Physical mapping of a translocation breakpoint in neurofibromatosis

The gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1), one of the most common autosomal-dominant disorders of humans, was recently mapped to chromosome 17 by linkage analysis. The identification of two NF1 patients with balanced translocations that involved chromosome 17q11.2 suggests that the disease can arise by gross rearrangement of the NF1 locus, and that the NF1 gene might be identified by cloning the region around these translocation breakpoints. To further define the region of these translocations, a series of chromosome 17 Not I-linking clones has been mapped to proximal 17q and studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One clone, 17L1 (D17S133), clearly identifies the breakpoint in an NF1 patient with a t(1;17) translocation. A 2.3-megabase pulsed-field map of this region was constructed and indicates that the NF1 breakpoint is only 10 to 240 kilobases away from 17L1. This finding prepares the way for the cloning of NF1.     

Two NF1 translocations map within a 600-kilobase segment of 17q11.2

Balanced translocations, each involving chromosome 17q11.2, have been described in two patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1). To better localize the end points of these translocation events, and the NF1 gene (NF1) itself, human cosmids were isolated and mapped in the immediate vicinity of NF1. One cosmid probe, c11-1F10, demonstrated that both translocation breakpoints, and presumably NF1, are contained within a 600-kilobase Nru I fragment.     

西瓜果形基因图位克隆及分子标记开发

【目的】基于GBS（Genotyping-by-sequencing）高密度遗传图谱初步定位结果,通过图位克隆方法对西瓜果形基因进行精细定位,并开发功能性分子标记,有助于全面研究果形基因的功能及分子标记辅助选择育种。【方法】利用114份纯合西瓜品系全基因组重测序数据及其果形指数表型进行GWAS（genome-wide association study）分析,结合GBS高密度遗传图谱初步定位结果确定果形基因候选区段,以商业小型西瓜品种纯化所得品系K2（椭圆形、FSI=1.54±0.13）和L1（圆形、FSI=1.11±0.07）为材料构建F₂群体,通过开发分子标记对果形基因ClFSI进行精细定位,根据西瓜参考基因组‘97103’v1注释信息确定候选基因,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）进行验证。【结果】利用1 152份F₂群体,最终将ClFSI精细定位于3号染色体的FMFSI-1与FMFSI-2标记之间物理距离约63 kb区间内,共包含5个注释基因。其中Cla011257属于已报道与控制果实纵径和果形相关的SUN基因家族。经测序分析发现,西瓜椭圆形品系K2在该基因第3外显子上存在两个非同义突变位点Chr3：26846636 G-A和Chr3：26847041 G-A（‘97103’v1）,分别导致天冬酰胺（Asn）替换为天冬氨酸（Asp）和谷氨酸（Glu）替换为赖氨酸（Lys）,并利用Chr3：26847041突变位点开发功能性分子标记FSICAPS-2。qRT-PCR分析表明,K2（椭圆形）与Charleston Gray（细长形）中候选基因表达量无显著性差异,但均显著高于L1（圆形）。【结论】本研究将控制西瓜果形的ClFSI精细定位于3号染色体63 kb区间内,推测Cla011257为最终目的基因,Chr3：26847041和Chr3：26846636突变位点是导致果形不同程度伸长的重要位点,并开发了可以同时鉴定Cla011257多种突变类型的功能标记FSICAPS-2。     

基于二代测序的甘蓝型油菜白花基因候选区间定位及连锁标记验证

【目的】近几年随着观光农业的兴起,花色的选育和改良已成为甘蓝型油菜种质资源鉴定和材料创制的重要研究方向。以甘蓝型油菜黄白花分离F2群体为研究对象,通过二代测序技术,对白花性状基因候选区间定位,开发与白花性状连锁的分子标记,为定位白花候选基因和选育白花新材料提供新思路。【方法】以甘蓝型油菜DH纯系黄花Y05和甘蓝型油菜纯系白花W01杂交,观察F1和F2群体的花色分离,分析白花性状遗传模式。在F2群体中选取30株纯白花和30株纯黄花构建DNA叶片子代池和RNA花瓣子代池,对亲本和DNA叶片子代池进行30×重测序,对RNA花瓣子代池进行5×测序。以法国甘蓝型油菜Darmor-bzh、中双11、Darmor、Tapidor为参考序列,重测序QTL-seq分析流程计算2个DNA子代池的SNP-index和delta(SNP-index)。利用R包画出SNP-index和delta(SNP-index)滑窗分析图,鉴定候选区间。转录组MMAPPR分析流程以法国甘蓝型油菜Darmor-bzh为参考序列,计算SNP频率,ED4(Loess fit)检测峰值和鉴定候选区间。利用MISA进行重复序列鉴定,...     

