鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸组成分析

对鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸进行测定,结果显示:鲈鲤肌肉中含有7种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸有3种,不饱和脂肪酸有4种。3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量为28.22%,4种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)为71.75%,以不饱和脂肪酸中油酸C18∶1含量最高,为44.28%。鲈鲤鱼体肌肉脂肪酸主要由油酸C18∶1、棕榈酸C16∶0、亚油酸C18∶2和棕榈油酸C16∶14种脂肪酸组成,这4种脂肪酸质量分数总和占脂肪酸总质量分数的93.58%。鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸种类组成与其它几种淡水鱼类比较,存在明显差异。     

绵羊初乳和常乳中乳脂肪酸组成的变化研究

利用气相色谱法检测冬季绵羊初乳和常乳中70种C4-C24脂肪酸随时间的变化情况。初乳中单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和C14-C16直链饱和脂肪酸含量高于常乳,而C4-C12、C18及C15-C17支链饱和脂肪酸含量却低于常乳。绵羊品种对于其乳中脂肪酸分布无影响。产羔后1～2d即初乳形成时,乳中脂肪酸组成发生显著变化。在泌乳第6天,乳中脂肪含量持续升高,而在此之后的第60天内乳脂肪含量上升缓慢。这与推荐大家在绵羊泌乳后6～8d食用羊奶的建议一致。与常乳相比,初乳中棕榈酸和豆蔻酸含量偏高,表明初乳的脂肪酸组成可以满足羔羊生长过程中不断变化的需要。     

先科巨鲫肌肉脂肪酸组成分析

为探讨先科巨鲫肌肉的营养价值,采用常规的化学分析方法与气相色谱技术检测先科巨鲫肌肉的脂肪酸组成。试验结果显示,先科巨鲫肌肉组织中共检测到16种脂肪酸,其中含量最高的脂肪酸为C18:(1n-9)(40.36%),其次为C16:0(16.51%);肌肉中必需脂肪酸C18:(2n-6)含量丰富(13.22%),高于野生银鲫;C20:(5n-3)为1.11%,C22:(6n-3)为4.92%,均高于乌龙鲫和普安银鲫。大类脂肪酸中,单不饱和脂肪酸含量(40.36%)>多不饱和脂肪酸含量(27.56%)>饱和脂肪酸含量(26.19%),说明该品种具有一定的开发利用价值。     

荷那龙罗非鱼体内不同组织脂肪酸组成的差异分析

实验以荷那龙罗非鱼(Oreochromis hornorum)为研究对象,在自然正常的养殖条件下,随机的抽取15尾荷那龙罗非鱼,取背侧肌、肝胰脏、肠和内脏脂肪组织四个组织的样,来分析不同组织的脂肪酸组成差异。结果发现:四个组织中所含脂肪酸种类最多的为内脏脂肪组织,其次是肝胰脏和肠,最后是肌肉;几种组织中含量最高的均为16和18碳的脂肪酸。在荷那龙罗非鱼的内脏脂肪组织中,含量最高的为油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3);EPA和DHA在肌肉中含量最高;肠组织中含有最高的饱和脂肪酸(SFA),其次是肌肉;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在内脏脂肪组织中含量最高;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在肌肉中含量最高。     

内蒙古白绒山羊不同部位肌肉脂肪酸的研究

本研究利用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对6只饲喂条件相同、胴体重为12.5 kg左右的1岁内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊的背最长肌、股二头肌及臂三头肌肌肉中脂肪酸含量进行定性、定量及分类研究。结果表明:内蒙古白绒山羊肌肉中共含有34种挥发性脂肪酸;在背最长肌中总脂肪酸含量最高,股二头肌中不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,臂三头肌中多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的比值(P/S)在3个部位中最高(0.476 0),臂三头肌中n6/n3值最高(0.109 4),二者符合营养学家推荐值;不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸甲酯(C18:2C9)、芥酸甲酯(C22:1)、三烯酸甲酯(C20:3N3)含量在3个部位间差异极显著;在臂三头肌和股二头肌中ω系列脂肪酸C20:3N3含量极显著高于背最长肌。     

