基于Budyko假设的金溪流域径流变化归因分析

[目的]探究金溪流域径流变化特征及其原因,对于水库运行调度及水资源管理具有重要指导作用。[方法]基于1982—2015年流域气象水文数据以及植被NDVI数据,采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall突变检验及滑动T突变检验法分析径流变化特征,进一步采用Budyko水热耦合平衡方程计算各影响因子对流域径流变化的贡献率。[结果]金溪流域年径流深、降雨量均呈不显著上升趋势,变化速率分别为3.89 mm/a, 8.43 mm/a。潜在蒸散发量呈显著上升趋势,变化速率为1.17 mm/a。通过突变检验可将金溪流域径流序列分为基准期1982—2002年和变化期2003—2015年。金溪流域径流变化归因分析表明：下垫面变化对径流变化的贡献率为123.55%,潜在蒸散发的贡献率为33.83%,降雨贡献率为-57.38%,流域下垫面变化主要源于植被情况显著改善,其中NDVI在基准期上升速率为0.005/10 a,在变化期上升速率为0.024/10 a。[结论]导致金溪流域径流变化的主要源于植被情况的显著改善,金溪流域径流变化的归因分析为金溪流域的水资源利用提供了理论支持。     

秦淮河流域径流过程对土地利用变化的响应

土地利用变化影响了流域产汇流机制,进而改变了流域洪水响应过程,成为流域径流演变的主要驱动因素,特别是城市化流域最为明显。为深入探究快速城市化背景下土地利用变化对流域径流的影响,该研究以南京市秦淮河流域为例,利用2005、2010、2015和2020年4期土地利用数据和2003—2020年18场小时尺度洪水过程,基于HEC-HMS(hydrologic engineering center-hydrologic modeling system)平台构建秦淮河流域水文模型系统,量化变化环境下降雨径流过程对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明:1)流域不透水面积增加了99.53%,而农田面积减少了6.57%,且增加的不透水面积主要来自农田转入,占比约96.42%;2)秦淮河流域洪水过程模拟结果显示HEC-HMS模型在秦淮河适用性较好,率定期洪峰流量相对误差、洪量相对误差、Nash-Sutcliffe系数和均方根误差RMSE分别为-1.63%、-11.79%、0.854和159.73 m³/s,验证期洪峰流量相对误差、洪量相对误差、Nash-Sutcliffe系数和均方根误差RM...     

新安江流域降水、径流演变特征分析

为了掌握新安江流域降水、径流的演变特征,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、Morlet小波分析法对新安江流域近57年的降水、径流数据的月、年际变化,年序列的突变和周期特征进行了统计和分析。结果表明:春夏季的4—7月是新安江流域降雨和径流最为集中的时段,新安江流域年降雨、径流的年际变化均呈明显增多的趋势,新安江流域年径流、降雨的突变异常时间基本吻合,两组序列的第1主周期均为17 a,第2,3周期分别是7 a,3 a,目前正处于不同周期中的丰水年中。两组序列高度相关,且具有极其吻合的同步变化特征。可见新安江流域属于雨水补给型河流,降雨是影响该流域径流最主要的因子。新安江流域可利用径流和降雨两组序列建立了线性回归模型,其拟合和预报效果较好,在流域长期径流量预报业务中有一定的应用价值。     

西安市不透水面的变化及其驱动力

[目的]分析并监测城市不透水面动态变化,为城市化和环境质量评价提供依据。[方法]以陕西省西安市为研究区,选取Landsat系列1995,2000,2006,2010,2016年5期遥感影像,利用光谱混合分解法对西安市不透水面进行提取,进而分析西安市21 a间不透水面的时空变化,并对影响不透水面变化的驱动力进行分析。[结果]①西安市不透水面面积所占比例不断攀升,其中2000年至2006年年均增长最慢,2010年至2016年年均增长最快,主城区增长最快时期为2006年至2010年。②空间变化上,2006年以前,不透水面主要呈同心圆的模式,以主城区为核心向外辐射扩张。2006年以后,各区县城和主城区的不透水面均大幅向外扩张,呈现一主多次模式。③人口规模、经济发展、产业结构、规划政策与西安市不透水面的增加息息相关。[结论]西安市不透水面扩张的时空变化基本反映了规划要求,未来应加强城市副中心建设,大力保护生态环境,处理好城市化和不透水面扩张的关系。     

中国不透水面变化与社会经济协调发展的耦合关系

[目的] 探究21世纪以来中国不透水面与社会经济耦合协调发展动态,解析景观城市化与社会经济发展的矛盾与协同的时空格局,为开展差异化的区域水土保持和城乡发展策略制定提供科学依据。[方法] 运用脱钩模型和耦合协调度模型开展2000—2018年中国355个市域单元的不透水面与社会经济耦合协调发展的时空变化特征。[结果] ①中国不透水面持续扩张与社会经济发展整体上基本不同步,存在显著的区域差异。2000—2018年不透水面扩张总体上落后于经济发展,但东北和华北地区不透水面扩张速度相较于经济增长速度经历了从落后到超前的过程,弱脱钩类型占比下降了38.59%,负脱钩型占比上升了30.70%。不透水面与人口的耦合关系中,全国市域尺度的不透水面扩张基本超前于人口增长,其中华中、西北和西南等地最为显著,导致强负脱钩型占比增加了23.94%。②2000—2018年不透水面与社会经济的耦合协调度随不透水面变化率的上升而降低。在增长25%以下的不透水面变化率区间内,不透水面—经济与不透水面—人口的耦合协调关系,表现为显著的拮抗关系。[结论] 21世纪以来中国景观城市化过程与社会经济的动态关系趋向不协调,未来应严格控制城乡不透水面向外蔓延,提高土地集约利用程度,促进城乡可持续发展。     

