高寒阴湿旱作区马铃薯蚕豆间作模式效益分析

以马铃薯与蚕豆不同间作模式为对象,研究分析了不同间作模式下马铃薯、蚕豆的光合生理参数、农艺性状等。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播种植方式下马铃薯叶片光合生理活性相对较高,鲜薯产量达35 131.5 kg·hm^-2,与常规露地垄作种植鲜薯产量31 302.0 kg·hm^-2差异显著。不同间作模式的土地当量比(LER)均大于1,全膜双垄沟播种植模式土地当量比为2.07,间作增产率达107.17%,间作优势明显。间作可实现土地、劳动力、土壤养分和水热资源的集约化利用。综合考虑投入与产出,高寒阴湿区采用全膜双垄沟播间作模式效益最高,值得推广。     

蚕豆赤斑病抗性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

赤斑病是世界蚕豆产区的主要病害,严重威胁蚕豆安全生产。为明确蚕豆赤斑病的抗性遗传规律,本研究用赤斑病抗性较好的蚕豆品种‘通蚕鲜8号’、‘启豆2号’分别与高感赤斑病蚕豆品种‘成胡10号’、‘成胡14号’配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对2个组合6世代(P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、BCP_1、BCP_2)的赤斑病抗性进行了遗传分析。结果表明,蚕豆对赤斑病的抗性最适合遗传模型为E-0(两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。两对赤斑病抗性的主基因加性效应值在2个组合中分别为-40.43、2.16和-36.31、-3.86,显性效应值分别为-15.22、-15.72和-5.98、-6.48。2个组合的主基因遗传率在BCP_1、BCP_2、F_2中分别是19.05%、51.99%、70.90%和19.29%、52.13%、77.35%,多基因遗传率分别为0、0、19.9%和0、0、21.06%。本试验条件下,蚕豆品种‘通蚕鲜8号’、‘启豆2号’对赤斑病抗性由2个主效基因控制,同时受多基因修饰作用,环境对其抗性影响较小。感病亲本对后代抗病性的负向影响较大,在育种实践中需适当提高感病亲本的抗病性,以提高后代的抗性水平。     

2018年-2019年重庆蚕豆赤斑病发生情况及预测模型的建立

蚕豆赤斑病是世界蚕豆各产区及我国东南沿海和长江流域地区生产中最主要的病害之一?本研究连续2年对重庆地区29个区县的蚕豆赤斑病发生情况开展了调查?调查结果显示, 城口县发病最轻, 两年平均病情指数为40.9, 长寿区发病最重, 两年平均病情指数为73.4?4个自然生态区中, 秦巴山地常绿阔-落叶林生态区的发病最轻, 两年平均病情指数为47.3?三峡库区平行岭谷农林复合生态区发病最重, 两年平均病情指数为68.4?相关性分析和通径分析结果表明, 1月相对湿度?1月平均风速?3月降水量?3月相对湿度在蚕豆赤斑病的发生过程中起主导作用?此外, 11月平均风速对病情的发展产生较强的负向效应?在以上研究基础上初步建立了基于重庆地区蚕豆赤斑病发生规律的病害预测模型:Y=35.019 46-3.016 18 X7-5.575 8 X9+0.567 9 X27+0.158 6 X29, 模型表明, 11月平均风速(X7)?1月平均风速(X9)?1月相对湿度(X27)?3月相对湿度(X29)与病情指数(Y)有较强的线性关系?本模型的建立为蚕豆赤斑病的防控提供了技术支撑?     

蚕豆赤斑病病原菌鉴定

蚕豆赤斑病是蚕豆的重要病害之一,严重影响蚕豆生产。本研究通过形态学和分子特征,对采自甘肃、青海、江苏、四川、河北、重庆等6个省市的蚕豆赤斑病病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,在6个省市均鉴定到蚕豆葡萄孢(Botrytis fabae)、灰葡萄孢(B.cinerea)和拟蚕豆葡萄孢(B.fabiopsis)3种病原菌。致病力测定表明:不同地理来源的3种病原菌分离物都存在致病力差异,但均以强致病力分离物为主。本研究是继湖北省之后在其他省市首次发现拟蚕豆葡萄孢。     

蚕豆赤斑病的发生与防治对策

蚕虫赤斑病是蚕豆生产中易发生的重要病害，一旦发病，轻则减产，重则绝收。近年来，由于产业结构调整，蚕豆作为冬季农业中集绿肥和蔬菜为一体的作物，逐步引起了人们的广泛重视，种植面积不断扩大。为此，１９９９～２００１年，我们在都匀市稻桩蚕豆示范区对蚕豆赤斑病进行了初步的调查研究。两年度本市蚕豆赤斑病发生面积达９６．７hm２，占种植面积的２９．０％。现将研究情况简要介绍如下。１症状蚕豆赤斑病主要侵害叶部，其次是茎部，并从茎基部蔓延至根部，还能侵害花和幼荚。叶片上病斑分为“急性型”和“慢性型”。慢性型病斑在幼…     

