草原牛粪对牲畜取食影响的研究

调查了草原上三种一年生禾本科植物群落中牛粪的形状、占地面积及牲畜对牛粪周围植物取食情况,发现牛粪影响牲畜取食植物面积平均为牛粪面积的17.5倍.牛粪周围植物的平均株高是对照组的2.04～2.77倍,千株干重是对照组的2.60～3.17倍,而断叶率、断叶株率、断茎株率却远远低于对照组.说明牛粪污染了牧草,对牲畜的取食行为造成了一定的影响.     

不同苜蓿品种对苜蓿斑蚜的抗性

苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)是苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的重要害虫,在全国苜蓿主产区危害严重。本研究通过研究苜蓿斑蚜在不同苜蓿品种苗期的取食行为过程、蚜虫胁迫下苜蓿生物量变化,进而分析不同品种上蚜虫数量种群动态。结果表明:苜蓿斑蚜C波和E1波在甘农4号苜蓿上总持续时间最长,分别为179.52和27.24 min;E2波总持续时间为29.49 min,显著低于其他4个品种(P <0.05)。其中,金皇后和皇冠E1波的总持续时间显著低于其他品种(P <0.05),而E2波的总持续时间显著高于其他品种(P <0.05);中苜3号和MF4020的昆虫刺探电位仪(electronic penetration graph)和EPG指标均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。EPG技术与蚜量比值法评估不同苜蓿品种对蚜虫抗性水平的结果一致,抗性水平由大到小为甘农4号>中苜3号> MF4020>金皇后>皇冠;生物量测定也表明甘农4号和中苜3号是抗性较高的品种,适合作为宁夏地区苜蓿抗蚜品种大面积推广。     

草原牛粪对牲畜取食影响的研究

调查了草原上三种一年生禾本科植物群落中牛粪的形状、占地面积及牲畜对牛粪周围植物取食情况，发现牛粪影响牲畜取食植物面积平均为牛粪面积的17.5倍。牛粪周围植物的平均株高是对照组的2.04～2.77倍，千株干重是对照组的2.60～3.17倍，而断叶率、断叶株率、断茎株率却远远低于对照组。说明牛粪污染了牧草，对牲畜的取食行为造成了一定的影响。     

瑞香狼毒根提取物对荞麦桃蚜的毒力及其作用机制

蚜虫是荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)花期的主要害虫,对荞麦产量影响很大,本论文研究了不同浓度瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)根提取物对荞麦桃蚜的杀虫活性以及对其体内2种靶标酶和3种解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明：瑞香狼毒根石油醚提取物对桃蚜有较强的毒杀作用,24 h对桃蚜的致死中浓度LC₅₀为1 243.7 mg·L^-1。桃蚜经提取物处理24 h后,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到抑制,最高抑制率为21.7%;腺苷三磷酸酶活性升高,Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase和Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase活性在提取物浓度为4 000 mg·L^-1时最大,显著高于未处理桃蚜两种酶活性,分别是未处理的12.0和1.8倍。瑞香狼毒根提取物提高了桃蚜体内解毒酶——谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和细胞色素P₄₅₀的活性,降低了羧酸酯酶活性。综上,瑞香狼毒根石油醚提取物对桃蚜有很好的毒杀作用,提取物可...     

AM真菌对箭筈豌豆响应豌豆蚜取食的影响

豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）是危害箭筈豌豆的重要害虫,利用共生微生物的定殖可有效控制其危害。本研究以兰箭3号春箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa Lanjian No.3）为试验材料,在温室条件下探究丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌扭形球囊霉（Glomus tortuosum）是否可以影响箭筈豌豆对豌豆蚜的响应。结果发现：接种扭形球囊霉后豌豆蚜存活率显著低于未接种（NM）处理。扭形球囊霉显著促进了箭筈豌豆生长及氮（nitrogen,N）、磷（phosphorus,P）吸收,调节植物防御信号物质合成。菌根植物的茎叶干重、根干重、根长及根系面积分别较对照提高53.98%,179.69%,24.34%和38.85%;地上及地下N含量、地下P含量分别增加50.62%,113.07%和62.42%;AM真菌提高植物超氧化物歧化酶活性48.64%,过氧化物酶活性72.04%,AM真菌与蚜虫互作,植物多酚氧化酶等防御酶活性提高20~30倍;脱落酸含量降低19.53%,茉莉酸、水杨酸含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性分别增加52.74%,3.44%和95.95%。扭形球囊霉能够有效抑制豌豆蚜的存活,显著促进植株生长和养分吸收,调控植物抗逆指标,提高其抗虫性,因此可作为箭筈豌豆虫害防治潜在的生防菌剂。     