饲喂发酵甜叶菊废渣对猪肌内氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响

该研究旨在评价饲喂发酵甜叶菊废渣对猪肌内氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响,进而确定甜叶菊废渣作为猪用粗饲料的可行性。选择20头5月龄藏猪与赣中南花猪杂交后代,随机分成2组(每组10头),饲喂期为90 d。试验结束后,每组屠宰2头试验猪,分析肌肉中氨基酸与脂肪酸含量,两个组中含量最高的氨基酸为谷氨酸(Glu),其次是亮氨酸(Leu)和赖氨酸(Lys);含量最丰富的脂肪酸是油酸(C18:1),其次是棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和亚油酸(C18:2),与郭添福等报道的结果一致。试验组除饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、必需脂肪酸(C18:2和C18:3)、赖氨酸(Lys)和酪氨酸(Tyr)的平均值比对照组高外,18种氨基酸总量、肌内脂肪含量、单不饱和脂肪酸(PUMA)和其他氨基酸的平均值均低于对照组。     

鸡品种与日粮营养水平对脂肪酸的影响

试验对肉鸡、肉杂鸡、盐津鸟鸡、武定鸡和茶花鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量分析结果表明,地方鸡和国内培育鸡种（肉杂鸡）含较高多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）,尤其以茶花鸡的相对含量最高。采食低营养水平日粮其胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量最高,随着日粮营养水平的提高,不饱和脂肪酸有上升的趋势;日粮营养水平对多不饱和脂肪酸C18：2和C18：3的含量影响不显著。但随着日粮营养水平的提高,C18：2和C18：3的含量逐渐增加。     

不同规格彭泽鲫肌肉脂肪酸组成的比较研究

为探讨不同规格彭泽鲫肌肉常规营养成分和脂肪酸组成的差异。试验比较不同体质量(A组40~60 g,B组300~350 g,C组650~700 g)彭泽鲫肌肉营养成分和脂肪酸组成,并开展相关营养分析。结果显示:彭泽鲫肌肉中的粗蛋白含量为17.54%~17.64%,脂肪含量较低。肌肉中共检出14种脂肪酸,其中8种脂肪酸含量在不同规格的彭泽鲫肌肉中变动较大,饱和脂肪酸总量最高的为A组,其他各组分别为A组23.97%、B组22.21%和C组23.11%;不饱和脂肪酸总量最高的为B组,其他各组分别为A组71.11%、B组74.33%和C组72.26%;人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸总量最高的也为B组。综合分析表明:不同规格的彭泽鲫营养指标有一定的差异性,建议在研制彭泽鲫配合饲料时应根据不同生长阶段来调整原料的配比,如以常规食用滋补为目的,选用300~350 g规格的彭泽鲫较好。     

不同年龄的养殖中华鲟和野生洄游亲鱼组织脂肪酸组成

对3个年龄(0.5、3和16龄)的养殖中华鲟(摄食鲟鱼饲料)和28龄野生洄游亲鱼肌肉和肝脏中14种常规脂肪酸相对含量和组成进行了分析比较.结果表明:各龄中华鲟肌肉和肝脏中,单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高(32.8%～38.7%及30.6%～46.9%),以18:(n-9)为主;饱和脂肪酸中含量最高的是16:,多不饱和脂肪酸中含量最高的是20:(n-6)和18:(n-6);20:(n-9)含量随年龄增大而减小,20:(n-6)含量随年龄增大而增大.28+洄游中华鲟肌肉中18:(n-9)、20:(n-6)和单不饱和脂肪酸总量高于养殖鱼,而多不饱和脂肪酸总量最低.养殖中华鲟肌肉中16:高于肝脏,28龄野生鱼则肌肉中低于肝脏.通过系统聚类,0.5+与16+中华鲟肌肉和肝脏中脂肪酸舍量最为接近,0.5+与3+鲟较为接近,其中鱼的营养状况起主导作用,年龄差距起辅导作用.比较结果提示:在人工养殖中华鲟时,有必要在其饲料中添加适量含18:(n-9)MUFA的植物油或投喂富含18:(n-9)鲤、鲫鱼可能会达到较好的效果.     

