石灰岩山地坡位对侧柏光合蒸腾特性的影响

为分析困难山地不同坡位侧柏光合和蒸腾作用等生理特性的差异,利用Li-6400便携式光合仪对石灰岩山地4种坡位侧柏的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合有效辐射(rPAR)、空气相对湿度(Hr)、气温(Ta)等指标进行测定.结果表明:不同坡位侧柏净光合速率最大值均出现在8:00,底坡和中坡侧柏在中午都出现午休现象;坡位越高,侧柏日均净光合速率越低.各样地侧柏蒸腾速率日变化均呈双峰曲线,日均蒸腾速率由大到小依次为顶坡＞平地＞中坡＞底坡.底坡侧柏气孔导度在中午时值最小,且日均水分利用效率最高.相关性分析表明,研究区侧柏光合蒸腾作用的主要影响因子是气孔导度、光合有效辐射和空气相对湿度,底坡是最适合侧柏生长的位置.     

引种台湾桤木的蒸腾特性及其影响因子

采用L1—6400光合测定系统对引种2a生台湾桤木苗木的蒸腾作用及环境因子进行研究。结果表明:(1)在整个生长期,叶片蒸腾速率日变化均表现为宽大的单峰型曲线,以13∶00～15∶00时左右蒸腾速率最高,不同部位叶片在不同生长期峰值有所不同,属非蒸腾午休型植物;(2)蒸腾速率季节变化表现为单峰曲线,以7月为最高,整个生长期叶片平均蒸腾速率为3 116mmol·m-2·s-1～3 383mmol·m-2·s-1;(3)在光响应过程中,蒸腾速率的变化与光合有效辐射和气孔导度的变化密切相关;(4)光合有效辐射(Par)、气孔导度(Cond)、空气温度(Tair)和叶面水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)是影响蒸腾速率日变化的主要生理生态因子;以Par、Cond、Vpdl、Tair和相对湿度(RH)对蒸腾速率季节变化的直接作用为明显。     

南岭杉木人工林光合-蒸腾作用特征研究

应用便携式光合作用系统Licor-6400观测了南岭杉木人工林林冠层不同高度叶片光合作用-蒸腾作用日进程.结果表明:(1)处于林冠不同高度(林冠顶部、林冠中部和林冠下部,下同)的杉木叶光合作用速率及其日进程变化特征均存在差异,其日平均光合速率为(4.81±0.23)μmol·m-2s-1;(2)位于林冠不同高度的杉木叶的蒸腾作用速率及其日进程变化亦存在差异,其日平均蒸腾速率为(1.48±0.07)mmol·m-2s-1;(3)不同高度的杉木叶水分利用效率(WUE)差异不显著(P=0.05),叶片日平均WUE为(3.41±0.19)μmol/mmol;林冠内不同高度光合有效辐射在该杉木人工林中并非限制因子.     

红瑞木光合特性研究

应用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对红瑞木光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,利用SPSS统计分析软件,采用相关分析及多元逐步回归分析得出红瑞木春季、夏季、秋季净光合速率与生理生态因子间的关系。结果表明:春季光合速率呈单峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和温度;夏季光合速率呈单峰曲线,在16:30左右又出现一个小高峰,影响光合速率的主要因子为蒸腾速率、光合有效辐射和温度;秋季净光合速率呈双峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和大气水气压亏缺;夏季净光合速率最大。     

连翘叶片光合速率日变化特征的研究

采用Li-6400便携式全自动光合测定仪对连翘叶片光合速率及其相关因子的日变化规律进行测定。结果表明:在晴朗无风条件下,连翘光合速率(Pn)日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在上午12:00时,为13.27μmol CO_2.m~(-2).s~(-1);蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化也为一单峰曲线,峰值也出现在12:00时,为3.38μmo H_2O.m~(-2).s~(-2)。影响连翘叶片净光合速率日变化的主要生理因子是气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_2浓度,主要生态因子是光合有效辐射和相对湿度等。采用相关分析和多元逐步回归分析方法,得出光合速率和蒸腾速率与大气CO_2浓度、胞间CO_2浓度、大气温度等生理生态因子间的相关关系,并建立了相应的影响因子回归方程,相关系数可达0.999999。     