丰容对圈养小熊猫行为的影响

以杭州动物园小熊猫馆圈养展出的4只小熊猫为研究对象,对该处小熊猫笼舍进行丰容,包括外活动场搭建绳梯、内室增加竹制高栖架、增加镂空漏食网格球和竹筒取食器等,观察该笼舍内4只小熊猫昼间的行为变化,发现活跃行为显著增加,安静行为显著减少.丰容后动物表现出更多的走动、玩耍、探究行为,睡觉行为显著减少.将4只小熊猫按年龄分为老龄...     

马铃薯种薯的选择与处理

马铃薯营养价值高,适口性好,尤其是淀粉含量高、粗纤维含量少,不但可食用,还是重要的块茎类饲料.近年来,马铃薯种植面积越来越广,对种植技术水平的要求也越来越高,要想确保高产、稳产,需要做好马铃薯的种植工作,包括各个环节的工作,其中马铃薯种薯的选择和播种前的处理工作对于马铃薯播种后的生长有着重要的影响作用.     

马铃薯种薯的选择与处理

马铃薯不但可以食用还可以作为多汁饲料饲喂畜禽,是营养价值高、适应性强、产量高的一种经济作物。马铃薯在种植过程中易被多种病毒侵染而发生品种的退化,从而导致产量和质量下降,给马铃薯种植带来严重的经济损失。在种植前需要做好马铃薯的选择和处理工作,包括种薯的选择、种薯的催芽、种薯的切块,最好选择小整薯来进行播种,这样可以减少病毒的侵染,提高产量。另外,在马铃薯种植时还需要进行种薯拌种处理。     

三趾啄木鸟西南亚种(Picoides tridactylus funebris)的取食行为分析(英文)

三趾啄木鸟西南亚种(Picoides tridactylus funebris)是青藏高原的特有鸟类。自从1870年被发现后,未见关于该鸟生活史的报道。在2007年4月至7月,我们对一对三趾啄木鸟西南亚种的取食行为进行了观察研究。通过无线电遥测跟踪,共获得117个取食记录样本,其中28个是雄鸟的,89个是雌鸟的。结果显示,该鸟更加偏好在云杉和枯树上取食,胸径平均为32.7±9.2cm该鸟主要采用啄取的方式进食(39.8%),其次是剥皮(13.2%)。在关于取食基质的4个调查参数中有3个存在差异显著,因此推断该鸟存在雌雄鸟生态位分离现象。这可能与二者喙的性二态有关,雄鸟喙略微大于雌鸟。三趾啄木鸟吸取树汁的比例(4.1%)要高于高山亚种(P.t. alpinus),说明西南亚种的生活环境由于缺乏食物,更加依赖吸食树汁来维持生存。总体来讲,三趾啄木鸟西南亚种的取食行为与其他亚种还是十分相似的。     

复种燕麦种子包衣对产草量的影响

在临夏新集灌区对燕麦Avena sativa种子进行包衣处理后复种.经测定,包衣组比未包衣组增产5 794 kg/hm2,青草产量提高22.96%,增产效果明显.     

马铃薯渣饲用研究进展及应用前景分析

马铃薯淀粉渣富含养分、成本低、产量高,是良好的饲料来源.文章分析马铃薯的饲用价值,从青贮和发酵两方面综述马铃薯渣的饲用化研究现状,并提出马铃薯渣饲用潜力开发的主要制约因素,展望其饲用化的应用前景,为马铃薯渣的饲用化研究提供参考.     