羔羊日粮精粗比对其肉及脂肪组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

为了研究不同精粗比日粮对广河羊羔肉品质的影响,在广河县羔羊肉生产区,选择不同精粗比饲喂的6月龄健康陶寒杂交(陶赛特羊♂×小尾寒羊♀)断奶去势公羔各3只进行屠宰,取股二头肌、背最长肌、肱二头肌3个部位肌肉和肾周脂肪、皮下脂肪、尾部脂肪3个部位脂肪,用气象色谱法分析其脂肪酸的种类及含量。结果表明,在所有组织中均检测出38种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸17种,不饱和脂肪酸21种。脂肪组织中饲喂低精粗比日粮的亚油酸(C18∶2n6c)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)及其与饱和脂肪酸比值(P/S)、n3系多不饱和脂肪酸和n6系多不饱和脂肪酸均显著高于饲喂高精粗比日粮(P<0.05);饲喂低精粗比日粮的所有组织中花生四烯酸(C20∶4)的含量显著高于饲喂高精粗比日粮(P<0.05);与饲喂高精粗比日粮的羊羔肉相比,饲喂低精粗比日粮既节省了生产成本又明显改善和提高了羊羔肉中脂肪酸的营养价值。     

Effects of breed type and restricted versus ad libitum feeding on fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature bovine females

Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature cows (N = 101) representing 15 breeds and crosses were determined. An initial group of cows was slaughtered after being fed slightly above the maintenance level for 2 wk; the remaining cows were fed either at the maintenance level or ad libitum for 84 d, then slaughtered. Samples of triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were obtained from each carcass. In addition, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acids from total lipid extracts of triceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed for 24 cows that were fed ad libitum or at the maintenance level for 84 d. Breed type effects on fatty acid composition were more pronounced in adipose tissue than in muscle tissue. Total lipid extracts of both triceps brachii and longissimus muscle from animals fed a maintenance diet for 84 d contained higher (P less than .01) percentages (3 to 8%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower percentages (2 to 3%) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than those from animals fed ad libitum for 84 d. This reflected significant variation in the fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 for both longissimus and triceps brachii muscle. Fatty acid composition within phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions was similar regardless of maintenance or ad libitum feeding. Much of the variation in total lipid fatty acid composition appeared to be the result of differences in triacylglycerol:phospholipid ratios. Adipose tissue contained about twice as much cholesterol (mg/100 g wet weight) as muscle tissue. Both breed type and feeding group effects on cholesterol content of muscle tissue were nonsignificant. Values for cholesterol content of adipose tissue from cows fed restricted diets were higher than those from cows fed ad libitum (approximately 55 mg/100 g higher for subcutaneous and 25 mg/100 g for perinephric). The results show that changes in fatty acid composition of bovine tissues can be made genetically and by varying the energy level in the diet. Alteration of the cholesterol content of muscle tissue by these methods does not appear to be feasible.     

Fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue from crossbred bulls and steers

Fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts of muscle and adipose samples from crossbred bulls (N = 34) and steers (N = 35) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Samples of semitendinosus, triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and of subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were excised from the right side of each carcass. In addition, thin-layer chromatography was utilized to obtain phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions from total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 10 bull and steer cohorts (N = 20). The most prominent sex condition effect was in percentage of total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Bull tissues contained higher (P less than .01) percentages of PUFA than those of steers at all sampling sites. This reflected higher percentages of linoleate (C18:2), linolenate (C18:3) and arachidonate (C20:4) in bull tissues. Most of the PUFA were present as phospholipids in muscle samples. The fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids was similar regardless of sex condition or muscle sampled. Total lipid extracts of semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles of both bulls and steers contained from 6 to 10% more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared with M. longissimus. Muscle triacylglycerols contained relatively high percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Semitendinosus and longissimus samples from steers contained higher (P less than .05 and P less than .01, respectively) percentages of total SFA than those from bulls. Steer samples contained slightly higher percentages of palmitic acid (C16:0) compared with bulls at all sampling sites, and this difference was significant for M. longissimus. The fat:lean ratio of muscle tissue is the major factor that determines fatty acid composition.     

Effect of breed on fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein expression in the Semimembranosus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle

The present study investigated (i) the effect of breed on the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) protein and fatty acid composition in Semimembranosus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of beef cattle and (ii) the relationship between SCD expression, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) level. The study was conducted on the following breeds: Longhorn (L), Charolais cross with Holstein–Friesian (CX), Hereford (H), Belted Galloway (BG) and Beef Shorthorn (BS). Significant breed differences in the total fatty acid content, saturated fatty acid (SFA) level, MUFA and n−3 PUFA content were observed in subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in muscle. In the case of CLA, the breed differences were observed in both muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue, with the highest level in L and the lowest level in H. In the case of subcutaneous adipose tissue, the breed with the highest CLA content (L) also had the highest SCD protein expression. The breed-specific pattern of SCD expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was similar to the breed-specific pattern of one of the products of an SCD-catalysed reaction, C16:1 (BS < BG < H < CX < L). It has been concluded that (i) the mechanisms regulating SCD protein expression and CLA level in beef cattle are tissue-specific; (ii) breed-specific variations in SCD expression might contribute to breed variations in MUFA and CLA content in subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in Semimembranosus muscle.     

