无人机低空喷施苯氧威防治亚洲玉米螟初探

使用TXC-8-5-0-1八旋翼无人机喷洒3%苯氧威乳油防治穗期玉米螟,研究该无人机飞行高度、施药液量以及加入雾滴蒸发抑制剂等因素对雾滴在玉米冠层的沉积分布及对玉米螟防效的影响。结果表明,在0.5~2 m范围内,该无人机飞行高度对喷幅无显著影响;防治玉米螟最佳飞行高度为距离玉米冠层1 n;最佳施药液量为12 L/hm~2,此条件下雾滴在雌穗上的沉积密度为(20.4±3.0)个/cm~2,防治效果为(79.6±3.1)%;加入雾滴蒸发抑制剂可以把玉米雌穗上的雾滴沉积密度提高至(25.5±4.9)个/cm~2,防治效果提高至(83.3+5.1)%。     

电动多旋翼植保无人机低容量喷雾防治玉米三点斑叶蝉的应用研究

利用KT-10-Ⅱ型四旋翼植保无人机开展玉米灌浆期三点斑叶蝉的防治试验,研究无人机飞行高度、飞行速度、施药液量以及喷雾助剂等因素对农药雾滴在玉米冠层的沉积分布影响及对三点斑叶蝉防效的影响。结果表明:在无人机飞行高度为距玉米株冠顶部1m、飞行速度6m/s、施药液量15L/hm2,并加入1.5%喷雾助剂"迈飞"的条件下,喷雾雾滴在玉米冠层上部、中部和下部的沉积密度分别达到41.9、27.3和14.9个/cm2,对三点斑叶蝉药后1d防效可达91.3%,药后14d防效96.8%以上,速效性和持效性均较理想。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺200g/L悬浮剂防治玉米螟药效试验研究

为了解决当前玉米螟危害严重的问题,笔者以常用药剂甲维盐2%乳油为对照药剂,在田间玉米上进行了氯虫苯甲酰胺200g/L悬浮剂不同使用剂量对玉米螟的防治效果和玉米增产效果的测试研究。结果表明:较对照药剂甲维盐2%乳油50mL/667m2高5.21%~24.37%;氯虫苯甲酰胺200g/L悬浮剂25mL/667m2和氯虫苯甲酰胺200g/L悬浮剂10mL+10mL/667m22次用药对玉米螟的防效最好、增产最明显。     

施药液量对植保无人飞机低容量喷雾防治番茄晚疫病药效的影响

无人机飞防省时、省力、高效,逐渐受到广大种植户的认可,市场需求不断增加。晚疫病是威胁番茄生产的重大毁灭性病害,如果防治不及时,会造成严重的减产和品质下降,目前生产上多采用常规大容量喷雾法防治,不仅费水费工,而且大水量提供了有利于病害暴发的高湿环境,防治效果往往不理想。本文以常规大容量喷雾处理作对照研究了植保无人飞机低容量喷施不同药液量和药剂量对番茄晚疫病防效的影响。研究结果表明:1)随着植保无人飞机施药液量的增加,其对晚疫病的防治效果显著增加,而药液量超过3L/667m2后,药效不再增加;施药液量2L/667m2时,植保无人飞机低容量喷雾效果与常规大容量喷雾(60L/667m2)效果相当,而施药液量3L/667m2时的防效显著好于常规大容量喷雾。2)植保无人飞机低容量喷雾在农药减量25%情况下,施药液量3L/667m2的处理与常规大容量喷雾的防治效果相当。试验结果明确,植保无人飞机低容量喷雾防治番茄晚疫病具有较强的可行性。     

六旋翼植保无人机防治油菜菌核病效果探析

应用六旋翼植保无人机低空喷洒25%咪鲜胺乳油防治油菜菌核病,结果表明,无人机施药防治油菜菌核病的效果与常规人工施药无显著性差异。无人机田间作业效率高、节水、省工、劳动强度低,节本、增收效益明显。推荐在油菜初花期和盛花期各低空喷洒1次,飞行高度2.5 m,距离油菜顶部1～1.5 m,飞行速度4～6 m/s,喷洒流量0.6～0.924 L/min。用药量为每667 m2使用25%咪鲜胺乳油50 mL+航空植保高功效通用助剂50 mL,对水1～1.5 kg,超低容量喷雾。     