蚕豆赤斑病调查方法的探讨

蚕豆赤斑病的分级标准和调查方法，目前国内尚无统一的标准，各县、市的调查方法很不统一，测报资料可比性差。本站以往调查蚕豆赤斑病采用全株叶、茎病指的方法，不仅劳动强度大，而且费工费时。为探讨简便易行的蚕豆赤斑病测报调查方法，１９９８年我们对全株叶、茎病指与植株上、中、下部３张叶片叶病指的关系进行了调查与研究。１材料与方法调查自３月２日开始，至４月２７日结束，每５d观察１次。供试蚕豆品种为启豆１号，宽窄行种植，固定标记２０株。每次调查每株每个复叶靠近茎秆的１张小叶病情，蚕豆开花以后，调查花簇节以上的叶…     

药剂防治蚕豆赤斑病

蚕豆赤斑病是湖北省蚕豆三大病害(赤斑、病毒、枯萎)之一。往往引起蚕豆早期落叶,影响植株的生长发育和产量。 为了探明药剂防病的增产效果,我们在对蚕豆叶部病害系统观察的基础上,进行了叶面喷药防治的试验示范。     

灰色系统理论在蚕豆赤斑病流行系统分析中的应用初探

本文介绍了灰色系统理论的重要部分,灰色关联度分析的原理和方法,分析了射阳县1973—1984年蚕豆赤斑病流行系统。结果表明菌源、4月中旬雨日数、上年11月至下年1月的雨日数和4月上中旬露日数是影响蚕豆赤斑病流行势的主导因素。变异系数和方差分析证明了灰色关联度分析的结果是正确、可靠的,该结论与客观实际一致。从而否定了“菌源不是影响蚕豆赤斑病发生的主导因素,,的观点。因此,在预测蚕豆赤斑病流行趋势时,首先务必考虑上述主导因素。这种新的数学方法比其它任何方法都更简易、方便和有效。另外,本文还讨论了灰色关联度分析与相关分析结果不一致的原因,以及灰色关联度分析在其它植病流行系统分析中应用的可能性和注意点。     

灰色系统理论在蚕豆赤斑病流行系统分析中的应用初探

 本文介绍了灰色系统理论的重要部分,灰色关联度分析的原理和方法,分析了射阳县1973-1984年蚕豆赤斑病流行系统。结果表明菌源、4月中旬雨日数、上年11月至下年1月的雨日数和4月上中旬露日数是影响蚕豆赤斑病流行势的主导因素。变异系数和方差分析证明了灰色关联度分析的结果是正确、可靠的,该结论与客观实际一致。从而否定了"菌源不是影响蚕豆赤斑病发生的主导因素,,的观点。因此,在预测蚕豆赤斑病流行趋势时,首先务必考虑上述主导因素。这种新的数学方法比其它任何方法都更简易、方便和有效。另外,本文还讨论了灰色关联度分析与相关分析结果不一致的原因,以及灰色关联度分析在其它植病流行系统分析中应用的可能性和注意点。     

几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术,以推动青海有机蚕豆生产,本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂,针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病,开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用,其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强,其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L;田间防效试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著,500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%;10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用,制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时,药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%;多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药,药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述,0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良,据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。     

蚕豆抗锈病鉴定方法的改进及资源筛选

 蚕豆锈病是由蚕豆单胞锈菌 [Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) Schroet ] 引起的蚕豆最重要的病害之一。为提高蚕豆锈病抗性种质筛选的效率及准确性,本文采用混合菌株在温室条件下苗期接种、成株期评价的方法进行抗性鉴定。以抗病材料K0772和感病材料K90315为对照,对1416份材料(3个年度鉴定材料数量分别为290、517和609份)进行鉴定试验,其中重复鉴定材料77份。抗病对照K0772历年均表现为抗病(R);感病对照K90315分别表现为感病(S)、感病(S)和高感(HS)。不同年份间的病情指数T检验结果显示,对照品种K0772和K90315及重复鉴定材料的3年重复鉴定结果间差异并不显著,具有较好的稳定性。同时,重复鉴定材料组间分别呈极显著、显著、极显著正相关。研究结果表明年度间的重复鉴定结果高度一致,具有较好的稳定性和重复性。通过3年重复鉴定,获得高抗(HR)材料12份,抗病(R)材料47份,中抗(MR)材料18份。因此,利用混合菌源进行苗期接种和在成株期对蚕豆品种锈病抗性进行评价的方法具有较好的稳定性和准确性,该方法可以用于蚕豆锈病综合抗性材料的筛选和抗病育种研究。     