The effect of porcine somatotropin supplementation in pigs on the lipid profile of subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue and longissimus muscle.

The effect of porcine somatotropin (pST) on the lipid profiles of adipose tissue and muscle was investigated. Sixteen crossbred barrows were injected daily with either 3 mg of pST or a placebo. After slaughter, total lipid and fatty acid composition of raw subcutaneous (SC) adipose and intermuscular (IM) adipose tissue and longissimus muscle were determined. The SC adipose tissue from pST-treated pigs had a 7.5% decrease in total lipid content; specific fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1(n-9)c decreased most. The IM fat from pST-treated pigs had lower levels of 16:0 and 20:0. There was no effect of pST treatment on the lipid profile of the longissimus muscle. The data suggest that pST treatment produces small but significant changes in the saturated fatty acid content of adipose tissue in pigs.     

n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provoke a specific transcriptional profile in rabbit adipose‐derived stem cells in vitro

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) possess multipotent properties, and their proper functionality is essential for further development of metabolic disorders. In the current study, we explored the impact of two n‐3 LC‐PUFAs (long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, DHA—docosahexaenoic; C22:6, and EPA—eicosapentaenoic; C20:5) on a specific profile of lipolytic‐related gene expressions in the in vitro‐differentiated subcutaneous and visceral ADSCs from rabbits. The subcutaneous and visceral ADSCs were obtained from 28‐day‐old New Zealand rabbits. The primary cells were cultured up to passage 4 and were induced for adipogenic differentiation. Thereafter, the differentiated cells were treated with 100 µg EPA or DHA for 48 hr. The total mRNA was isolated and target genes expression evaluated by real‐time RCR. The results demonstrated that treatment of rabbit ADSCs with n‐3 PUFAs significantly enhanced mRNA expression of Perilipin A, while the upregulation of leptin and Rab18 genes was seen mainly in ADSCs from visceral adipose tissue. Moreover, the EPA significantly enhanced PEDF (Pigment Derived Epithelium Factor) mRNA expression only in visceral cells. Collectively, the results suggest activation of an additional lipolysis pathway most evident in visceral cells. The data obtained in our study indicate that in vitro EPA up‐regulates the mRNA expression of the studied lipolysis‐associated genes stronger than DHA mainly in visceral rabbit ADSCs.     

The relationship between acrosome reaction and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in boar sperm

This study investigated the relationship between acrosome reactions and fatty acid composition with respect to fertility in boar sperm. The acrosome reaction was induced more than 85% by 60 mM methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), and plasma membrane integrity was significantly reduced dependent on the MBCD level in boar sperm (p < .05). The acrosome-reacted sperm exhibited significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) composition compared to the non-acrosome reaction group (p < .0001). In addition, the PUFAs, C22:5n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid [DPA]; p < .01) and C22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]; p < .0001) were significantly decreased, and cleavage and blastocyst formation of oocytes were significantly (p < .0001) decreased in acrosome-reacted sperm relative to non-acrosome-reacted sperm. Moreover, acrosome reaction was positively correlated with SFAs, whereas negatively correlated with PUFAs, of the PUFAs, the DPA (p = .0005) and DHA (p = <.0001) were negatively correlated with the acrosome reaction. Therefore, these results suggest that the PUFAs composition of sperm is closely involved in acrosome reaction in pigs.     