5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油防治烟田烟青虫药液最佳使用方案研究

为确定烟田采用5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油喷雾防治烟青虫时的最佳药液配制方案,本研究采用正交试验方法研究了稀释倍数、施药液量和添加Silwet喷雾助剂对烟田喷雾防治烟青虫的影响,以药液在烟田的沉积率和对烟青虫的防治效果为评价指标,结合单因素的极差分析结果,获得5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油在烟田喷雾时的最佳配制施药方法。结果表明:在使用3WBJ-16DZ静电喷雾器喷洒5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油防治烟青虫时,药剂稀释1 000倍(有效成分含量50mg/L)、施药液量15L/667m2、添加Silwet喷雾制剂30mL/667m2,药液在烟草植株上的沉积率高达63.76%,7d对烟青虫防治效果达到95.84%,显著好于农户采用的稀释2 500倍(有效成分20.00mg/L)、施药液量50L/667m2的防治效果(76.50%)。本文丰富了烟田喷雾时药液配制方面的参数筛选内容,为农药合理使用提供了有力的技术支持。     

雾滴密度与喷雾方式对毒死蜱防治褐飞虱效果的影响

分别选用实心圆锥雾和扇形雾TP6501E两种喷头,以3WP-2000型行走式喷雾塔模拟对水稻植株压顶喷雾和侧向喷雾,探究雾滴密度、喷雾方式对48%毒死蜱乳油防治褐飞虱效果的影响。结果表明：压顶喷雾当底层雾滴密度分别达到99.4个/cm^2和94.9个/cm^2,且48%毒死蜱乳油有效剂量分别高于68.00 mg/m^2和55.64 mg/m^2时,对褐飞虱的防治效果达80%;侧向喷雾当底层雾滴密度分别在10.4～49.0个/cm^2和12.3～55.4个/cm^2范围内,且48%毒死蜱乳油有效剂量分别在41.21～82.42 mg/m^2和72.12～82.42 mg/m^2区间内对褐飞虱的防治效果均高于80%。相同有效剂量条件下,侧向喷雾的防效高于压顶喷雾。采用侧向喷雾方式时,水稻基部较易获得高密度雾滴,药剂在低有效剂量条件下即可取得预期防治效果。     

植保无人机喷施26%噻酮·异■唑悬浮剂与38%莠去津悬浮剂混配剂防除春玉米田杂草效果

为明确植保无人机喷施26%噻酮·异■唑悬浮剂与38%莠去津悬浮剂混配剂对春玉米田杂草的防效,并筛选出植保无人机防治玉米田杂草的最佳作业参数,2021年在辽宁东港开展了植保无人机喷施除草剂防除春玉米田杂草田间试验。结果表明,植保无人机喷施除草剂对杂草的防效均显著高于人工喷雾处理;无人机用水量由15 L/hm²增加到30 L/hm²时,防效显著增加;雾滴直径对防效的影响不明显;减药20%并使用1%迈飞飞防助剂处理的防效与正常剂量处理防效相当。与空白对照相比,植保无人机喷雾处理玉米增产17.96%～20.42%,与人工喷雾处理无显著差异。推荐在春玉米2.5～3.0叶期、杂草子叶至2叶期,采用植保无人机施用26%噻酮·异■唑悬浮剂117 mL/hm²和38%莠去津悬浮剂1 140 mL/hm²(或减药20%+1%迈飞助剂),植保无人机作业参数设置为作业高度2.0 m,作业间距3.0 m,流速1.08 L/min,速度2.0 m/s,用水量30 L/hm²,雾滴直径150μm,能有效防除...     