不同产量类型油茶无性系光合特性的研究Ⅳ—花期

以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种3种类型为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统在花期对其净光合速率(rnpr)、蒸腾速率(rtr)等日变化及光合-光响应曲线进行了比较研究。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线存在单峰和双峰两种类型,双峰曲线存在光合午休现象,光合午休是造成普通品种产量低的原因之一;3个品种上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"一降不起"的单峰曲线;3个品种的最大净光合速率10.561～14.716μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光饱和点在705～754μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光补偿点在45～60μmol.m-2.s-1之间;逐步回归分析表明:影响高产品种叶片rnpr的主导因子为光合有效辐射和叶面相对湿度;气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受光合有效辐射的影响。     

暖季型草坪草光合蒸腾速率日变化研究

百喜草光合速率日变化曲线呈"单峰型",其它3种暖季型草坪草光合速率日变化曲线均为"双峰型",有明显的"午休"现象,日平均光合速率百喜草>假俭草>普通狗牙根>中华结缕草。中华结缕草蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈"单峰型",其它3种暖季型草坪草蒸腾速率日变化曲线均为"双峰型",日平均蒸腾速率百喜草>普通狗牙根>假俭草>中华结缕草,"午休"现象不明显。不同生态因子对四种暖季型草坪草的光合速率、蒸腾速率影响不同。     

筇竹光合日变化特征研究

对筇竹春季、夏季和秋季的光合日变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:筇竹春季净光合速率日变化为单峰曲线,没有光合"午休"现象;夏季和秋季净光合速率日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象;筇竹光合"午休"现象的主要原因是非气孔因素所致;夏季的净光合速率最高,光合能力最强,是筇竹枝叶生长旺季。影响筇竹不同季节净光合速率的最稳定环境因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度。筇竹夏季和秋季蒸腾速率变化趋势均表现为双峰曲线,春季为单峰曲线;夏季和秋季均有蒸腾"午休"现象,春季则没有。光合有效辐射、大气温度和气孔导度是影响筇竹不同季节蒸腾速率的最稳定因子。     

油茶无性系果实成熟期光合特性的研究

为了从光合生理方面了解油茶新品种的产量性状,以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统,在果实成熟期对其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等日变化参数及光合-光响应曲线进行了测定与比较分析。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线均呈宽大的单峰型,不存在光合午休现象,3个品种类型的净光合速率均存在着显著的差异;3个品种类型上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"U"型;3个品种类型的最大净光合速率在11.574~14.04μmol.m-2s-1之间,光饱和点在369~500μmol.m-2s-1之间,光补偿点在19~23μmol.m-2s-1之间;逐步回归分析结果表明,影响高产品种叶片Pn的主导因子为气孔导度,光合有效辐射和参比室的CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受胞间CO2浓度的影响。     

阔叶林下人工更新红松幼树光合作用研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,对天然次生林下、林缘、林窗环境中红松幼树的净光合速率进行测定,同时记录光合生理因子和环境因子。分析了林下、林缘、林窗不同条件下红松幼树的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光能利用率、水分利用率日进程及其差异。结果表明：日平均气温林下〈林缘〈林窗;空气相对湿度林下〉林缘〉林窗;林窗阳面叶光合有效辐射呈单峰型曲线,阳面叶光合有效辐射最大值林窗〉林缘〉林下;红松幼树净光合速率阳面叶大于阴面叶,林窗处阳面叶净光合速率日变化呈单峰型曲线,林缘呈双峰型曲线,林下呈多峰型曲线,净光合速率最大值林窗〉林缘〉林下;红松阳面叶的光能利用率林下〉林缘〉林窗;红松阳面叶蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰型曲线,且蒸腾速率林窗〉林缘〉林下,阳面叶〉阴面叶;红松阳面叶水分利用率林下〉林窗〉林缘,阳面叶水分利用率〉阴面叶水分利用率。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.