Effect of the last diet on the selective feeding behavior of heifers

The present study examined and discussed the way the basal diet (BD) during the preliminary phase and the last diet (LD) before the food selection test affected the selective feeding behavior of heifers. For the BD and LD, oat hay and concentrate were used. Three different levels of roughage content (low, medium and high) were prepared by changing the mix ratios of oat hay and concentrate. Low and high roughage diets were used for the BD, and all three of the roughage levels were used for the LD. A mixture of orchard grass and white clover (MIX), and Japanese pampas grass leaf (JP) were used as testing foods. In the preliminary phase, all heifers were fed the BD three times per day. In the test phase, heifers were fed the LD for the first meal (06.00–12.00 hours), and food selection under different BD and LD was examined during the second meal (13.00–16.00 hours) of the day. The effects of the BD were significant for MIX dry matter intake (DMI), JP DMI and the rate of MIX DMI for total DMI. Under the high roughage BD condition, heifers ingested more MIX than under the low roughage BD condition. The effect of the LD was significant on JP DMI, whereas the rate of MIX DMI for total DMI was not significant. Selective feeding behavior was strongly affected by the BD and slightly by the LD.     

Selective feeding behavior of calves is affected by basal diet

The present study examined the way the selective feeding behavior of calves was affected by basal diet. Three basal diets containing oat hay and concentrate, with the addition of different levels of roughage content (low, medium and high) were prepared by changing their mix ratios. Orchard grass (OG) and Japanese pampas grass leaf (JP) were used as testing foods. In the preliminary phase, all calves were fed each basal diet three times per day and then food selection between JP and OG was examined. Dry matter intake (DMI) of JP and OG throughout the test was significantly different. Increasing the roughage rate in the basal diet decreased the DMI of JP, whereas the DMI of OG was increased. There was no significant effect of basal diet condition on nutrient intake, whereas the acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber ingestive efficiency were affected by the basal diet condition. It is suggested that calves prefer food that complement the basal diet, even if nutrient requirements are met.     

高寒退化草地恢复中种子包衣对出苗的影响

采用植物性吸水材料对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutant)和山野豌豆(Vicia amoena)种子进行包衣处理,在模拟高寒草地条件下观察包衣种子的出苗,同时测定包衣混合物的持水力.结果表明,最适条件下两种牧草种子的出苗率分别为86%和88%;在模拟条件下,种子的出苗率分别为38%和24%.经过包衣处理后,种子的出苗...     

Effects of adding a commercial capsaicin fertilizer on the feeding behavior of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

We investigated the inhibitory effect of capsaicin fertilizer on feeding in deer. We tested four captive adult female deer. In Experiment 1, in addition to the treatment (intact) containing only a solid feed (HC), we mixed the fertilizer not containing capsaicin (F) or the capsaicin fertilizer (CF) in the solid feed. In addition, the solid feed was put on a wire net that capsaicin fertilizer was placed 5 cm below (SCF). We investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 2, we changed the amount of substance (fertilizer and capsaicin fertilizer) mixed in the HC. We mixed different amounts (0, 50, 100, and 200 g) of the treatments other than the intact with HC and presented them to the deer, and investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 1, intake in the F and CF decreased (p < .05). In Experiment 2, HC intake was significantly lower in the 100 and 200 g CF (p < .05). However, HC intake relatively increased by the last day in the CF 200 g too. The capsaicin fertilizer decreased the feeding behavior of deer by directly touching the mucous membranes of the deer nose and lips. However, the effects were decreased over time.     

Differences in grazing behavior of horses and cattle at the feeding station scale on woodland pasture

In this study, grazing behavior of mares and cows was compared on woodland pastures, in the context of foraging hierarchy. A horse‐group (12 native Hokkaido horses) and a cattle‐group (5 Hereford cows) were grazed on the woodland pastures of 13.3 ha and 5.8 ha, respectively. They grazed mainly on Sasa nipponica. Grazing behavior at a feeding station (FS) scale was recorded for three focal animals in each group. Mares took one bite per FS at a high percentage of FSs (24.3%) and cows took one, two and three bites per FS at high percentage (20.3%, 19.2% and 15.4%, respectively). Although feeding patch (FP) scale for both animals could be defined as a group of FSs, the length of FP and grazing behavior at FP scale were similar for both animals. The number of steps taken between two adjacent FSs or FPs for mares was larger than that for cows. The results suggested that both horses and cattle had similar foraging hierarchy from bite to FP scale but grazing behavior of horses at the FS scale was different from that of cattle, suggesting that grazing behavior of large herbivores has greater similarity in larger foraging hierarchies.     

