露地番茄灰叶斑病流行表现与防治方法

近年来,随着外销硬果型番茄品种的推广,番茄灰叶斑病在息烽县一些番茄基地流行为害。由于该病是本地区新发展起来的病害,生产上缺乏有效的防治措施,造成番茄损失较为严重。2005年贵阳市的白云、息烽、修文等区、县番茄灰叶斑病相继发生流行。息烽县养龙司蔬菜基地种植的23.3hm2番茄中,该病造成9.4hm2大幅减产,3.1hm2绝收。为了有效控制该病,笔者进行了2年3季的观察和试验。1流行表现及为害后果番茄灰叶斑病病原菌为匐柄霉属茄匐柄霉(Stemphylium solani Weber)真菌。为了摸清该病的流行为害情况,我们对易感病品种比特179做了露地栽培观察,…     

广东省江门市‘新会柑’叶斑病病原菌鉴定

近年来广东省江门市‘新会柑’上出现一种叶斑病,症状表现为叶尖和叶缘出现不规则的、带有黄色晕圈的棕褐色斑点。为明确引起该病的病原菌,作者利用组织分离法对病样进行分离纯化,采用ITS序列和LSU基因进行系统发育学分析,同时结合形态特征观察对纯化后的菌株进行鉴定,结合柯赫氏法则对其进行验证。结果确定病原菌为番茄匍柄霉Stemphylium lycopersici。     

海南岛南繁基地向日葵新病害病原菌的分离和鉴定

通过对海南岛南繁基地的向日葵病害实地调查,发现了一些北方向日葵产区未见过的新病害。采用柯赫氏法则对所发现的向日葵新病害的病原菌进行了分离与鉴定。根据分离菌株的菌落形态,并利用真菌的通用引物对3个样本进行PCR扩增,确认引起该地向日葵叶部病害的病原菌为番茄匍柄霉(Stemphylium lycopersici)和新月弯孢(Curvularia lunate),能够侵染向日葵叶片,引起叶斑病;而齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)则对向日葵根部和茎基部造成侵染引起白绢病。     

黔东南州太子参主要真菌病害调查及分析

贵州省黔东南州太子参(Pseudostellaria heterophyllariae)近年来发生3种严重病害,通过对太子参发病叶片和块茎的病症观察,用组织分离法分离病株和土壤病原微生物后再用16Sr DNA测序和形态学鉴定方法对所得菌株进行鉴定,其病原菌分别为茄匐柄霉(Stemphylium solani)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、互隔文链孢霉(Alternaria alternata)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)。同时,在太子参根腐病的病土中也分离出病原菌匍枝根霉(Rhizopus slolonifer)。这些病原菌导致的病害为太子参褐斑病、太子参立枯病和太子参腐烂病。     

河南和广西地区紫云英匍柄霉叶斑病的病原菌鉴定

2019年-2020年,在我国河南省信阳市和广西壮族自治区南宁市种植紫云英的田间发现一种紫云英叶斑病。通过常规组织分离法分离得到7株真菌（菌株号为XZYB1~XZYB6、GX1）,经单孢纯化、形态学观察和多基因系统发育学分析（ITS-GAPDH-CAL）,结果显示7株真菌均为黄芪匍柄霉Stemphylium astragali。依据柯赫氏法则,选取菌株XZYB1和XZYB4无伤接种紫云英离体叶片,选取菌株GX1活体接种紫云英叶片进行致病性测定。接种5 d后离体叶片和活体植株叶片均发病,发病症状与田间症状一致,且再分离得到的菌株与接种菌株相同。据此,确定黄芪匍柄霉为该叶斑病的病原菌,并将病害定名为紫云英匍柄霉叶斑病。这是该病害在河南和广西发生的首次报道。本研究也为匍柄霉叶斑病的诊断与后续的防治策略提供了科学依据和理论指导。     

茄匍柄霉菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了准确检测病残体内茄匍柄霉菌(Stemphylium solani)DNA含量在土壤内的动态变化,本研究根据三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因序列,设计并筛选特异性引物Stem-g7F/Stem-g7R,能从靶标基因组DNA中特异性扩增出大小为150 bp的目的片段.建立的Stemphylium solani实时荧...     

