样本容量对养殖群体内主要遗传结构分析参数的影响

用微卫星标记评估养殖群体的遗传结构,设置8个取样量梯度,5个标记量梯度,统计分析了各遗传参数的变化.结果:群体等位基因数(A)随样本量的增加而呈现上升趋势,但上升幅度由0.6667～0.9615(10相似文献   

3个仿刺参地理种群遗传变异的微卫星DNA分析

运用微卫星DNA技术对仿刺参烟台群体、威海群体、大连群体的3个野生群各20个个体进行了遗传分析。对9个基因位点进行了扩增,共获得了59个等位基因。评估了9对微卫星引物的多态信息含量(PIC),范围在0.5129~0.8794之间。结果表明:3个野生群体的平均杂合度观测值分别为0.6416、0.6595、0.5824,平均杂合度期望值分别为0.7641、0.7161、0.7364;在Hardy-Weinberg平衡条件下,进行了P检验,发现3个群体均有位点发生了显著偏离;对3个群体进行了配对Fst值计算,发现3个群体之间遗传分化较弱。从变异贡献率来看,95.68%的变异来自个体之间,4.32%的变异来自群体之间。经过聚类分析,发现威海群体和大连群体之间亲缘关系较近,烟台群体与前两群体亲缘关系较远。     

Genetic diversity in a Tasmanian hatchery population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) compared with its Canadian progenitor population

The level of genetic diversity in a cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from Tasmania, Australia was examined at 11 microsatellite loci and compared with that in its progenitor population from the River Philip in Nova Scotia, Canada. The reference progenitor population consisted of archived scales collected from wild River Philip salmon in 1971 and 1972, not long after salmon from this river were imported into Australia in the mid‐1960s. The Tasmanian hatchery stock had a significant reduction in the mean number of alleles (31–43%) and mean allelic richness (28–39%) across all microsatellite loci compared with the wild Canadian population. Mean heterozygosity levels remained unchanged. Estimates of per‐generation effective population sizes for the Tasmanian population, based on allele frequency temporal variance with the wild progenitor population, ranged from 102–207 individuals and reflected hatchery records.     

Genetic divergence in Indian populations of M. rosenbergii using microsatellite markers

Macrobrachium rosenbergii, known as the giant freshwater prawn or Malaysian prawn, is the sixth largest aquaculture species in Asia. Knowledge of genetic diversity of M. rosenbergii is important to support management and conservation programmes, which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this economically important species. This study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of five M. rosenbergii populations using 11 microsatellite loci. In analysing 240 samples, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (H_O) and expected heterozygosity (H_E) ranged from 3 to 20, from 0.250 to 0.978 and from 0.556 to 0.944 respectively. The five stocks of M. rosenbergii displayed high level of genetic diversity. Both the F_ST and amova analyses showed that there was significant genetic differentiation among all populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that the Narmada and Mahi populations were in one cluster and Mahanadi and Subarnarekha populations in another single major branch, whereas the Kerala population clearly showed a separate cluster. This information on genetic variation will be useful for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian populations of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii.     

Genetic diversity of cultured and wild populations of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) based on microsatellite analysis

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in the Western Hemisphere is primarily, if not entirely, derived from 36 individual prawns originally introduced to Hawaii from Malaysia in 1965 and 1966. Little information is available regarding genetic variation within and among cultured prawn stocks worldwide. The goal of the current study was to characterize genetic diversity in various prawn populations with emphasis on those cultured in North America. Five microsatellite loci were screened to estimate genetic diversity in two wild (Myanmar and India‐wild) and seven cultured (Hawaii‐1, Hawaii‐2, India‐cultured, Israel, Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas) populations. Average allelic richness ranged from 3.96 (Israel) to 20.45 (Myanmar). Average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.580 (Israel) to 0.935 (Myanmar). Many of the cultured populations exhibited reduced genetic diversity when compared with the Myanmar and the India‐cultured populations. Significant deficiency in heterozygotes was detected in the India‐cultured, Mississippi and Kentucky populations (overall F_is estimated of 0.053, 0.067 and 0.108 respectively) reflecting moderate levels of inbreeding. Overall estimate of fixation index (F_st = 0.1569) revealed moderately high levels of differentiation among the populations. Outcome of this study provide a baseline assessment of genetic diversity in some available strains that will be useful for the development of breeding programmes.     