Dynamic changes of fatty acids and minerals in sow milk during lactation

The objective of the present study was to explore the changes in fatty acids (FAs) and minerals composition in sow milk in order to improve the knowledge about FAs and mineral requirements for piglets. The FAs and minerals composition in the sow milk samples which were collected from ten sows during a period of 16 days of lactation was analysed. The proportion of FAs in sow milk has a significant increase in C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C14:1 and C16:1 FAs and the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) according to the lactation period (p < 0.05). The proportion of C18:2 cis‐9,12 FA and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly decreased with the advancing of lactation (p < 0.05). The concentrations of minerals, including potassium, copper, manganese and zinc, were higher on day 1 and day 2 than those on day 13 and day 16 (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the lowest concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron and the lowest molar calcium: phosphorus ratio emerged in colostrum (p < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrated FAs profile and minerals concentrations were changed with lactation period. Better understanding of the changes of FAs and minerals may be valuable to swine nutritionists in the commercial industry. In addition, those results provided some meaningful information for sow's diet formulation during lactation.     

Comparative evaluation of rumen-protected fat, coconut oil and various oilseeds supplemented to fattening bulls. 2. Effects on composition and oxidative stability of adipose tissues.

The effects of five different dietary fat supplements on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of subcutaneous and kidney fat were evaluated in 36 Brown Swiss bulls and compared to a low fat diet in a monofactorial design. The following fat supplements were provided as additional fat at 30 g per kg feed dry matter: crystalline rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, and three types of crushed whole oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower seed and linseed). Adipose tissues reflected differences (P < 0.05) in dietary fatty acid composition although to a lower extent. Using protected fat, which contained elevated levels of trans fatty acids, and sunflower seed, containing a high proportion of linoleic acid, significantly increased C18:1 trans fatty acid proportion in the adipose tissues. The use of sunflower seed increased conjugated linoleic acid. The oilseeds resulted in lower amounts of C16:0 in favour of C18:0. Except for linseed, all fat supplemented groups improved oxidative stability of adipose tissues as compared with control. This was explained by lower proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue (protected fat), by elevated alpha-tocopherol contents (rapeseed, sunflower seed) or by a combination of both (coconut oil). Fat colour remained unaffected by treatments. Compared to other fat supplements oilseeds, especially sunflower seed and rapeseed, can therefore be recommended to be fed to bulls in order to increase the proportions of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissues and to maintain or improve oxidative stability.     

日粮精料水平对绵羊瘤胃内容物亚油酸及其氢化产物组成的影响

选用4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂交一代(小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特)羯羊(平均体重45.0kg),采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮精料水平对绵羊瘤胃内容物中亚油酸及其氢化产物组成的影响。在日粮中添加大豆油,调整粗脂肪和亚油酸含量分别至(7.3±0.1)%和(25.4±0.9)mg/g(干物质基础),日粮精料水平分别为30.2,39.3,48.8和57.7%(干物质基础)。试验结果表明,57.7%精料日粮组瘤胃内容物中亚油酸的含量(mg/gDM)及其在总18C脂肪酸中的比例最高(P<0.01),反11C18∶1、顺9,反11CLA的含量及二者在总18C脂肪酸中的比例最低(P<0.01);各组瘤胃内容物中C18∶0的含量及其在总18C脂肪酸中的比例没有显著差异(P>0.05)。瘤胃内容物中亚油酸、顺9,反11CLA和反11C18∶1的含量与日粮NDF水平呈极显著线性相关(P<0.01)。亚油酸的氢化效率随日粮精料水平的提高而显著降低(P<0.05)。     

Growth, carcass traits, and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissues from steers fed whole cottonseed

To investigate the impact of dietary whole cottonseed (WCS) level on fatty acid composition, growth, and carcass traits, 45 Hereford steers were assigned to diets containing 0, 15, or 30% dietary WCS. The 15 and 30% WCS contributed an estimated 3.3 and 6.6% additional lipid, respectively, to the diets. After being fed for 54 d, all animals were weighed and slaughtered, and carcass measurements were obtained. There were no differences (P greater than .05) among dietary treatment groups in live weight or ADG for the 54-d feeding period. Control steers had larger (P less than .05) longissimus muscle areas than steers fed 30% WCS, which accounted for the advantage in yield grade (P less than .05) exhibited by the control group. Feeding of 30% WCS resulted in minor increases in linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid content of perinephric fat expressed in both normalized (area percentage) and gravimetric (g/100 g of fresh tissue) formats. There were no significant differences in the monounsaturated or saturated fatty acid content of adipose tissues from animals fed the different diets. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were higher (P less than .01) in total unsaturates but had lower (P less than .05) proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 than perinephric samples. Feeding WCS at the levels reported herein only had minor effects on fatty acid composition of beef adipose tissues.