大豆MIPS1基因的定位及其低植酸突变性状CAPS标记的开发

【目的】定位大豆肌醇-3-磷酸合成酶基因MIPS1,丰富该基因的遗传信息;开发出该基因的特异性分子标记,用于大豆突变体Gm-lpa-TW-1低植酸(LPA)突变性状的辅助选择。【方法】应用公布的大豆基因组数据库和生物信息学分析确定MIPS1候选染色体,利用分离群体中微卫星标记与LPA性状的共分离,定位突变基因MIPS1;根据MIPS1LPA突变性质和同源基因的序列,开发CAPS分子标记。【结果】大豆中有4个MIPS基因,其中MIPS1被定位在染色体18上,为注释为Glyma18g02210的大豆基因,其DNA起始序列为1364774bp,位于SSR标记Satt570(3162690 bp)和Satt115(10422881 bp)之上,遗传距离分别为5.5和15.2cM;开发了MIPS1特异性共显性CAPS标记,与LPA性状完全共分离。【结论】本文首次确定了MIPS1所在染色体及其位置,丰富了该基因的遗传信息,开发的CAPS标记可用于Gm-lpa-TW-1LPA性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers

Allelic deletions involving chromosome 18q occur in more than 70 percent of colorectal cancers. Such deletions are thought to signal the existence of a tumor suppressor gene in the affected region, but until now a candidate suppressor gene on this chromosomal arm had not been identified. A contiguous stretch of DNA comprising 370 kilobase pairs (kb) has now been cloned from a region of chromosome 18q suspected to reside near this gene. Potential exons in the 370-kb region were defined by human-rodent sequence identities, and the expression of potential exons was assessed by an "exon-connection" strategy based on the polymerase chain reaction. Expressed exons were used as probes for cDNA screening to obtain clones that encoded a portion of a gene termed DCC; this cDNA was encoded by at least eight exons within the 370-kb genomic region. The predicted amino acid sequence of the cDNA specified a protein with sequence similarity to neural cell adhesion molecules and other related cell surface glycoproteins. While the DCC gene was expressed in most normal tissues, including colonic mucosa, its expression was greatly reduced or absent in most colorectal carcinomas tested. Somatic mutations within the DCC gene observed in colorectal cancers included a homozygous deletion of the 5' end of the gene, a point mutation within one of the introns, and ten examples of DNA insertions within a 0.17-kb fragment immediately downstream of one of the exons. The DCC gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of human colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through alteration of the normal cell-cell interactions controlling growth.     

甜瓜种皮颜色控制基因CmSC1的精细定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对甜瓜种皮颜色进行遗传分析及基因精细定位,并推测其候选基因和开发特异分子标记,为下一步该基因的功能研究及合理利用奠定基础。【方法】利用白色种皮材料HP22和黄色种皮材料B8、B150分别配制杂交组合,获得后代遗传分离群体并进行种皮颜色的表型调查及遗传分析,通过基因图位克隆方法完成基因的精细定位。通过对定位区间内注释基因进行编码区序列和功能分析确定关键候选目的基因。【结果】甜瓜白色种皮对黄色种皮为显性,由单显性基因CmSC1控制并表现延迟遗传效应。利用368个黄色种皮F₂单株最终将CmSC1精细定位于第5号染色体分子标记S27和S28之间物理距离约95 kb区间内,共包含12个注释基因。其中一个为拟南芥AtTT8同源的编码bHLH转录因子蛋白的MELO3C014406,经序列变异位点分析,黄色种皮材料B8和B150分别在该基因ATG下游第47位碱基处插入碱基A以及在第260位碱基处缺失14 bp导致翻译蛋白提前终止,致使后面功能结构域完全缺失,进而通过开发特异分子标记YS及序列分析,发现65份黄色种皮材料均发生这两种突变形式中的一种,推测MELO3C014406即为控制种皮颜色CmSC1的目的基因。【结论】本研究将控制种皮颜色的CmSC1精细定位于第5染色体95 kb区间内,推测MELO3C014406为最终目的基因,并开发了特异分子标记YS。     

