裸露岩石对喀斯特坡地水土流失及水动力特征的影响

[目的] 裸露岩石如何影响坡地产流产沙及水动力特征尚需进一步深入研究。[方法] 通过室内模拟试验,设置不同岩石裸露率(0,10%,30%,50%,70%)的坡地,开展不同雨强(30,60,90 mm/h)条件下的人工模拟降雨试验,旨在探究雨强与裸露岩石对坡地产流产沙及水动力特征的影响。[结果] 坡地地表产流产沙随雨强增大呈增大趋势,而随岩石裸露率的增加呈减小趋势。在不同雨强条件下,0岩石裸露率坡地与10%岩石裸露率坡地的产流产沙差异多呈不显著(p>0.05),而与其他岩石裸露率坡地之间呈显著差异(p<0.05)。低岩石裸露率坡地(10%)与高岩石裸露率坡地(50%及以上)间产流产沙差异显著(p<0.05)。流速(V)、水深(h)、雷诺数(Re)、弗罗德数(Fr)、水流剪切力(τ)及水流功率(w)随雨强增大呈增大趋势,阻力系数(f)随雨强增大呈减小趋势。流速(V)、弗罗德数(Fr)随着岩石裸露率增加呈减小趋势,而水深(h)、阻力系数(f)随着岩石裸露率增加呈增大趋势,雷诺数(Re)、水流剪切力(τ)与水流功率(w)在不同雨强下变化规律有差异。水动力参数变化在不同坡地间具有一定差异性。产沙与水动力参数数量关系以指数函数拟合效果最好,流速(V)(R²=0.819,p<0.05)、水流剪切力(τ)(R²=0.858,p<0.05)及水流功率(w)(R²=0.890,p<0.05)预测坡地产沙效果较好,其中水流功率(w)为最佳预测参数。[结论] 研究结果进一步丰富了岩溶坡地土壤侵蚀理论,并可为建立适合于岩石裸露坡地的水蚀预测模型提供参考。     

基于气候阻力的温室黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟

在北方地区玻璃温室内,观测黄瓜生长期叶温与温室内微气象因子,利用基于能量平衡方程和水汽扩散理论的叶-气温差方程计算植株气孔阻力(ri),结合同期气候阻力(r^*)和边界层阻力(re)进行分析,结果发现：不同天气条件下ri/re的比值与r^*/re比值之间呈极显著正相关关系,晴天时：ri/re=1.207(r^*/re)-0.326(n=328,r=0.8055),阴天时：ri/re=0.169(r^*/re)+0.278(n=222,r=0.8076)。根据此拟合方程,以r^*/re代替ri/re代入修正后的P-M公式中计算温室黄瓜的蒸腾速率,与直接代入ri值的计算结果比较,结果晴天与阴天条件下的相对误差均<10%,一致性指数达0.96以上,说明利用拟合方程建立的模型模拟效果很好。此模型能够直接利用气象数据计算温室作物气孔阻力并进而计算蒸腾速率,使温室作物蒸腾速率的计算更简单方便,该文结果对同类温室和作物有参考价值。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

不同灌溉条件下不同类型冬小麦产量水分利用效率差异原因分析

以旱地品种"西峰20"和"晋麦47"、水旱兼用型品种"石家庄8 号"、高水肥地品种"石4185"和"科农9204"5 个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间不同灌溉处理试验研究了不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种收获指数和群体水分利用效率对产量水分利用效率的影响差异。结果表明: 不同抗旱类型的小麦在不同灌溉处理下, 产量水分利用效率(WUE_y)以及变化趋势存在显著差异。旱地冬小麦品种WUE_y 和收获指数(HI)显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。不同品种间WUE_y 最大相差42.01%, HI 相差25.91%。HI 和群体水分利用效率(WUE_bm)与WUE_y 呈显著正相关关系。株高与HI 呈显著负相关关系(R²=0.574)。在不灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 差异源自HI 的差异; 而在补充灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 的差异源自WUE_bm 和HI 的共同作用。说明不同抗旱类型的小麦对不同灌溉处理的响应方式和适应策略不同。旱地品种在干旱胁迫条件下, 主要靠增加WUE_bm 来提高WUE_y; 而水地品种和水旱兼用型品种在补充灌溉中凭借较高的WUE_bm 和HI 共同作用提高WUE_y。     