棘头梅童鱼七个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为研究中国沿海地区棘头梅童鱼群体的遗传多样性,利用微卫星标记技术,采用9对微卫星引物对中国连云港(LYG)、大丰(DF)、崇明(CM)、舟山(ZS)、温州(WZ)、宁德(ND)、厦门(XM)棘头梅童鱼7个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,实验检测到63个等位基因,各位点等位基因数为3~13个,有效等位基因数为1.7510~8.0317;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)为0.3596~0.7854,期望杂合度(He)为0.4300~0.8780;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.3604~0.8631,其中有2个位点表现为中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),7个位点表现为高度多态(PIC0.5),具有较丰富的遗传多样性水平。Hardy-Weinber平衡分析显示,7个群体的大部分位点未偏离平衡。基于群体间Nei氏标准遗传距离构建的7个野生群体UPGMA系统进化树结果显示,ND和WZ群体遗传关系最近,ZS和WZ群体遗传关系最远,WZ和ND聚为一支,但总体上没有显著的遗传分化。     

利用高通量测序开发的熊本牡蛎微卫星标记评价野生和养殖群体的遗传多样性及通用性

利用高通量测序的方法,从熊本牡蛎基因组中开发了20对具有多态性的微卫星标记,通过微卫星标记位点比较了野生群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。野生群体中,所有位点共扩增出330个等位基因,等位基因数(N_a)范围为6～39,平均等位基因数为16.500 0;有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为1.352 9～33.361 7,平均值9.517 2;观测杂合度(H_o)范围为0.200 0～1.000 0,平均值0.671 5;期望杂合度(H_e)范围为0.265 6～0.987 7,平均值0.832 1;ShannonWeiner指数(Ⅰ)范围为0.648 3～3.585 8,平均值2.276 9;多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.254 5～0.969 2,平均值0.803 5,共有16个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。养殖群体中,N_a平均值为10.250 0,N_e平均值为5.843 4,H_o平均值为0.639 1,H_e平均值为0.763 6,I平均值为1.791 4,PIC平均值为0.720 7。结果显示,熊本牡蛎养殖群体的遗传多样性低于野生群体,但仍然维持在高度多态水平。研究表明,在熊本牡蛎人工繁育过程中,使用大数量的亲本进行繁育,可有效防止选育群体的遗传多样性降低,但人工选育对选育群体的遗传多样性也产生了一定的影响。另外,分析了这些引物在近缘种葡萄牙牡蛎、长牡蛎、香港牡蛎、有明牡蛎、僧帽牡蛎、咬齿牡蛎以及舌骨牡蛎中的通用性情况,发现XB1-6、XB1-39和XB1-45 3个位点在8个物种中均能扩增出目的条带,XB1-41仅能在熊本牡蛎中扩增出目的条带。     

人工雌核发育鲢近交F2微卫星DNA变异分析

采用17对鲢微卫星引物,以野生鲢、养殖鲢、雄鲤作对照对人工雌核发育鲢近交F2及其亲本进行了微卫星分析。结果表明:人工雌核发育鲢近交F2、养殖鲢和野生鲢群体的平均等位基因数范围为2.1～4.0;平均观测杂合度范围为0.2762～0.9588;期望杂合度范围为0.2774～0.7360;遗传多样性指数范围为0.4500～1.2258,人工雌核鲢近交F2为0.4500,显著低于养殖鲢(1.0273)和野生鲢(1.2258),揭示人工雌核发育鲢近交F2遗传多样性水平较低,纯合度较高。从遗传距离来看,人工雌核发育鲢近交F2与对照群体之间的遗传距离都要大于野生鲢与养殖鲢群体之间遗传距离,表明人工雌核发育鲢近交F2发生了一定程度的遗传分化。     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

白梭吻鲈3个群体的遗传结构比较

为了加强良种选育工作,切实做好亲本遗传管理,防止近交衰退的发生,利用20个微卫星分子标记对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)新疆野生群体及山东和苏州2个养殖群体的遗传结构进行检测。结果表明,20个微卫星标记中18个有扩增产物,14个呈现多态性;每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数为3.6个,3个群体的平均等位基因数为2.57~3.36,平均观测杂合度为0.5085~0.5621,平均多态性信息含量为0.3931~0.4764,表明3个白梭吻鲈群体的遗传多样性处于中等偏低水平,遗传多样性大小为:新疆群体苏州群体山东群体。群体的Fst为0.1798,表明群体间有一定的遗传分化。在白梭吻鲈人工繁殖与养殖过程中,必须加强亲本遗传结构监测并维持一定数量的亲本规模,以利于其产业的持续发展。     