水稻花色素苷合成调节基因hrd1(t)的鉴定

【目的】对籼稻种质hrd1紫叶性状进行遗传分析和基因定位。【方法】在特籼占13与02428杂交后代中获得籼稻紫叶材料hrd1。对hrd1主要农艺性状及表型进行观察;配制hrd1与02428的F1、F2、BC1F1群体,观察紫叶与绿叶性状的分离情况,明确其遗传模式;进一步利用F2群体实现紫叶性状基因的精细定位和候选基因遴选。【结果】hrd1在2叶期的叶尖出现紫色,并逐步扩散至全株大部分组织,成熟期农艺性状与对照（特籼占13）具有较大差异。hrd1叶绿素含量正常,花色素苷含量显著高于对照。遗传分析表明其紫叶性状受1对隐性核基因hrd1(t)控制,该基因位于第4染色体InDel标记HRD10和HRD21之间,物理距离为32.5 kb。对该区域候选基因测序,发现hrd1在LOC_Os04g50660基因（编码WD和G-beta重复域蛋白）的第3外显子发生单碱基突变（A→C）,导致其编码的第196位氨基酸由对照的赖氨酸变为苏氨酸。【结论】hrd1(t)编码WD40类转录因子,可能参与花色素合成调控。     

Hu-ets-1 and Hu-ets-2 genes are transposed in acute leukemias with (4;11) and (8;21) translocations

Human probes identifying the cellular homologs of the v-ets gene, Hu-ets-1 and Hu-ets-2, and two panels of rodent-human cell hybrids were used to study specific translocations occurring in acute leukemias. The human ets-1 gene was found to translocate from chromosome 11 to 4 in the t(4;11)(q21;23), a translocation characteristic of a subtype of leukemia that represents the expansion of a myeloid/lymphoid precursor cell. Similarly, the human ets-2 gene was found to translocate from chromosome 21 to chromosome 8 in the t(8;21)(q22;q22), a nonrandom translocation commonly found in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with morphology M2 (AML-M2). Both translocations are associated with expression different from the expression in normal lymphoid cells of ets genes, raising the possibility that these genes play a role in the pathogenesis of these leukemias.     

Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a genetically influenced developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic vocal and motor tics. We studied Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) as a candidate gene on chromosome 13q31.1 because of its proximity to a de novo chromosomal inversion in a child with TS. Among 174 unrelated probands, we identified a frameshift mutation and two independent occurrences of the identical variant in the binding site for microRNA hsa-miR-189. These variants were absent from 3600 control chromosomes. SLITRK1 mRNA and hsa-miR-189 showed an overlapping expression pattern in brain regions previously implicated in TS. Wild-type SLITRK1, but not the frameshift mutant, enhanced dendritic growth in primary neuronal cultures. Collectively, these findings support the association of rare SLITRK1 sequence variants with TS.     

Mapping of the human Blym-1 transforming gene activated in Burkitt lymphomas to chromosome 1

Blym-1, a transforming gene detected by transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with DNA from Burkitt lymphomas, was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p32) by chromosomal in situ hybridization. The Blym-1 gene was not physically linked to the cellular myc oncogene or to any of the immunoglobulin gene loci implicated in the characteristic chromosomal translocations in Burkitt lymphoma.     