利用普通数码相机估测松林叶面积指数与标准误

叶面积指数(LAI)与叶面积指数标准误(SEL)是植被的重要结构变量, 可为森林经营管理、开展病虫害防治检疫工作提供数据参考。针对条件复杂区域LAI与SEL测定仪法应用的限制性, 提出利用数码相机拍摄松林林冠图像, 经特征指数2G B计算图像叶覆盖度(用Cover表示)与叶覆盖度标准差(用Cover SD表示)两个指标, 构建LAI-Cover、SEL-Cover SD关系模型, 实现松林LAI与SEL的估测。利用福建省13个县(市)65组数据对该方法进行试验, 结果表明: Cover与LAI、Cover SD与SEL均呈极显著正相关关系, 可以用 LAI 3.095 5Cover=0.192 6e^3.0955cover 准确估测松林 LAI, 用 SEL = 1.105 9Cover SD ? 0.067 4 估测 SEL,, 两模型的R²分别为0.613 5、0.493 5, 估测精度达0.894 6、0.798 5。由此可见, 利用普通数码相机估测松林LAI与SEL具有较高的可行性与准确性, 可将该方法推广应用。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic fungi differentially modulate polyamines or proline of peach in response to soil flooding

Symbiotic fungi are involved in plant flooding tolerance, while the underlying mechanism is not yet known. Since polyamines (PAs) and proline are also associated with stress tolerance, it is hypothesized that the enhancement of stress resistance by symbiotic fungi is associated with changes in PAs and/or proline. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae and Serendipita indica on plant growth, PAs, and proline and the metabolisms in peach (Prunus persica) under flooding. Two-week flooding did not affect root colonization frequence of F. mosseae, while it promoted root colonization frequence of S. indica. Under flooding, plants inoculated with F. mosseae and S. indica maintained relatively higher growth rates than uninoculated plants. Funneliformis mosseae promoted root ornithine (Orn) contentration and arginine (Arg) and Orn decarboxylase activities under flooding, which promoted putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), and spermidine (Spd) contentrations. Conversely, S. indica decreased contentrations of Arg, Orn, and agmatine and Arg decarboxylase activities, thus decreasing PA contentrations under flooding. Polyamines were negatively correlated with the expression of PA uptake transporter genes, PpPUT1 and PpPUT2, in peach. Polyamine transporter genes of F. mosseae (FmTPO) and S. indica (SiTPO) were regulated by flooding, of which FmTPO1 was positively correlated with Put, Cad, and Spd, along with positive correlations of Spd with SiTPO1, SiTPO2, and SiTPO4. Under flooding, F. mosseae decreased proline concentration, while S. indica increased proline concentration and correlated with expression of a △¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene, PpP5CS2. It was thus concluded that F. mosseae modulated polyamine accumulation, while S. indica induced proline accumulation to tolerate flooding.     

Screening of Streptomyces strains helping arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis against pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Phytophthora blight

Mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) can promote the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, but their role and application potential in coping with soil-borne diseases are still unclear. A 14-week greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to obtain several actinomycete strains helping AM symbiosis in suppressing the Phytophthora blight of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), using a soil inoculated with Phytophthora capsici after sterilization. Five Streptomyces strains, including S. pseudogriseolus, S. albogriseolus, S. griseoaurantiacus, S. tricolor, and S. tendae, as well as the AM fungus (Funneliformis caledonium) were tested. The Phytophthora blight severity reached 66% at full productive stage in the uninoculated control, and inoculation of F. caledonium, S. griseoaurantiacus, and S. tricolor alone significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) it to 47%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. Compared to F. caledonium alone, additional inoculation of S. tricolor or S. tendae, which were isolated from the rhizosphere of a healthy individual in an infected field, significantly elevated (P ＜ 0.05) root mycorrhizal colonization, root biomass, fruit yield, and total K acquisitions of pepper and further significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) blight severity. According to the feature of enhancing disease-suppression by AM symbiosis, both S. tricolor and S. tendae were confirmed as MHB strains here. Specifically, S. tendae had a stronger performance in directly accelerating mycorrhization, while S. tricolor antagonist to the pathogenic P. capsici. Furthermore, S. griseoaurantiacus with the independent disease-suppression function was not an MHB strain here. The redundancy analyses demonstrated that when AM fungus was present, root mycorrhizal colonization replaced soil pH becoming the main factor affecting pepper Phytophthora blight. Thus, S. tricolor and S. tendae seemed to have the value of preparation and application in the future to help AM symbiosis against pepper Phytophthora blight.     