喷洒部件及喷雾助剂对担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用诱惑红为指示剂研究测定了喷洒部件以及喷雾助剂Silwet408对电动担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响,试验结果表明：采用喷枪大容量喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有35.2%的药液流失到地面,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为0.59和0.62;当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到125 L/667 m2时,药液在地面的流失率减少到21.2%,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为1.28和1.19,沉积分布均匀性明显提高。采用装配小喷片的组合喷头喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有28.4%的药液流失到地面,当在喷雾液添加0.1% 的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到185 L/667m2时,喷雾压力分别为0.25 Mpa和0.35 Mpa时,药液在地面的流失率分别减少到18.5%和8.6%。研究测定结果表明,通过更换喷洒部件、增加喷雾压力、减少施药液量、添加喷雾助剂等措施可以显著减少果园喷雾中的药液流失率、提高喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层的沉积分布均匀性。     

毒死蜱·噻虫嗪30%水乳剂防治稻飞虱药效试验

试验表明,毒死蜱·噻虫嗪30%水乳剂对水稻稻飞虱有很好的防治效果,用药量80mL/667m2药后7、14d的总校正防效分别达90.4%和86.1%,与对照药剂噻虫嗪25%水分散粒剂3g/667m2的防效相当,明显优于对照药剂毒死蜱40%乳油100mL/667m2的防效。该药剂不但防效理想、持效期较长,且安全性良好。     

Pathogen resistance in aerial tubers of potato cultivars

Increases in resistance of aerial tubers (cultivars Désirée, Epicure and King Edward) against nine pathogenic potato fungi were determined in vitro using freeze-dried powder derived from subterranean and aerial tubers as a culture medium, and in vivo by inoculating both tuber types with the storage pathogens Fusarium sulphureum, F . solani var. coeruleum, Phoma exigua var. foveata and Polyscytalum pustulans . Significantly reduced growth rates and spore and conidiophore numbers were recorded when pathogens were cultured on freeze-dried powder derived from aerial tubers. No effects on spore size of F . solani var. coeruleum were recorded but spore and conidiophore lengths of remaining pathogens were reduced and width increased, except for Colletotrichum coccodes , where the diameter of acervuli increased, and P . exigua var. foveata , where spore length and width were reduced. Reduced disease incidence, severity and spore numbers were recorded on aerial compared with subterranean tubers inoculated in vivo with the four storage pathogens. Spore length of P . pustulans was reduced and spore width increased, while spore length and width of P . exigua var. foveata were reduced on aerial compared with subterranean tubers inoculated with these pathogens. No effects on spore size of Fusarium spp. were recorded. Concentrations of glycoalkaloids, chlorogenic acid, calcium and magnesium were higher in aerial than in subterranean tuber tissue, which may have contributed to increased resistance and effects on size and morphology of fungal spores. The implications of using aerial tubers as an alternative technique for the production of seed potatoes and their importance to the potato industry are discussed.     

飞播沙拐枣成苗降雨量及基于该降雨量下的种子丸粒化技术探讨

为解决沙漠区飞播造林过程中由于降雨量不足造成的"闪芽"现象,首先通过试验确定飞播树种沙拐枣成苗所需要的降雨量为15mm;然后通过完善丸粒化工艺、调整丸粒化配方的方法,控制丸粒化后的沙拐枣种子在一次降雨量达到15mm以上时裂解,达不到15mm不裂解,从而最大程度保证沙拐枣的成苗率。结果表明:延长滚实时间到45min,低于15mm降雨量的裂解率降低到34.56%;当保水剂加在丸粒化的外层时,低于15mm降雨的裂解率降低到了14.17%;通过在丸粒化过程中添加植物生长调节剂和营养物质,进一步提高了成苗率。通过改变丸粒化方法及配方,可以实现丸粒化沙拐枣种子只有在降雨量大于15mm才裂解并启动萌发,成苗率达到81.64%。     