崂山奶山羊DGAT1基因多态性及与泌乳性状的关系

【目的】探讨崂山奶山羊DGAT1基因与泌乳性状的关系。【方法】以175只崂山奶山羊泌乳母羊为试验群体,利用PCR-SSCP方法和候选基因直接测序法检测DGAT1-P1(包含第8外显子)、DGAT1-P2(5’调控区内)、DGAT1-P3和DGAT1-P4位点在该群体中的多态性,并采用最小二乘方法分析DGAT1-P4位点多态性与泌乳性状之间的关联效应。【结果】崂山奶山羊DGAT1-P1和DGAT1-P2位点不存在多态性。对崂山奶山羊高乳脂率和低乳脂率个体的DGAT1-P3位点核苷酸序列比对,发现在序列600bp处即DAGT1-P4位点上存在着A→G的单核苷酸替换,对乳脂率有显著影响(P0.01),其中AA基因型为崂山奶山羊乳脂率性状最有利的基因型,A等位基因对乳脂率性状有正效应。【结论】在崂山奶山羊中发现候选基因DGAT1存在多态性,且对乳脂率性状有显著效应,为开展崂山奶山羊的标记辅助选择提供了依据。     

Cloning of breakpoints of a chromosome translocation identifies the AN2 locus

Chromosome translocations involving 11p13 have been associated with familial aniridia in two kindreds highlighting the chromosomal localization of the AN2 locus. This locus is also part of the WAGR complex (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation). In one kindred, the translocation is associated with a deletion, and probes for this region were used to identify and clone the breakpoints of the translocation in the second kindred. Comparison of phage restriction maps exclude the presence of any sizable deletion in this case. Sequences at the chromosome 11 breakpoint are conserved in multiple species, suggesting that the translocation falls within the AN2 gene.     

水稻开颖半不育突变体的观察、遗传分析和基因定位

【目的】通过对一份航天诱变水稻（Oryza sativa L.）开颖半不育突变体ohss（open-hull semi-sterility）进行形态特性调查、遗传分析和基因定位,筛选候选基因,为下一步基因克隆和功能分析奠定基础。【方法】以籼稻品种航恢七号为材料,通过“神舟八号”飞船搭载,诱变获得一份水稻开颖半不育突变体ohss。对其进行形态特征解剖观察,分析颖花器官发育突变特点。调查突变体和野生型的花粉可育率、自然结实率和套袋自交结实率,对其育性进行鉴定。随机选取5个成熟单株,考察穗部谷粒相关性状并进行统计分析。通过覆盖全基因组的SSR分子标记检测,解析空间诱变的分子变异效应。以航恢七号、Francis和02428与突变体ohss配制杂交组合,观察F₁和F₂植株的花器官表型,进行?²测验,对突变性状进行遗传分析。以02428/ohss的F₂分离群体作为目标基因定位群体,同时利用SSR标记以及新开发的多个InDel分子标记开展基因定位研究。利用RAP水稻基因组注释数据库对定位区间的候选基因进行预测,通过序列比对和基因表达分析筛选候选基因。【结果】开颖半不育花器官突变体ohss与野生型相比,抽穗期穗部明显包茎,颖花发育出现异常,内外稃片瘪弱、扭曲变形且开裂不抱合,颖花内部发育类似内稃状的器官,部分颖花没有内稃的分化。ohss发育异常颖花中可育花粉率58.74%,导致单株结实率、穗重、穗实粒数与野生型相比极显著降低。全基因组SSR标记检测表明突变体ohss总变异频率为0.0336,除了第7、12染色体未检测到突变位点,其他染色体上检测到突变频率范围为0.0143-0.0889。遗传分析结果显示ohss的开颖半不育表型受单隐性核基因ohss(t)控制,并将ohss(t)定位在水稻第3染色体上2个InDel标记InDel6043和InDel6070之间约27.6 kb的物理距离内。该区域有3个预测注释基因,序列比对和表达分析表明突变体ohss的OsMADS1编码区及启动子序列未发生突变,但是表达模式发生强烈改变。【结论】开颖半不育的花器官发育突变体ohss受单隐性核基因ohss(t)控制,ohss(t)定位在水稻第3染色体上InDel6043和InDel6070标记之间约27.6 kb的物理距离内,其OsMADS1的编码序列及5′UTR区未发生碱基突变但表达受到强烈抑制。     