不同施肥方式下土中有机氯农药的残留特征

Soil samples with three fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, corn straw and farm manure) collected from a Lou soil (Eum-orthic Anthrosol classfied using Chinese Soil Taxonomy) in northwestern China were analysed for residual levels and their characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, a-endosulfan, dieldrin and endrin). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected in all soil samples except δ-HCH and their total concentrations ranged from 159.31 ± 9.00 to 179.77 ± 2.58 ng g^-1 with an order of HCHs > DDTs > (dieldrin + endrin) > HCB > α-endosulfan. Among all the compounds, γ-HCH had the highest concentration followed by p,p'-DDE. The residual levels of HCH isomers and DDT as well as their metabolites in soil with different fertilization treatments were in the order of γ-HCH > β-HCH ≈ α-HCH > δ-HCH and p,p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > o,p'-DDT > p,p'-DDD ≈ o,p'-DDE, respectively. DDE/DDT ratios ranged from 1.59 ±0.13 to 3.35 ± 0.16 and endrin/dieldrin ratios from 1.40 ± 0.06 to 9.20 ± 4.05, both indicating no new occurrence of these pesticides in these soils, while α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios of 0.04 indicated a new input of lindane (almost pure γ-HCH) in the past several years. The farm manure treatments showed lower DDT residues than samples without fertilizer. Also addition of corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic matter content and decreased the soil pH which could retard the degradation of DDT in the soil.     

基于LSTM模型预测不同水保工程措施条件下土壤侵蚀量——以辽西北地区为例

[目的] 准确模拟和预测不同水保工程措施下土壤侵蚀量,为辽西北地区精准预测土壤侵蚀量提供技术和理论依据。[方法] 基于野外径流小区2011—2021年的监测数据,包括：最大30 min和60 min降雨强度(I₃₀和I₆₀)、降雨历时(T)、降雨量(P)和土壤侵蚀量,建立了长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)分别对3种工程措施(水平槽、果树台田和梯田)下的土壤侵蚀量进行预测。并将LSTM预测结果与3个经典机器学习模型〔反向传播神经网络(BP)、随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM)〕预测的结果进行对比。[结果] ①在3种工程措施中,I₃₀,I₆₀,T和P对土壤侵蚀量的影响程度不同,但I₃₀,I₆₀和T对土壤侵蚀量的影响大于P。②利用BP模型预测土壤侵蚀量的相对均方根误差(NRMSE)均大于0.2。③相比于RF和SVM模型,LSTM模型在3种工程措施下(水平槽、果树台和梯田)预测土壤侵蚀量的NRMSE分别降低了约0.04～0.08,0.02～0.08,0.05～0.08。④利用I₃₀和T作为LSTM模型的输入特征预测土壤侵蚀量的精度与使用I₃₀,I₆₀,T和P为输入特征时的预测精度相近。[结论] 在辽西北地区3种水保工程措施中,利用LSTM模型基于最大30 min雨强和降雨历时对土壤侵蚀量进行预测,取得了较其他传统模型高的预测精度。这说明LSTM模型可在同类地区土壤侵蚀量的精准模拟和确定水土保持措施中推广和应用。     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

分别利用Hargreaves和PM公式计算西北干旱区ET0的比较

该文根据甘肃张掖气象站1991～2000年的气象资料，利用Hargreaves公式和Penman-Monteith公式计算了参照作物需水量(ET₀)。对比分析结果表明：Hargreaves公式计算的ET_0H年值比Penman-Monteith公式的计算ET_0PM偏低，而在年内6、7、8月份，ET_0H>ET_0PM，9月份两种方法计算结果几乎相等，其他月份ET_0H<ET_0PM。造成这种结果的原因是风速和降雨的影响。根据两种方法的计算结果，提出了适合西北干旱区ET₀的计算公式。     

Sensitivity analysis of the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant) model under different nitrogen applications and root distributions in saline soils