基于新开发微卫星标记评价番红砗磲两个野生群体的遗传多样性及近缘种通用性检测

采用磁珠富集和PCR筛选相结合的方法,得到番红砗磲的19个多态性微卫星标记。利用新开发微卫星标记对西沙群岛2个野生群体的遗传多样性进行比较分析,七连屿海域野生群体和永兴岛海域野生群体的平均观测等位基因数(Na)分别为11.105、11.895,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为6.274、6.173,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.776、0.788,平均多态性信息含量分别为0.730、0.744,发现2个野生群体的遗传多样性都处于高度多态水平,说明其有效群体大小仍然保持在较高水平。Bonferroni校正后,在2个群体中各有4个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。另外分析了这些引物在近缘种中的通用性情况,发现鳞砗磲中有7对微卫星引物具有通用性,6对具有多态性;无鳞砗磲中有3对微卫星引物具有通用性,1对具有多态性;诺瓦砗磲中有5对微卫星引物具有通用性,5对具有多态性;长砗磲中有9对微卫星引物具有通用性,8对具有多态性;砗蚝中有2对引物具有通用性,2对具有多态性。     

Polymorphic analysis of microsatellite DNA in wild populations of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

Primers were designed for eight microsatellite loci from Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Microsatellites were used to characterize three wild populations from the China coast of the Yellow and Bohai Seas (HB), and the west coast (KX) and south coast of the Korean Peninsula (KN). A total of sixty‐one alleles were obtained, and the average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.660 to 0.756. Six of the 24 population‐locus cases showed a significant departure from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, three of them from population KN, two from KX and one from HB. The F_st values indicated that genetic variation was greater within populations than between populations. Analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean showed that the relationship between populations HB and KX was closer than between KN and the other two populations. Polymorphic information contents of the eight microsatellites ranged from 0.598 to 0.918. These results indicated that all eight microsatellite loci would be useful for the analysis of genetic variation in Chinese shrimp (F. chinensis) populations.     

南方拟微卫星标记筛选及遗传多样性分析

南方拟■是一种分布于长江以南各水系的小型经济鱼类,目前仅有野生资源。为查明珠江流域其群体遗传结构现状,试验采用RAD-Seq技术筛选出36个多态性微卫星标记,其中29个为高度多态性(多态信息含量>0.50)位点,6个为中度多态性(0.25<多态信息含量<0.50)位点和1个为低度多态性(多态信息含量<0.25)位点。选取6个高度多态性位点研究珠江流域的北江、桂江、都柳江、融江、左江、右江、黔江及郁江8个江段南方拟■群体的遗传多样性和种群分化情况,结果显示,共检测到98.17个等位基因,平均等位基因数、有效等位基因数、观测杂合度、期望杂合度、香农指数和多态信息含量值分别12.2713、6.0575、0.5389、0.7679、1.8974和0.7379,表明珠江流域南方拟■的遗传多样性丰富。6个微卫星位点在8个群体中检测结果显示,平均群体间分化系数为0.1028,表明10.28%的遗传变异来自于群体间,89.72%的遗传变异来自于群体内,属于中等分化水平;平均群体内近交系数为0.2987,表明群体内杂合子缺失严重;基因流为1.0075~4.7308,说明群体间的基因流足以抵制遗传漂变。本研究的结果可为南方拟■种质资源保护和开发利用提供科学依据。     

斑鳢基因组中微卫星分布特征及野生种群遗传结构分析

斑鳢(Channa maculata)是华南地区的本土经济鱼类,也是杂交鳢的亲本之一。养殖个体逃逸可能会对野生种群产生影响,存在种质混杂的风险,亟须开展野生资源的遗传背景分析。该研究分析了斑鳢基因组中微卫星标记的分布特征,筛选获得20个多态性位点构建多重PCR体系,对广州、化州、江华、南宁、阳江和邵武6个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,6个野生群体各位点的等位基因(Na)为3~28、有效等位基因(Ne)为1.28~14.88、观测杂合度(Ho)为0.10~1.00、期望杂合度(He)为0.14~0.95以及多态信息含量(PIC)为0.13~0.95。UPGAM系统进化树结果显示,化州和福建种群遗传关系最近,化州和江华种群遗传关系最远。该研究结果将为斑鳢的遗传监测和亲缘关系鉴定提供技术支持,为斑鳢种质资源养护及管理提供参考。     

两个马氏珠母贝养殖群体遗传多样性微卫星分析

以两个马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)养殖群体为对象,采用微卫星分子标记技术对两个群体的遗传结构进行了研究,分析了各群体内的遗传多样性和两个群体间的遗传分化.结果表明,在广东养殖贝和三亚养殖贝群体中,分别获得232和230条扩增片段,两群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.28和0.29,平均多态信息含量分别为0.44和0.46,平均有效等位基因数分别为2.25和2.13,显示两个群体的群体遗传多样性水平相差较小(p<0.05),两群体间遗传变异性小,其遗传多样性处于中等水平.两个养殖群体的基因分化系数(GST)为0.0448,群体之间属于轻度偏中度分化水平.     