调控玉米株高和穗位高候选基因Zmdle1的定位

【目的】株高是玉米株型育种的重要目标性状之一,不仅与玉米籽粒的机械化收获及抗倒伏相关,也与玉米产量密切相关。因此,挖掘玉米株高 QTL/基因并解析其功能具有重要的理论和育种价值,定位一个新的玉米矮秆基因 ZmDLE1,阐明其生物学功能,为加速改良玉米的株型提供重要的理论依据和基因资源。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所自育玉米骨干自交系 LY8405,M₂后代分离获得一个单基因调控隐性遗传的玉米矮秆低穗位突变体,M₃、M₄后代能稳定遗传,命名为 dwarf and low ear mutant1(Zmdle1),通过与 Mo17 杂交构建 F₂分离群体,借助极端性状混池测序分析法(BSA-seq)及目标区段重组交换鉴定的方法,基于 Mo17 参考基因组对目标区段内的基因进行挖掘和功能注释,定位候选基因。【结果】开展了 Zmdle1 表型鉴定,突变体 Zmdle1 苗期表型与对照 LY8405 无显著性差异,成熟期植株株高和穗位高较 LY8405 分别降低 87...     

玉米籽粒淀粉粒密度基因tw1的精细定位

【目的】淀粉粒密度影响籽粒容重,通过对一个玉米籽粒淀粉粒密度突变体Mrd进行鉴定和精细定位,为容重相关基因的克隆和功能验证奠定基础。【方法】以育种选系过程中发现的一个淀粉粒密度突变体Mrd为材料,利用近红外光谱分析仪检测其籽粒内部化学成分的变化,用扫描电镜观察授粉后18-45 d正常籽粒和突变籽粒中淀粉粒形态的差异;于2014-2016年分别在河南郑州和原阳以及海南三亚种植Mrd与B73的杂交组合及F₂和BC₁分离群体,并对其进行遗传分析;使用来自maizeGDB（http://www.maizegdb.org）的覆盖全基因组的1 000对SSR引物,通过集团分离分析法（bulked segregation analysis,BSA）筛选与目的基因紧密连锁的标记,实现目的基因的初步定位;并在该定位区间内开发新的标记,对从38 000 BC₁分离群体中筛选出的交换单株进行基因型分析,实现目的基因的精细定位;通过候选基因序列分析、功能预测和等位性测验确定首选候选基因。【结果】该突变体籽粒较正常籽粒体积变小,比重增加;细胞学和化学组份分析结果表明,与野生型籽粒相比,突变体籽粒中的粗蛋白含量降低,粗淀粉含量没有显著变化,淀粉粒形状不规则且变小、密度增加,可能是导致籽粒容重变大的原因;对授粉后不同天数籽粒内部淀粉粒结构的观察显示,突变体籽粒淀粉粒的密度比正常籽粒密度大,并随发育进程不断增加;对Mrd与B73的F₂及测交后代分离群体的遗传分析结果表明,Mrd籽粒突变是由单隐性基因（命名为tw1）控制的;该基因首先被定位在第6染色体的SSR标记umc1105和bnlg1154之间,物理距离为22 Mb;利用上述2个标记对BC₁群体进行交换单株筛选,并开发标记,将该基因定位于SSR标记B3和A47之间,物理距离为0.2 Mb;在该候选区段内有包含su2在内的3个候选基因,等位性测验结果表明,tw1与su2不是等位基因;候选基因序列分析和功能预测结果表明GRMZM2G042607编码的蛋白具有碳水化合物识别结构域,在种子中对碳水化合物的储藏起沉积作用,是tw1最可能的候选基因。【结论】实现了籽粒淀粉粒密度突变性状基因tw1的精细定位,并确定了候选基因为编码一种β-1,3半乳糖基转移酶的GRMZM2G042607。     