航空喷雾植保技术的发展与探讨

航空喷雾在我国农作物病、虫、草害防治中得到了广泛应用。为促进航空喷雾技术的发展,本文对国内外航空喷雾的发展历程、作业技术以及作业设备进行了简要概述和总结,并结合我国航空植保技术的现状,在航空喷雾作业机型、应用技术以及作业装置等方面进行了探讨。通过综述分析,作者认为在我国航空喷雾技术领域,应重视和逐步发展直升机、无人机的应用,加强作业设备控制系统的研发和喷洒部件的系列化与配套,深入进行航空喷雾飘移控制技术研究,以提高我国航空植保应用水平。     

毛乌素沙地飞播区植被动态变化研究

对毛乌素沙地不同飞播年限的4个播区进行调查研究,通过对盖度、重要值以及生活型的研究和分析,说明飞播对沙地退化植被有明显的改善作用。分析表明:飞播后飞播植被盖度随时间逐年增加,由14%增加到33%,说明飞播后植被得到良好的恢复;飞播后在不同的沙丘部位植被盖度各不相同,但是随着飞播年限的增加沙丘各部位的盖度相差不大;各飞播植物种的盖度和重要值随飞播年限的增加而变化,在飞播后的24年中呈现出不同的消长动态。飞播改良了沙地土壤的性质,使多年生和一年生的草本植物在群落中得以生长,随着飞播年限的增长,飞播群落的结构逐渐复杂,群落更趋于稳定。     

Modeling diffusive movement of sterile insects released along aerial flight lines

The redistribution of insects that are released from an airplane is described using a diffusion equation to derive optimal spacing of flight lines and time interval between flights to achieve a reasonably uniform spatial distribution of released insects and to minimize costs. This optimization is done based on relative costs of sterile males and of flying time. An example is presented using data on the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidmann), from the Moscamed program in Guatemala. For the parameter values used, the cost (sterile males plus flights) is minimized when insects are released at intervals of approximately every 2 days (for daily mortality μ = 0.24) to 10 days (for μ = 0.04) and flights are spaced at 300 m (for μ = 0.24) to 600 m (for μ = 0.04) apart, depending on daily medfly mortality estimates, which vary widely in the literature. A simpler approximate method of optimization is then presented based on a relationship observed in the optimization results between flight-line separations and the standard deviation of the distribution.     

Sources of parathion exposures for Israeli aerial spray workers, 1977

Exposure of Israeli agricultural spray pilots and ground crews to parathion was studied. Measurements were made with personal samplers contianing wet midget impingers; samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Cockpit air exposure levels during 11-21-minute sampling periods for 12 flights ranged from nearly 0 to 430 microgram/m3. During sampling periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours the threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 microgram/m3 was exceeded in 2 of 19 instances. In seven measurements of ground crew exposures, TLV was not exceeded. Air washing with parathion resulted in airborne contamination of the ground level area at more than three times the TLV. Skin exposure data suggested that this route of exposure was significant for ground crew workers but not for pilots. Calculations based on the present data and standard absorption formula suggested that total daily intake for ground crew, but not for pilots, exceeded the Accepted Daily Intake (ADI) of 5 microgram/kg body weight. Sources of exposure and contamination for ground crew and pilots were identified. Recommended environmental control measures for parathion exposure should include cockpit air filtration, modification in flight patterns, paving landing areas, installation of hosing and drainage, NaOH neutralization point, and separate loading and unloading sites. Personal control measures were suggested as a supplement.     

Off-target glyphosate deposits from aerial silvicultural applications under various meteorological conditions