Sensitivity analysis is important for determining the parameters in the model calibration process. In our study, a variance-based global sensitivity analysis (extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST) was applied to an agro-hydrological model (the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant model) model). The sensitivities of 20 parameters belonging to 4 categories (soil hydraulics, solute transport, root water uptake, and environmental stresses) for the simulated accumulated transpiration, dry matter (DM), and yield of sunflowers were analyzed under three nitrogen application rates (N1, N2, and N3), four salinity levels (S1, S2, S3, and S4), and three root distributions (R1, R2, and R3). The results indicated that for predominantly loamy soils, the high-impact parameters for accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield were the soil hydraulic parameters (α and n), critical stress index for compensatory root water uptake (ω_c), the salt level at which salt stress starts (Pi), the decline of root water uptake above Pi (SSF), residual water content (θ_r), saturated water content (θ_s), and relative uptake of solutes by roots (TSCF). We also found that nitrogen application did not change the order of the parameter impacts on accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield. However, TSCF replaced α as the highest-impact parameter for the accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield at high salinity levels (S2 and S3). Furthermore, α was also the highest-impact parameter for DM and yield under different root distributions, but the highest-impact parameters for transpiration were ω_c, α, and θ_s under R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Nitrogen application could be neglected when considering the interactive effects of nitrogen application, salinity level, and root distribution on the transpiration, DM, and yield. Additionally, the mean values and uncertainties of the transpiration, DM, and yield were similar in all scenarios, except S3, which showed a sharp decrease in the mean values. We suggest determining the above eight parameters (α, n, ω_c, Pi, SSF, θ_r, θ_s, and TSCF) and the saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_s) based on rigorous calibrations with direct or indirect local measurements using economical methods (e.g., a literature review), with limited observations for other parameters when using the SWAP model and other similar agro-hydrological models.     

具啄田菁茎瘤的固氮作用

具有固氮作用的茎瘤豆科植物约有三种,即含羞草亚科素食假含羞草属的素食假含羞草(Neptunia oleracea)^[1];蝶形花亚科合萌属的合萌(Aeschynomene indica)^[2,3];和具啄田菁(Sesbania rostrata)^[4]。     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

雨滴击溅下表土孔隙变化及其对入渗能力的影响

为探究雨滴击溅下土壤结构与入渗能力的变化规律,为雨滴击溅下土壤侵蚀状况预测提供参考,以黄土高原褐土为对象,基于雨滴击溅试验、土壤渗透试验和同步辐射CT扫描方法,对降雨条件下表土孔隙结构与土壤渗透能力的关系进行了分析。结果表明：①雨滴击溅导致土壤总孔隙度和渗透系数显著降低(P<0.05)。2.67、3.39和4.05 mm直径雨滴击溅后土壤的总孔隙度分别降低了20.64%、36.05% 和44.88%,土壤渗透系数分别降低了15.69%、40.42% 和71.77%。雨滴击溅后土壤孔隙的碎片化程度加剧,导致孔隙形状更不规则,连通性降低。②土壤孔隙大小、形状和连通性对土壤渗透能力有显著影响(P<0.01)：孔隙越大,形状越规则,对土壤渗透能力的影响越大。从孔隙连通性角度看,土壤连通孔隙的孔喉半径和孔隙率对入渗能力的影响程度最大。基于以上分析,建立了土壤渗透系数(K)与总孔隙度(P_T)、大孔隙率(P_lp)、规则孔隙率(P_rp)、连通孔隙率(P_cp)和孔喉半径(R_th)的预测模型：K=0.402P_T+0.104P_lp+0.1401P_rp+0.350P_cp+0.003R_th–0.415,R²=0.93,P<0.05。综上可见,雨滴击溅通过改变土壤孔隙的大小、形状和连通状况,导致土壤孔隙结构破坏,从而降低了土壤入渗能力。     

超高压加工鲜切苹果片的色变动态特性

以红富士和冰糖心2种苹果为试材,研究0、200、300、400和500MPa超高压处理对鲜切苹果片的色变动态特性。结果表明,超高压处理能显著抑制鲜切苹果片在空气中的色变速率。采用4种三色值组合(ΔL*a*/b* 、ΔL*a*b*、Δ(ΔE)和ΔW.I.)作为色变指标研究鲜切苹果片的色变动态特性,结果表明,超高压处理和未处理的鲜切苹果片的各色变指标均随时间呈线性变化,鲜切苹果片的色变符合零级动力学反应。通过对三色值组合的优选,色变指标ΔL*a*/b*被选作反应压力对色变影响的最佳指标,并在此基础上建立了色变指标(ΔL*a*/b*)与压力(P)的关系模型。模型表明,400MPa为超高压加工鲜切水果片的较优压力。     