江西省1988-2017年新型城镇化水平与不透水面的相关关系

[目的] 结合不透水面对新型城镇化水平进行分析，探究江西省各市新型城镇化发展的规律及趋势，为江西省新型城镇化的发展提供科学参考。[方法] 从人口、经济、社会、空间4个方面构建新型城镇化的指标体系，在分析江西省1988-2017年各市新型城镇化水平的同时，基于不透水面数据，研究城镇化水平与不透水面不同阶段的相关性变化，构建二者的线性关系模型。[结果] ①30 a间江西省城镇不透水面扩张明显，整体呈现高-较高-中-较低-低密度圈层分布的空间格局。②江西省城镇化发展水平呈现出"北高南低"的空间分布特征，区域间发展不均衡；③2006年为该区城镇化水平增长的突变点，前后城镇化水平与不透水面相关性存在差异；④各市不透水面与新型城镇化水平线性拟合决定系数R²均大于0.9，拟合效果较好。[结论] 不透水面与新型城镇化水平存在较强相关性，利用不透水面数据能较好地反映各市新型城镇化水平，这有助于分析城镇化发展趋势，促进区域城镇化研究。     

基于小波分析和灰色预测的莺落峡年径流量特征分析

[目的]研究黑河莺落峡年径流量的变化规律及周期特征,为水量调配和水资源管理提供理论基础与科学依据。[方法]基于黑河莺落峡水文站1944—2014年径流量实测资料,采用Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变和灰色预测等方法分析了莺落峡流域径流变化趋势及其变化特征。[结果]莺落峡年径流量呈现微弱的增加趋势,年径流量距平百分率的倾向率为2.78%/10a。在莺落峡流域径流小波方差分析图中,有4个较为明显的峰值,它们依次对应的时间尺度为43,56,12和9a。43a时间尺度对应的最大峰是莺落峡流域年径流变化的第一主周期。根据年径流主周期的循环交替特征推测,在2020年左右莺落峡流域处于丰水时期,年径流量预测为1.843×109 m3。[结论]莺落峡年径流量周期变化特征明显,径流量呈增加趋势。     

黄土高原藉河流域径流对气候和土地利用变化的响应

[目的]揭示黄土高原区中尺度流域径流对气候和土地利用变化的响应规律,为合理解决流域水资源利用和实现水资源的可持续管理提供理论支撑。[方法]以黄土高原藉河流域为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall检验、距平累积曲线、双累积曲线以及分离评判法等方法进行研究。[结果](1)1962—2010年藉河流域年降雨呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不显著(p0.05);流域年径流深呈显著下降趋势(p0.001),且在1985年发生减少突变;(2)坡耕地面积减少,梯田面积增加是研究时段内流域土地利用变化的最明显特征。[结论]研究时段内土地利用变化是藉河流域径流量减少的主要驱动因素,影响贡献率为90.2%,而气候变化影响较小,贡献率仅为9.8%。     

乌兰木伦河1960—2015年水沙周期性分析

采用Mann-Kendall检验、Pettitt检验以及小波周期分析等方法对乌兰木伦河流域王道恒塔站1960—2015年的降水、径流和输沙过程进行了分析。结果表明:乌兰木伦河流域降水量变化趋势不显著(Z=1.19),在2010年之后有增加趋势。Mann-Kendall检验结果表明年径流量(Z=-5.62)和年输沙量有显著减沙趋势(Z=-5.56),采用Pettitt检验结果表明年径流量和年输沙量突变点均发生在1996年。相比60年代,2010年之后径流量从2.5亿m~3减少到0.9亿m~3,输沙量也从2 965.1万t减少到1.5万t。年降水量周期与年径流年输沙的周期不同步,仅在2～4a和8～10a时间尺度上具有周期性同步,而径流量和输沙量的周期有一定的同步性。研究表明,流域径流量和输沙量的短周期变化主要受降雨、太阳活动等自然因子调控,同时受到人类活动的影响,而更长周期的水沙变化特征则有赖于百年以上的水文序列。     

1979-2020年深圳市不透水面信息提取及其时空格局变化分析

[目的] 分析不透水地表比的时空分布,探究城市的发展潜力,为城市水土保持等规划与后续发展提供参考意见。[方法] 以深圳市作为研究区,选取1979—2020年9期共18景Landsat 3/5/7/8影像为主要数据源影像提取不透水面比例作为参考数据,结合不透水面平均中心、标准差椭圆和景观格局指数分析深圳市不透水面时空格局分布。[结果] ①1979—2020年深圳市整体不透水面比例呈增长趋势,1990—2010年增长速率和增长强度最高,后逐渐变缓; ②由于深圳市发展的不平衡,1979—2000年,发展重心持续向着东北方向移动,随后2000—2010年,重心向西北方向迁移,2010年后,重心在东西方向上有所移动。总的来看,深圳市的发展方向主要为东—西; ③景观格局变化显示各等级不透水面景观分布渐趋均衡,分布趋势从破碎到聚集度越来越高,连接性在逐渐增强。[结论] 不透水面增长的不同阶段具有不同的时空分布规律,不同密度不透水面分别有各自的变化特点,降低高密度不透水面的聚集程度对城市未来发展具有积极影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.