一株绿针假单胞菌桔黄亚种在防治番茄匍柄霉叶斑病中的应用

为筛选对番茄匍柄霉叶斑病具有良好拮抗效果的生防细菌,本研究采用稀释涂布法,从四川番茄根际土壤分离筛选到一株对番茄匍柄霉Stemphylium lycopersici（Enjoji）Yamamoto具有显著抑制效果的生防菌株YS05。经过形态学特征观察、生理生化特征、Biolog测定和多基因系统发育树分析,鉴定其为绿针假单胞菌桔黄亚种Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp.aurantiaca。生防机理初步研究发现,菌株YS05在代谢过程中可产生蛋白酶、氢氰酸、吩嗪-1-羧酸（phenazine-1-carboxilic acid）和硝吡咯菌素（pyrrolnitrin）,具有广谱拮抗作用,能够有效抑制9种病原真菌和3种病原细菌的生长。采用二分皿法测定其挥发性物质对7种病原菌均有抑制效果。离体叶片和活体盆栽条件下,接种菌株YS05的番茄发病率和病情指数均显著降低,离体叶片防效可达71.52%,活体盆栽防效可达61.27%。综上所述,菌株YS05具有良好的生防潜力和应用前景。     

北京地区南方果树病害调查初报

对北京市主要栽培的19种南方果树发生病害情况进行了系统调查,通过采集病害标本、症状观察和病原鉴定,确诊了11种病害。明确了枇杷拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis eriobotrifolia)灰斑病、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)炭疽病、拟茎点霉(Phoma mangiferae)叶斑病、茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)根腐病、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incongnita)根结线虫病、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)鞘腐病及叶点霉(Phyllosticta musarum)黑星病等7种病害是北京京郊南方果树发生的主要病害。其中,枇杷拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis eriobotrifolia)灰斑病、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)炭疽病、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incongnita)根结线虫病及茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)根腐病为害最为严重。     

甘肃省红豆草病原真菌鉴定及病害发生动态调查

为明确甘肃省红豆草的病害种类、发生动态和危害状况,采用病原物分离与培养、形态学及分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定确定红豆草病害种类,于2012—2013年在通渭、渭源、榆中和碌曲4县调查各病害的发病率以确定发生动态,观察病害田间发生特点并结合调查数据评价其重要性。结果表明,4县共发生真菌性病害12种,分别为大茎点霉叶斑病(病原为大茎点霉属真菌Macrophoma sp.)、壳针孢叶斑病(病原为歪头菜壳针孢Septoria orobina)、炭疽病(病原为白蜡树刺盘孢Colletotrichum spaethianum)、黑秆病(病原为红豆草壳二孢Ascochyta onobrychis、菠菜刺盘孢C.spinaciae和链格孢Alternaria alternata混合侵染)、壳二孢叶斑病、茎点霉叶斑病、尾孢叶斑病、柱格孢白斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病、链格孢黑斑病、锈病和白粉病,其中大茎点霉属真菌、白蜡树刺盘孢和菠菜刺盘孢在红豆草上首次发现;尾孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病为甘肃新记录病害;大茎点霉叶斑病为世界新病害,仅于碌曲县发现。白粉病、锈病、链格孢黑斑病发生于红豆草生长后期,其它病害则始于6月;6—9月危害加重的为黑秆病和柱格孢白斑病,发病率最高达89.7%和96.0%;危害渐轻的为茎点霉叶斑病、壳二孢叶斑病和壳针孢叶斑病,发病率最高达88.7%、57.4%和45.1%。黑秆病和茎点霉叶斑病在甘肃省目前危害最重。     

甘肃省药用植物上链格孢属（Alternaria）的种类及分布（Ⅱ）

对2004年以来甘肃省百合科、苋科、木犀科、大戟科、桔梗科药用植物链格孢属引起的病害进行了鉴定,结果如下:芍药叶斑病病原为细链格孢[Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.)Keissler],青葙叶斑病病原为青葙链格孢[A.ce-losiae (Tassi)O.Sǎvul],连翘灰斑病病原为A.forsythiae Harter,引起连翘灰斑病、甘遂褐斑病病原为甘遂链格孢(A.kansuiae T.Y.Zhang&.Z.Zhang),沙参黑斑病的病原为茄链格孢[A.solani(Ellis et Martin)Sorauer].     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.