华中地区旱地氮素矿化的能力

Nitrogen mineralization potentials of 15 soil samples were studied by the methods of soil aerobic incubation, and the correlation between the potentials and the amounts of nitrogen taken up by rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in pot culture was calculated. The soils were collected from Hubei Province in Central China. Soil nitrogen mineralization potentials (N_O) were calculated and optimized by a quick-BASIC program. N_O ranged from 60 mg kg^-1 to 340 mg kg^-1, which accounted for 9.1% to 34.6% of the total nitrogen content. Among the examined soils, yellow-brown soil collected from Wuhan had the largest N_O and brown-red soil from Xianning had the smallest one. The mineralization rate constants (k) ranged from 0.00556 d^-1 to 0.01280 d^-1, in average 0.00882 d^-1. Chao soil from Wuhan had the greatest k while yellow-cinnamon soil from Zhaoyang had the smallest one. There were apparent differences between mineralization parameters (N_O and k) optimized and non-optimized ones. Optimized N_O had a better correlation than non-optimized N_O with the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass. N_O, N_O × k and N_t(accumulated mineralized nitrogen within time t) could be used as indexes of soil nitrogen supply. Among them N_t was the best, which was significantly correlated with the amounts of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass harvested at three different times.     

中国乌鲁木齐土壤中有机氯的来源、组成与风险评价

Twenty-eight surface soil samples from 5 functional zones (park, traffic roadside, business/residential area, rural area, and industrial area) of Ürümqi, China were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as 3 isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) (α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH), 4 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (p, p’-DDT and its metabolites p, p’-DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and p, p’-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene), and o, p’-DDT), and methoxychlor, aiming to survey the residue levels and compositions of these 14 OCPs, to identify possible sources of the OCPs, and to assess their potential risks to human health and the environment in surface soils of Ürümqi. The concentrations ranged from non-detected to 30.86 μg kg^-1 for HCHs (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HCH), from non-detected to 40.03 μg kg^-1 for DDTs (sum of p, p’-DDT, p, p’-DDD, p, p’-DDE, and o, p’-DDT), and from non-detected to 11.95 μg kg^-1 for methoxychlor. The total concentrations of the OCPs ranged from 16.40 to 84.86 μg kg^-1, with a mean of 41.89 ± 16.25 μg kg^-1. According to the measured concentrations and occurrence rates of the 14 OCPs, DDTs, HCHs, and methoxychlor were the most dominant compounds. Among the 5 functional zones, the total concentration of OCPs was in the order of rural area > traffic roadside > park > business/residential area > industrial area. The different compositions of DDTs and HCHs indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling sites. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil total organic carbon played an important role in the residue levels of HCHs, but such relationships were not found with DDTs or other OCPs. The soil quality of Ürümqi was classified as Class I based on the guidelines of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-1995), indicating that the residue levels of OCPs have little risks to the environment and human health in the study area.     

Responses of the methanogenic pathway and fraction of CH4 oxidization in a flooded paddy soil to rice planting

Rice planting (RP) is significant to methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy fields, but its effect on the relative contribution of the acetoclastic methanogenesis to total CH₄ production (F_ac) and the fraction of CH₄ oxidized (F_ox) is poorly understood. To quantify the responses of the F_ac and F_ox to RP, we investigated CH₄ fluxes, CH₄ production and oxidation potentials, dissolved CH₄ concentrations, and their stable carbon isotopes in a flooded paddy soil. The mcrA and pmoA gene copies were also determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Compared with the unplanted soil (control, CK), the seasonal CH₄ emissions from the planted soil were significantly enhanced, 13.6 times, resulting in large decreases in the CH₄ concentrations in the soil solution. This indicated that much more CH₄ was released into the atmosphere by the RP than was stored in the soils. Acetoclastic methanogenesis became more important from the tillering stage (TS) to the ripening stage (RS) for the CK, with F_ac values increased from 17%–20% to 46%–55%. With RP, the F_ac values were enhanced by 10%–20%, and it significantly increased the copy numbers of the mcrA gene at the four rice stages (TS, booting stage (BS), grain-filling stage (GS), and RS). Furthermore, the effect of the RP on the abundance of the mcrA gene was highly concurrent with the effect on the F_ac values. At the TS, the F_ox values at the soil-water interface were around 50%–75% for the CK, being 15%–20% lower than those of the RP in the rhizosphere. It increased to 65%–100% at the GS, but was reduced by 20%–30% after the RP. These differences might be because the copy numbers of the pmoA gene were significantly raised at the TS while lowered at the GS by the RP. This was further demonstrated by the strong correlations between the effect of the RP on the abundance of the pmoA gene and the effect on the F_ox values. These findings suggest that RP markedly impacts on the abundances of the mcrA and pmoA genes, affecting the pathway of CH₄ production and the fraction of CH₄ oxidization, respectively.