钾对大豆干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

盆栽条件下,通过设置不同的钾素水平,研究钾肥对大豆干物质积累及其产量和品质的影响.结果表明,钾增加了R1期根及地上部的干物质积累,但处理间差异不显著;R3、R5时期取样,随着钾肥用量的增加,根及地上部干物重表现为先增加后降低的趋势,K3(0.068 g K2O kg-1土)处理干物质积累量最多,但R3时期取样处理间差异不显著,R5时期取样处理间差异显著.随着大豆的生长发育,根冠比逐渐减小,R5时期根冠比值最小.R1、R3时期随着钾肥用量的增加根冠比表现为先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,K2(0.034 g K20 kg-1土)处理根冠比值最大;R5时期以K3处理根冠比值最大.钾有提高大豆脂肪降低蛋白质含量的趋势.钾能促进大豆产量的形成,以K5(0.136 g K2O kg-1土)处理产量最高,并且显著高于不施钾肥的处理.     

大豆施硒效应和硒素积累特性的初步研究

应用土培盆栽、微区及田间试验，研究底施和叶面喷施不同浓度硒对不同大豆品种生长发育、品质以及器官含硒量的影响。结果表明：土壤底施硒浓度０．１—０．５ｐｐｍ时，生长正常；＞１０ｐｐｍ时，苗期出现中毒症状，严重中毒时，则大多在子叶期死亡。鼓粒期叶面喷施０．０２５％－０．１％硒溶液，对大豆生长无毒害作用。不同品种（系）的生物学产量因施硒表现显著差异。施硒增加籽粒中蛋白质含量，降低脂肪含量；亚油酸、亚麻酸、硬脂酸含量增加．油酸、棕榈酸含量下降，且不同品种各脂肪酸组成变异较大。叶面喷硒，大豆各器官硒浓度与积累量随用量增加而提高．其中叶片＞籽粒＞荚壳＞茎＞根。     

不同大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上耐低磷能力的差异

研究不同耐低磷大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上的耐性变化。结果表明,大豆品种的耐低磷能力与土壤类型有一定关系,干物质积累量和磷积累量的大豆品种×土壤类型间交互作用极显著。在酸性低磷红壤上,大豆品种湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆和浙春２ 号的干物质量和磷积累量都显著高于桂阳傲泉黄豆和湘豆３ 号。在石灰性土壤上,干物质表现为湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆＞ 桂阳傲泉黄豆、浙春２ 号＞ 湘豆３ 号,而磷积累量除湘春９１—１００ 显著较高外,其它４ 个品种间无显著差异。土壤类型对大豆品种的根系生长有较大影响     

大豆品种磷素积累和利用效率的基因型差异

在酸性红壤的立培条件下，16个南方春大豆品种磷积累量存在极显著差异。不施磷处理，品种间磷积累量最高的比最低的增加48．3％；施磷处理则增加33．9％。施磷后品种间磷积累量增加15．75～21．97mg／株，磷肥利用率为10．9％～15．6％。大豆磷积累量与品种生育期相关性不显著，但不施磷条件下与苗期叶片酸性磷酸酶活性是显著正相关。不施磷时，品种间籽粒产量磷利用效率相差143．73mg／mgP，生物学产量磷利用效率相差406.78mg／mgP；施磷时，分别相差64．51mg／mgP和110．95mg／mgP。     

原垄卡种对春大豆生长发育及产量的影响

在大田条件下系统地比较了大豆全生育期玉米茬原垄卡种大豆与大豆连作两种耕作方式下,叶面积、株高、干物质积累及产量上的差异。结果表明:由于玉米秸秆的存在,原垄卡种处理在大豆苗期生长缓慢,其叶面积、株高、干物质积累量较大豆连作处理低6.76%、27.78%、16%。随着后期原垄卡种处理大豆生长迅速,二者之间的差距逐渐缩小,鼓粒期原垄卡种处理叶面积、干物质积累量超过大豆连作处理、二者株高相同。至成熟期原垄卡种处理的干物质积累量较大豆连作处理高7.6%,前者较后者增产9%。     