基于SLAF-seq技术鉴定苹果砧木耐涝候选基因

【背景】苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh)是我国主要栽培果树树种之一,但部分苹果产区由于夏、秋季的大量集中降雨和排水不良等造成果园涝害频繁发生,导致苹果树叶片黄化、脱落,果实品质和产量下降。【目的】鉴定苹果耐涝相关基因,为苹果耐涝分子标记辅助育种和优质高产栽培提供依据。【方法】以耐涝苹果砧木G41和不耐涝苹果砧木新疆野苹果(M. sieverii (Ledeb) Roem.)及其构建的包含495个F1杂交后代为材料,从F1杂交群体中挑选出耐涝和不耐涝株系各50株,构建两个极端性状DNA混池,采用简化基因组测序(SLAF-seq)技术,开发SLAF标签和SNP标记,结合苹果基因组信息和遗传关联性分析,对苹果耐涝基因进行定位及候选基因预测,并对候选基因在耐涝差异的株系中进行淹水胁迫下的表达分析。【结果】以‘金冠’苹果为参考基因组,共开发119 072个SLAF标签,其中多态性SLAF有11 133个。通过序列分析和检测SNP位点,共获得6 237 071个SNP,其中高质量SNP有170 617个。通过ED和SNP-index方法关联分析,获得一个与耐涝性状紧密关联的候选区...     

谷子穗顶端败育突变体sipaa1的表型分析和基因定位

【目的】穗发育对于农作物产量至关重要,而穗顶端败育谷子产量下降的重要原因之一。通过挖掘谷子穗顶端败育的相关基因,探求谷子穗顶端发育的生物学通路,以期为谷子穗发育遗传机理研究提供理论基础。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基硫酸乙酯（ethyl methyl sulfonate,EMS）对野生型豫谷一号（Yugu1）进行诱变,在其后代中发现了一个可以稳定遗传的穗顶端败育的突变体,命名为sipaa1,同时对该突变体的农艺性状进行鉴定。以突变体sipaa1母本,SSR41父本构建的F₂定位群体为材料进行遗传分析及图位克隆,确定基因所属染色体以及在该染色体上的位置。对突变体sipaa1和野生型Yugu1的BC₁F₂进行高通量测序,挖掘定位区间内的候选基因,根据候选基因在谷子不同组织部位表达量的差异,找出在穗部高表达的候选基因。对孕穗期的Yugu1和sipaa1进行转录组测序,寻找差异表达基因并分析差异表达基因富集的生物学通路。【结果】与Yugu1相比,突变体sipaa1的平均株高略有增高,增幅不显著,叶长、叶宽分别降低了10.66%和5.08%。突变体的表型变异主要集中在穗部,最突出的表现是穗顶端小花发育异常,谷穗长和谷穗粗分别降低了11.36%和16.12%,单株穗重、谷码数、单穗粒重及千粒重分别降低了30.02%、32.58%、30.55%和18.18%。通过对sipaa1×SSR41的F₂代群体中正常株与突变株的遗传分析表明该突变为隐性单基因控制。经图位克隆将突变基因定位于第1染色体Indel标记1-9.23与1-9.333之间约100 kb的范围内。结合高通量测序数据库,在该定位区间筛选到6个在穗部高表达的候选基因。转录组测序发现,在突变体与野生型之间存在2 768个上调表达基因,507个下调表达基因,且定位区间内有2个差异表达基因主要与激素信号转导、外界胁迫响应、植物-病原互作等生物学通路有关。【结论】谷子穗顶端败育突变体sipaa1由隐性单基因控制,突变基因位于第1染色体Indel标记1-9.23与1-9.333之间,转录组测序与基因功能分析发现了2个在穗部高表达且与植物花器官发育及胁迫响应密切相关的候选基因,候选基因可能通过对激素、胁迫响应,以及细胞程序性死亡等相关通路调控谷子穗顶端败育。     

An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome

Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) is an autosomal dominant circadian rhythm variant; affected individuals are "morning larks" with a 4-hour advance of the sleep, temperature, and melatonin rhythms. Here we report localization of the FASPS gene near the telomere of chromosome 2q. A strong candidate gene (hPer2), a human homolog of the period gene in Drosophila, maps to the same locus. Affected individuals have a serine to glycine mutation within the casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon) binding region of hPER2, which causes hypophosphorylation by CKIepsilon in vitro. Thus, a variant in human sleep behavior can be attributed to a missense mutation in a clock component, hPER2, which alters the circadian period.