蚕豆抗锈病鉴定方法的改进及资源筛选

蚕豆锈病是由蚕豆单胞锈菌[Uromyces viciae-fabae(Pers.) Schroet]引起的蚕豆最重要的病害之一。为提高蚕豆锈病抗性种质筛选的效率及准确性,本文采用混合菌株在温室条件下苗期接种、成株期评价的方法进行抗性鉴定。以抗病材料K0772和感病材料K90315为对照,对1 416份材料(3个年度鉴定材料数量分别为290、517和609份)进行鉴定试验,其中重复鉴定材料77份。抗病对照K0772历年均表现为抗病(R);感病对照K90315分别表现为感病(S)、感病(S)和高感(HS)。不同年份间的病情指数T检验结果显示,对照品种K0772和K90315及重复鉴定材料的3年重复鉴定结果间差异并不显著,具有较好的稳定性。同时,重复鉴定材料组间分别呈极显著、显著、极显著正相关。研究结果表明年度间的重复鉴定结果高度一致,具有较好的稳定性和重复性。通过3年重复鉴定,获得高抗(HR)材料12份,抗病(R)材料47份,中抗(MR)材料18份。因此,利用混合菌源进行苗期接种和在成株期对蚕豆品种锈病抗性进行评价的方法具有较好的稳定性和准确性,该方法可以用于蚕豆锈病综合抗性材料的筛选和抗...     

旱作农业区全膜微垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻栽培技术研究

为探讨旱作农业区全膜微垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻种植技术的效应,于2014-2017年在甘肃省渭源县进行大田试验,设白膜全膜微垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻(T1)、黑膜全膜微垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻(T2)、白膜全膜双垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻(T3)、露地种植(T4) 4个处理,来研究蚕豆-胡麻轮作产量、土壤水热效应。结果表明,不同处理的蚕豆、胡麻增产顺序均为T1T2T3T4,0～25 cm土壤平均含水量为T1T2T3T4,0～25 cm平均地温为T1T3T2T4。T1蚕豆和胡麻降水利用率分别为19.9、16.9 kg·hm-2mm-1,分别较T2提高24.4%、15.0%,分别较T3提高55.5%、19.9%,分别较T4(CK)提高188.4%、156.1%; T1蚕豆、胡麻平均产量分别为2 454.5、1 875.6 kg·hm-2,蚕豆分别较T2、T3、T4(CK)增产23.8%、54.9%、186.2%,胡麻分别较T2、T3、T4(CK)增产14.9%、19.6%、154.3%。因此,白膜全膜微垄沟播蚕豆留膜免耕穴播胡麻种植技术是适合当地的蚕豆-胡麻轮作高效栽培技术。     

Screening faba bean for chocolate spot resistance: evaluation methods and effects of age of host tissue and temperature

Chocolate spot is an important disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis fabae. The aims of this work were: i) to compare different methods of screening for resistance; ii) to assess the influence of the age of host tissue and temperature on this pathosystem. To this effect, a collection of 42 faba bean accessions was evaluated in mature plant stage in the field in Cordoba (Southern Spain) and in detached leaflet and whole plant tests under controlled conditions. Field results correlated better with those of the whole plant test than with those of the detached leaflet assay. Integration of results from the field and whole plant experiments resulted in the selection of six accessions of interest as sources of resistance. Influence of leaf age on disease development was found to be genotype dependent. Older leaves were more susceptible than younger ones in 23 accessions, while no difference between leaf ages was detected in the remaining accessions. The effects of plant age and temperature were assessed by a whole plant test on seven accessions at two plant ages (4 and 7 weeks) and three temperatures (13, 20, and 25°C). Results showed that the differential genotypic responses to B. fabae were not significantly influenced by either plant age or temperature, although there was a tendency towards lower susceptibility to chocolate spot in faba bean plants as they become older. Further, a partial high-temperature, young-plant resistance was detected.     