利用~(15)N标记研究大豆叶面氮素的吸收与分配

为研究大豆叶面氮素吸收与分配规律,以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽品种合丰48为试验材料,采用15N示踪法在大豆R5期进行叶面施氮,研究大豆不同器官对氮素吸收与分配情况。结果表明:不同施氮处理条件下,以4.5kg·hm-2(N3)处理大豆各器官干物质量及氮素积累量显著高于其它处理,其中籽粒干物重23.2 g,总干物重73.9 g,分别较不施氮处理(N0)高7.91%和14.93%;籽粒氮素单株积累量为137.2 g,较不施氮处理(N0)高13.11%。同一施氮水平下,大豆不同器官15N积累量为籽粒茎叶荚皮叶柄根,差异达到显著水平。不同施氮处理下,各器官15N积累量随着施氮量的增加而增加,在4.5 kg·hm-2(N3)条件下最高,籽粒单株积累量为8.32 mg。15N在各器官的分配比例与积累量总体趋势一致,不同施氮量间无明显相关性。     

钙和镁在超高产大豆辽豆14器官中的积累与分布

以超高产大豆辽豆14与普通大豆辽豆11为试材,研究了不同施肥水平和种植密度处理下,钙和镁在各器官的积累与分布.结果表明:大豆各器官钙百分含量依次为叶片叶柄荚皮籽粒茎秆;镁百分含量依次为叶柄叶片荚皮茎秆籽粒.随着生育时期的推移,大豆茎秆和籽粒中钙百分含量逐渐降低,叶片和叶柄中钙的百分含量始粒期以前呈下降趋势,始粒期以后呈增加趋势,荚皮中钙百分含量随着生育时期推移波动较小.大豆茎秆、叶片和叶柄中镁百分含量均在始花期最高,荚皮中镁百分含量在盛荚期最高,籽粒中镁百分含量在始粒期最高.和辽豆11相比,各肥密处理中辽豆14各器官钙和镁的百分含量均高于辽豆11.钙积累总量肥力处理间差异显著,密度处理间差异极显著.镁积累总量密度处理间差异极显著.钙和镁积累总量肥力、密度和品种间具有显著的交互作用.     

大豆利用难溶磷源基因型差异

来源于不同pH土壤上的各种大豆基因型利用难溶性磷源有明显差异.采用分别代表着南方、西北和东北本地品种三种基因型大豆,研究它们生物量、磷素积累、分泌的有机酸、根际pH和磷素利用效率(PUE)的差异.三种基因型大豆都比较偏爱Al-P,然而,绥农10号和泥巴豆在利用Al-P时,生物量比Na-P分别少8.5%和9.4%,比Ca-P和Fe-P分别多5.3%和11.8%,6.4%和42.2%.新大豆1号利用Al-P时生物量比Na-P、Fe-P和Ca-P分别多1.4%、20.8%和40.8%.地上部、根系和根瘤含磷量变化范围分别在1.37～2.47 mg/g、1.39～3.04 mg/g和3.20～4.73 mg/g.绥农10号、新大豆1号和泥巴豆最大总磷含量分别出现在Al-P、Fe-P和Fe-P条件下.泥巴豆根系分泌的有机酸表现出下面的顺序:草酸＞乳酸＞苹果酸;新大豆1号表现为:乳酸＞苹果酸＞丙二酸＞草酸＞柠檬酸;泥巴豆表现为:苹果酸＞草酸＞乳酸＞柠檬酸＞丙二酸.无论供给哪种形态磷源,根际pH变化范围为5.48～6.52.新大豆1号磷素利用效率比绥农10号和泥巴豆高,绥农10号、新大豆1号和泥巴豆最大磷素利用效率分别出现在Al-P、Al-P和Na-P源条件下.这些结果表明,不同基因型大豆生长和磷吸收对各种难溶磷源的反应不同,各基因型磷素利用差异与根系分泌物和根际pH有关.     

大豆对豆卷叶螟的抗性鉴定

1999-2002年,在田间自然虫源条件下,分别以卷包密度和虫口密度为指标,鉴定大豆种质对豆卷叶螟的抗虫性.结果表明,大豆品种之间的抗虫性有显著的差异,以卷包密度为评价指标的抗虫性和以虫口密度为评价指标的抗虫性相关显著.在人工接虫条件下,研究豆卷叶螟在不同抗性大豆品种上的产卵选择性,结果显示豆卷叶螟在感虫品种上的产卵量显著多于在抗虫品种上的产卵量.经过多年鉴定,筛选出东兴青皮豆、牛黄豆、PI227687等高抗品种,皖82-178、金龙黑豆、Mosoy等高感品种.     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。