Aerial spray applications of the herbicide glyphosate were made over a forest canopy under various meteorological conditions. A ‘Thru Valve Boom’ dispersal system carried by a Cessna 188 fixed-wing aircraft flying at 49 m s^?1 was used to generate an aqueous spray cloud with a volume median diameter of 150 μm. Glyphosate deposits from multiple overlaid crosswind line sources released at 10 m above ground level were measured on ground sheets and artificial foliage at downwind distances between 50 and 400 m. Trials were conducted in stable, neutral and unstable atmospheric boundary layers with average wind speeds between 2·2 and 5·7 m s^?1 and vertical intensities of turbulence between 0·07 and 0·16. Linear regression lines fitted to logarithmically transformed measurements and downwind distances (x) gave statistically significant correlation coefficients (P = 0·01), and were compared by ANOVA. Glyphosate deposits on ground sheets and artificial foliage were attenuated at rates inversely proportional to x to the power 1·7-4·3. Regression line comparison showed that, in general, deposits on ground sheets decreased with increasing wind speed and intensity of turbulence, and some statistically significant differences were found in slopes and elevations of regression lines from different trials. However, deposits at the 50-m station increased with wind speed due to the large-drop cloud component. Regression line comparison for deposits on artificial foliage showed that, in general, they were highest in the intermediate wind speed-neutral stability case and similar in the high wind speed-unstable and low wind speed-stable boundary layers, although deposits at the 50-m station also increased with wind speed.     

植保无人飞机喷施作业的雾滴信息采集方法研究

农药雾滴信息是评价农药施用质量的主要指标, 农药雾滴采集器的设置对于获取雾滴信息有较大的影响。针对如何科学地设置农药雾滴采集器从而准确地获取真实雾滴信息等问题, 本文以油动单旋翼植保无人飞机和电动六旋翼植保无人飞机为供试药械, 以诱惑红为雾滴示踪剂, 采用将卡罗米特纸卡直接固定在棉花叶片上和使用金属杆固定2种方法采集雾滴信息, 研究2种方法下采集的雾滴信息的差异。结果表明, 油动单旋翼植保无人飞机作业, 在添加助剂情况下, 金属杆固定法在棉花冠层上、中、下层采集的雾滴体积中径分别为(435.4±66.1)、(434.6±68.3)μm和(398.9±66.7)μm显著大于植株固定法在相应部位采集的雾滴体积中径(361.2±93.1)、(351.9±95.7)μm和(338.1±71.1)μm;金属杆固定法采集的雾滴密度在棉花冠层上层为(29.9±13.6)个/cm2, 中层为(13.4±4.5)个/cm2, 下层为(6.7±4.2)个/cm2, 显著大于植株固定法在相应冠层采集的雾滴密度(12.9±5.0)、(8.6±3.4)个/cm2和(1.9±1.3)个/cm2。添加助剂能够提升两种植保无人飞机喷施作业的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴的沉积量, 提高农药的利用率。     

A new Phytophthora disease of the aerial parts of Eucalyptus species1

Aerial damage on transplanted seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. was recorded in Italy for the first time. In 1987 a widespread infection was detected in the eucalyptus nursery of the Ovile Farm, Rome. It occurred only on E. globulus and was subject to sprinkler irrigation. In 1988 the disease occurred exclusively on E. delegarensis and E. regnans. The agent, which attacks leaves, petioles and shoots, was identified from the morphological and physiological characteristics of the isolates obtained in each year as Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae.     

A computer-controlled environmental chamber for the study of aerial fungal spore release

ABSTRACT An environmental chamber was designed to study aerial release of spores of ascomycetes and hyphomycetes, based on a device developed by C. M. Leach. Relative humidity (RH), temperature, red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light, leaf wetness, wind speed, vibration, and rain events are controlled and monitored within the chamber via an RTC-HC11 real-time controller and data-acquisition system. A BASIC11 computer program is uploaded to and controls the system. The program requests values for environmental parameters that change through time according to user specifications. The controller interacts with a stepper motor, solenoids, and relay switches via a feedback system based on data received from solid-state RH, temperature, and leaf-wetness sensors. The data-acquisition system records environmental data from the chamber in RAM (random access memory) that can be downloaded to a personal computer for correlation with spore-release data. Spores released from fungal specimens on plant tissues and cultures placed in the chamber and subjected to the desired environmental conditions are collected on a continuous volumetric spore trap at an exhaust port from the chamber. The performance of the device was examined by measuring spore release of Mycosphaerella citri, Alternaria solani, and Venturia inaequalis under various environmental conditions.