基于微卫星标记对6个花鲈群体的遗传多样性分析

为了解中国不同地理群体花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)的遗传结构,从花鲈基因组序列中筛选出11个具有多态性的微卫星位点,对中国沿海地区(天津、长岛、青岛、上海、厦门和北海)6个花鲈野生群体的遗传多样性进行分析.11个微卫星位点共检测到57个等位基因,7个微卫星位点具有高度多态性.6个群体的等位基因数(...     

Genetic and morphological divergences between wild and captive‐bred populations of Salmo trutta abanticus

Salmo trutta abanticus is a non‐anadromous trout species native to Lake Abant and Seven Lakes in Turkey. A restocking programme by captive breeding was initiated in 1999 to support S. trutta abanticus population. Reared 2‐year‐old juveniles from randomly caught wild parental individuals in Maçka breeding farm were introduced into Lake Abant. We aimed to compare genetic and morphological divergences between wild‐ and captive‐bred populations using seven microsatellite loci and geometric morphometric measurements. A significant genetic and morphological divergences were detected between all population in F_st and canonical variate analysis based on geometric morphometric with 10 homolog landmark. Eighty‐six microsatellites alleles were recorded across loci. Number of private alleles, observed alleles and observed heterozygosity are statistically significant higher in Maçka captive‐bred population than Lake Abant and Seven Lakes populations. Of 42 tests, three departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected in all populations after Bonferroni correction. Two pairs of loci (Ssa85 – Str73 and Str73‐Str543) in Maçka, one pairs of loci (Ssa85‐Str73) in Abant and two pairs of loci (Ssa85‐Str60 and Str73‐Str543) in Seven Lakes populations show linkage disequilibrium. Population structure analysed with Structure software showed three genetic groups (?K = 3) in our studied populations. Relatedness estimates show higher mean relatedness values (r = 0.220 ± 0.230) for Maçka captive‐breed population than wild populations of Abant Lake and Seven Lakes (r = 0.140 ± 0.210 and r = 0.170 ± 0.200 respectively).     

Genetic differentiation of wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp: potential application to the identification of escapees

The escape or release of cultured and domesticated organisms into the wild poses a threat to the genetic integrity of natural populations. Based on data from 17 microsatellite loci, the genetic differentiation between wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp Cyprinus carpio var. color was investigated, and its potential application for identifying the escapees of hatchery strains was assessed using Bayesian genetic assignment. No significant differences were observed between pooled hatchery and pooled wild populations in terms of allelic richness (A _R), observed heterozygosity (H _O), and inbreeding coefficient (F _IS). Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F _ST comparisons suggested significant genetic differentiation between hatchery strains and between hatchery and wild populations, which was further confirmed by principal components analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis. Bayesian genetic alignment showed high self-assignment accuracy (ranging from 86.0 to 96.0%) in the original populations, demonstrating the ability of this technique to identify hatchery Oujiang color common carp escapees in the wild population.     

利用微卫星荧光多重PCR技术分析壳白长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的遗传多样性

为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。     

Survey of genetic variation at three microsatellite loci in captive populations of endangered Japanese minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphyocypris chinensis</Emphasis> with implications for reduction of inbreeding

The Japanese population of the cyprinid minnow Aphyocypris chinensis is nearing extinction in the wild. The genetic diversity of three microsatellite loci in five captive populations was investigated, and an effective breeding strategy to reduce inbreeding from pairwise relatedness (R _xy ) between each captive line is discussed. The average number of alleles ranged 2.33–4.67 and the average heterozygosity ranged 0.283–0.602. The pairwise relatedness observed in most combinations showed a significant decrease between the populations. It is suggested that exchange of individuals between different breeding lines should effectively stop inbreeding. Studies show that the effective population size (N _e ) estimated from the number of parental individuals was 8.54 in one captive population, which is insufficient to maintain genetic diversity. It is recommended that more parental individuals should be used, and to exchange fish in a rotating mating mode between institutions participating in captive breeding of A. chinensis.