Wheat/faba bean intercropping improves physiological and structural resistance of faba bean to fusaric acid stress

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae is the causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fusaric acid (FA), produced by F. oxysporum, plays an important role in the occurrence of disease, and intercropping is an effective measure for control of disease and for improving host resistance in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses, and mechanisms of tissue structure resistance, of intercropped faba beans following exposure to different concentrations of FA. Results demonstrated that intercropping reduced the occurrence of fusarium wilt, and improved faba bean growth and yield. In addition, wheat intercropping significantly reduced red ink absorption of faba bean (33.2%), increased water content (3.1%), and increased activity of the root antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) (26.3% and 2.2.%, respectively). Furthermore, increased lignin content and callose deposition in plant vessels were observed (12.5% and 42.7%, respectively) when subjected to the highest concentration of FA stress (200 mg/L). Intercropping resulted in more intact root cell morphology, increased occurrence of intracellular vacuoles, increased cell wall thickness, and an increase in the number of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Intercropping alleviated the wilting effect of FA on faba bean via enhanced physiological, biochemical, and tissue structure resistance of faba bean root.     

Broomrape control in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with glyphosate and imazaquin

Field studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of imazaquin and glyphosate in controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and O. aegyptiaca Pers.) in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Northern Syria. Several rates and times of application of the herbicides were tested. Nearly complete control of broomrape was achieved with both the herbicides when they were sprayed twice (when the broomrape attachments to the faba bean roots were at tubercle stage of develoment and 15 days later) at a rate of application of 80 g a.i. ha^?1 for glyphosate and 10 g a.i. ha^?1 for imazaquin. However, the yield of faba bean did not increase with these treatments, suggesting that the herbicides at these rates were still causing some physiological disorder in the plant that counteracted the beneficial effect of broomrape control on the performance of faba bean plants.     

种植模式与施磷深度对蚕豆群体冠层结构及其产量的影响

在小区试验与大田生产试验条件下,采用三个种植密度(12 000株·667m-2,13 000株·667m-2,14000株·667m-2)、两个留苗方式(一穴单株,一穴双株)及三个施磷深度(10 cm,15 cm,20 cm)处理,通过裂区试验研究了高产蚕豆群体冠层结构指标及其对产量的影响,结果表明,13 000株·667m-2、15 cm施磷深度、双株三角留苗种植模式下,盛花期蚕豆群体叶面积指数、叶绿素SPAD值,主根长均维持在较高水平,冠层结构较优,产量最高,达到275.2 kg·667m-2;生产试验显示,"一穴双株"能有效提高蚕豆结荚率,提高产量,较常规栽培增产14%以上。提出以"深松增密,减穴加距,中层施磷"为主要内容的蚕豆高产栽培技术。     

Effect of competition between Vicia faba and Camelina sativa as a model weed in breeding for organic conditions

Weeds can have a detrimental effect on faba bean (Vicia faba) crops in organic farming. Breeding for competitive cultivars is one option for weed control in organic conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of heterozygosity and heterogeneity levels and plant height on the competitive ability of faba bean genotypes. A set of 24 genotypes, classified as genotype groups (eight inbred lines, eight polycross progenies, two inbred line bulks, two hybrid bulks and four controls), was tested under two treatments: with and without a model weed. Each group of genotypes was equally composed of tall and short genotypes. The competitive ability of the faba bean genotypes was tested with Camelina sativa (false flax) as the model weed in two German locations over the course of 2 years. Yield loss due to weed competition, as recorded per faba bean genotype, was mainly dependent on the heterozygosity level of the genotypes; hybrid bulks were the most competitive genotype group with an average loss of yield of only 6%, whereas the inbred lines were the least competitive genotype group and recorded an average yield loss of 35%. Within the genotype group, no correlations were found between either the yield performance of the genotypes or their plant height and their competitive responses. The competitive ability of faba bean against weeds was mainly determined by their level of heterozygosity; thus, highly heterozygous cultivars should be promoted for breeding.     

Effects of phenylpropanoid and energetic metabolism inhibition on faba bean resistance mechanisms to rust

ABSTRACT Effects on penetration and hypersensitive resistance of the cinnamyl acid dehydrogenase (CAD) suicide inhibitor ([(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino] sulphinyl) acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester, which suppresses phenylpro-panoid biosynthesis, and of D-mannose, which sequesters phosphate and reduces energy available in host cells, were studied in faba bean (Vicia faba) genotypes with differing resistance mechanisms to faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). Inhibition of CAD reduced penetration resistance in lines 2N-34, 2N-52, V-1271, and V-1272, revealing an important role for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the resistance of these lines. Inhibition of CAD also inhibited hypersensitive cell death in these lines. D-mannose had little or no effect on resistance. By contrast, CAD inhibition did not affect penetration resistance of line BPL-261, which has a high degree of penetration resistance not associated with hypersensitive cell death. In BPL-261, D-mannose inhibited penetration resistance. The parallelism between the faba bean genotype responses to rust observed here and the response of barley genotypes with differing resistance mechanisms to powdery mildew after similar inhibitor treatments is analyzed and discussed.