不同精粗比全混合日粮饲养技术对南方奶牛采食行为、产奶性能和血清游离氨基酸的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的全混合日粮饲养技术不同精粗比(T1,60∶40;T2,55∶45;T3,50∶50;T4,45∶55;T5,40∶60)对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能和血清游离氨基酸的影响。试验结果表明,在全混合日粮饲养技术下,日粮精粗比的增加,奶牛的干物质采食量从T5组的13.57 kg/d显著降低至T1组的12.70 kg/d(P<0.05),咀嚼时间从T5组的786.50 min/d极显著降低至T1组的607.83 min/d(P<0.01);奶牛的产奶量、4%标准奶产量、乳糖、乳总固形物、总非脂固形物产量均随日粮精粗比增加而显著增加(P<0.05),以60%精料添加量的T1组为最高,分别为13.92,13.25,0.65,1.73和1.20 kg/d;但对奶牛的血清游离氨基酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。表明在南方奶牛典型日粮采用全混合日粮饲养技术时,日粮精粗比的增加可提高奶牛的产奶性能,降低奶牛的干物质采食量、咀嚼时间,对奶牛的血清游离氨基酸含量没有显著影响。     

甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对奶牛生产性能、养分消化和采食行为的影响

文章旨在评价甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对泌乳奶牛采食量、消化率、采食行为、泌乳量、乳成分及微生物蛋白合成等方面的影响。试验选择10头初始体重为(450±25.6)kg,泌乳天数为(143.7±30.7)d的杂交奶牛为研究对象,试验采用5×5拉丁方设计,饲喂周期为5个21 d(1~14 d为适应期,15~21 d为数据采集期)。试验日粮分为对照日粮、45%、50%、55%和60%甘蔗渣日粮。结果:对照组与45%和50%甘蔗渣组干物质、有机物、总可消化养分摄入量、干物质和有机物消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而55%和60%甘蔗渣组干物质和有机物消化率最低(P<0.05)。甘蔗渣组与对照组对中性洗涤纤维摄入量和表观消化率的影响具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中45%甘蔗渣组奶牛的非纤维碳水化合物摄入量和消化率与对照组相似(P>0.05)。日粮甘蔗渣添加水平对营养物质的摄入量和消化率呈显著线性降低(P<0.05)。60%甘蔗渣组较对照组显著降低了奶牛反刍时间,显著提高空闲时间(P<0.05)。奶牛的反刍时间、反刍和采食效率随日粮甘蔗渣添加水平的升高显著线性降低(P<0.05),而空闲时间随饲粮中甘蔗渣含量的增加线性增加(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加甘蔗渣降低了奶牛日产奶量,但添加水平为45%~50%时可以使奶牛泌乳量达到12 kg/d。     

仙人掌果实对奶牛泌乳性能、氮利用及采食行为的影响

本研究评估了仙人掌果实与不同粗饲料结合对荷斯坦奶牛采食量、营养物质消化率、氮平衡、摄食行为和泌乳性能的影响。试验选择泌乳期为(72±11)d的8头奶牛,采用4×4拉丁试验设计,共4种试验日粮:T1组为75%青贮高粱组,T2组为75%象草组,T3组为37.5%青贮高粱+37.5%仙人掌果实,T4组为37.5%象草+37.5%仙人掌果实。结果:青贮高粱组干物质摄入量最高(P<0.05)。不同日粮组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、非纤维碳水化合物和总可消化养分摄入量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。仙人掌果实组较青贮高粱和象草组日饮水量降低44.52%(P<0.05)。与象草组、象草+仙人掌果实组相比,青贮高粱组、青贮高粱+仙人掌果实组氮平衡降低59.71%和27.49%(P<0.05)。结论:奶牛日粮中以仙人掌果实与青贮高粱或象草的组合并没有改变荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量,但降低了营养物质和水分摄入量,同时提高了养分消化率。