thus, beta-arrestin 2 acts as a scaffold protein, which brings the spatial distribution and activity of this MAPK module under the control of a GPCR.     

斑马鱼尾加压素Ⅱ受体基因组织表达的研究

尾加压素Ⅱ受体(UrotensinⅡreceptor,UT)是一种7次跨膜G蛋白偶联受体,是目前发现的具有最强收缩血管作用的尾加压素Ⅱ的特异性受体。斑马鱼中存在4种不同的UT-like基因(uts2r1,uts2r2,uts2r3和uts2r4),分别位于斑马鱼4条不同染色体上。这4种uts2r基因核苷酸序列各不相同,uts2r1位于3号染色体上,其与12号染色体上的uts2r2基因蛋白序列相似度最高为47%,与6号染色体上的uts2r3和16号染色体上的uts2r4蛋白相似度分别是41.6%和33%。通过设计特异引物检测每种uts2r基因在斑马鱼成鱼各组织中的表达情况,结果显示3号染色体上的uts2r1基因在肾脏中表达量最高,6号染色体上的uts2r2基因在脊髓中表达量最高,12号染色体上的uts2r3基因在心脏中表达量最高,而16号染色体上的uts2r4基因在背肌中表达量最高。     

高比例植物蛋白的代乳粉对断奶犊牛消化道酶活性的影响

选取20头7日龄左右的荷斯坦奶公犊牛分配于试验组MR1、MR2、MR3和对照组CK,每组共5头.试验组MR1、MR2、MR3分别饲喂60%、70%、80%3种不同植物蛋白含量的代乳粉,对照组CK饲喂鲜奶,研究不同植物蛋白含量的代乳粉对断奶犊牛消化道主要消化酶活性的影响.犊牛8周龄时测定其小肠各段食糜中胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性.结果表明,试验组MR1、MR2、MR3的小肠各段食糜中胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶活性均显著低于对照组CK(P＜0.05),且试验组中MR1的活性最高,MR3的活性最低.试验组MR1、MR2、MR3的小肠各段食糜中脂肪酶活性均显著低于对照组CK(P＜0.05),且试验组中MR1的活性极显著高于MR2、MR3(P＜0.01),MR2的活性最低.由试验结果得出,断奶犊牛消化酶的活性随着代乳粉中植物蛋白含量的升高呈下降趋势,其中植物蛋白的种类也对断奶犊牛消化酶活性有很大的影响.     

高山红景天UGT72B14-2基因克隆及其原核表达

[目的]旨在构建UGT72B14-2的原核表达体系,为进一步研究其功能与应用奠定基础.[方法]利用RT-PCR技术从高山红景天茎叶中分离获取UGT72B14-2基因,在大肠杆菌中表达后,经Ni2+亲和柱纯化、PD-10柱脱盐处理,利用SDS-PAGE检测目标蛋白.[结果]测序结果表明UGT72B14-2基因长度为1 422 bp,预测其编码473个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子量(Mr)为51.49 kDa,等电点(pI)为6.30;SDS-PAGE检测结果表明当初始菌液OD600约0.6时,诱导4h后目标蛋白即可大量表达,纯化、脱盐和浓缩处理后可获得较高纯度的重组蛋白.[结论]UGT72B14-2属于UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶家族的一员,能够在大肠杆菌中表达.     

月季花瓣丝氨酸蛋白酶基因RhSep1的克隆及生物信息学分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从切花月季品种"Samantha"中克隆丝氨酸蛋白酶基因RhSep1。利用生物信息学技术对所得到的丝氨酸蛋白酶RhSep1序列进行结构与功能预测。结果表明:RhSep1基因全长2 442 bp,开放阅读框编码769个氨基酸,推定该丝氨酸蛋白酶分子质量为80.48 kD。通过NCBI和MEROPS肽酶数据库等对Rh-Sep1进行Protein Blast,发现RhSep1具有肽酶S8₃家族SA的典型结构域Petidase_S8₃（序列为Tyr-108-Leu-341）和PA_subtilisin_like的结构域（序列为Tyr-348-Ile-474）。预测RhSep1可能具有信号肽、明显疏水区和典型跨膜区,同时RhSep1氨基酸序列中存在较多蛋白激酶C和酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、豆蔻酰化位点。这些活性位点往往与蛋白的磷酸化、G蛋白相互作用等信号转导事件有关,RhSep1可能存在复杂的蛋白水平调控机制。